基于高阶CRAM的燃耗程序开发与验证

本文基于高阶切比雪夫有理近似方法（CRAM）研制了点燃耗程序ICRAM，并内耦合于蒙特卡罗输运程序OpenMC，形成了一套燃耗计算分析程序OPICE。与传统部分分式分解（PFD）形式的CRAM相比，高阶不完全局部分解（IPF）形式的CRAM具有数值稳定性好、计算精度高和步长包容性更好等特点，满足高保真燃耗计算发展的需求。为提高耦合计算精度，OPICE采用了预估-校正和子步法两种耦合策略，支持纯衰变、定通量和定功率3种计算模式。通过OECD/NEA压水堆栅元燃耗基准题和快堆燃耗基准题的验证，程序计算结果与实验值及各参考值吻合良好，初步验证了OPICE的正确性与有效性。     

基于最佳一致逼近多项式的燃耗计算方法研究

本文研究了一种基于最佳一致逼近多项式（MMPA）的燃耗计算方法求解燃耗方程。相比于切比雪夫有理近似方法（CRAM）和围道积分有理近似方法（QRAM）,MMPA方法只需一次矩阵求逆计算即可求解燃耗方程,且所有计算都是实数运算,具有数值稳定性好、求解效率高等优点。进一步研制了基于MMPA方法的点燃耗程序AMAC,并耦合蒙特卡罗输运程序OpenMC,采用衰变例题、固定辐照例题、OECD/NEA压水堆栅元燃耗基准题和沸水堆组件燃耗基准题进行验证,程序计算结果与实验值及各参考值吻合良好,初步验证了MMPA方法在理论和数值上的正确性和有效性。     

实验快堆FFR燃料的衰变热计算

本文利用美国橡树岭国立实验室ＯＲＮＬ发展的点燃耗及放射性衰变计算程序ＯＲＩＧＥＮ２，计算了我国实验快堆ＦＦＲ一盒乏燃料组件在达到５０ＧＷ·ｄ／ｔ比燃耗卸出后的衰变热及其随时间的变化。计算结果与美国ＦＦＴＦ快堆的乏燃料衰变热的计算值进行了比较。     

基于离散纵标输运计算方法的三维燃耗程序发展研究

为了精确描述和分析具有强烈各向异性中子注量率空间分布的反应堆燃耗过程,本文实现了三维SN 输运计算与燃耗计算的耦合,发展了相应的三维输运燃耗耦合计算程序.该程序系统采用接口程序自动耦合三维SN输运计算程序和同位素燃耗计算程序的方法实现对三维中子学计算模型的精细燃耗计算,获得燃料同位素成分、燃耗反应性、中子注量率空间分布等参数随燃耗时间的变化量.采用IAEA 基准校核例题对程序系统进行了校核,计算结果初步证明了所开发的三维燃耗程序系统的正确性.     

导向管快中子注量计算方法研究

为进行燃料组件的辐照性能分析,需要提供导向管或燃料栅元快中子注量。本文针对目前SCIENCE软件堆芯计算结果中不能给出组件内pin-by-pin的中子注量问题进行分析研究,首先通过蒙卡程序计算分析寿期末燃料栅元燃耗深度与寿期末快中子注量之间的关系,以及寿期末导向管栅元快中子注量与周围燃料栅元快中子注量之间的关系。然后根据这两个关系,通过SCIENCE结果中寿期末燃料栅元燃耗深度分布即可得到导向管栅元快中子注量分布。     

核电厂压力容器材料在49-2反应堆的辐照技术研究

应用MCNP程序对堆芯建模,计算得出辐照孔道内距堆心底部高25 cm处的中子能谱,结合多箔活化法测量结果,通过SANDII程序解谱得出该位置的快中子注量率;通过相对快中子注量率测量,获得孔道内轴向快中子注量率分布,从而确定辐照时长和辐照方案,使样品辐照达到快中子(E≥1 Me V)注量~6×1019cm-2的技术指标。为完成辐照样品解体,应用ORIGEN2程序计算,获得待解体样品源项;使用MCNP程序对解体时的操作环境进行建模,计算得出不同屏蔽层厚度的γ剂量率数据;与实测结果进行对比,计算结果与实测结果符合较好,证明屏蔽设计有效。本次辐照考验完全满足技术指标。。     

热堆中钍铀转化规律

钍铀燃料循环以其优异的物理和化学特性,受到核能界的广泛关注。本文利用单群的点燃耗计算程序ORIGEN,分别研究了钍燃料在沸水堆(Boiling Water Reactor,BWR)、压水堆(Pressurized Water Reactor,PWR)和加拿大重水铀反应堆(Canada Deuterium Oxide Uranium,CANDU,又称坎杜堆)能谱中辐照时,232Th、233Th、233Pa、233U等核素生成量随中子注量率和中子能谱的变化规律,并探索了多次"辐照-冷却"循环对钍铀转化率的影响。计算结果表明,能谱相同时,233Th和233Pa存量的最大值与注量率有关;233U存量的最大值与注量率无关,大概在注量(注量率×时间)为4×1016 n·cm-2左右;注量率相同时,能谱越硬,233U存量的最大值越大。采取循环"辐照-冷却"可以提高233Th-233U的转化率,对于相同的总辐照时间,每次循环周期内的辐照时间越短,相对于总辐照时间相同的单次辐照,转化率增量提高越明显;当总辐照时间超过两个月时,循环辐照对转化率增量的作用较小,与单次辐照不冷却相比,转化率相对增量不超过1倍。     

基于NECP-Bamboo程序的商用压水堆乏燃料组件核素成分分析

乏燃料组件核素成分的精确计算是乏燃料临界安全分析等工作的输入条件，放射性源项计算是乏燃料组件核素成分分析的典型应用。国内现有程序由于存在数据库中核素种类不全、辐照过程无法完全模拟等弊端，限制了乏燃料后处理安全分析的可靠性和经济性。本文基于完全自主化的压水堆堆芯分析软件NECP-Bamboo,研发了商用压水堆乏燃料组件核素成分计算程序Bamboo-SFuel,利用辐照后实验(PIE)实测数据对核素成分进行了定量验证与分析，通过与Scale程序包计算结果进行对比验证了程序源项计算的精度，还探究了不同燃耗数据库对核素成分和源项计算结果的影响。数值结果表明，Bamboo-SFuel能精确分析不同辐照条件下商用压水堆乏燃料组件的核素成分和放射性源项，使用NECP-Bamboo程序中不同核素数目的燃耗数据库对重要核素成分计算结果影响不大，但对总的放射性源项计算结果影响较大；基于内置的包含1 547种核素的燃耗数据库，该程序可同时给出可靠的乏燃料临界安全分析和辐射安全分析关注的重要核素成分。     

DORT程序进行RPV中子注量率计算的可靠性验证

反应堆压力容器(RPV)中的碳钢材料受到快中子辐照会发生性能变化。为了防止由于RPV的材料性能发生变化而不适当地限制核电厂的运行,需要限定核电厂寿期内RPV中的最大快中子注量,并且要求安装辐照监督管对RPV材料所受到的快中子注量进行监督。因此,RPV和辐照监督管中子注量率的精确计算对RPV的辐照安全和寿命管理具有十分重要的意义。三代非能动压水堆核电厂主要采用基于BUGLE-96截面库的二维离散纵标法程序DORT进行RPV中子注量率计算。本文利用秦山核电厂第五根辐照监督管的中子注量率测量数据和MCNP-4B计算结果与DORT程序的计算结果进行比较,来验证采用DORT程序进行RPV母材段中子注量率计算的可靠性。     

由~(137)Cs,~(144)Ce和~(148)Nd为监测体测定燃耗中的辐照史校正方法

在通过测定~(137)Cs,~(144)Ce,~(148)Nd等裂变产物监测体浓度推算辐照燃料燃耗的方法中,需要裂变产物的平均裂变产额、(n,γ)俘获反应的修正量、放射性裂变产物的堆内衰变修正量,可裂变核素的平均裂变能量等参数。这些参数是同燃料的辐照历史密切相关的。本文介绍一种计算这些参数的方法、计算机程序概况和计算结果。本方法有下述特点:1.采用燃耗物理计算获得的可裂变核素核密度及裂变截面作为本程序的输入数据。2.采用燃耗值的初始实验结果反推燃料辐照期间的中子通量。3.精确计算了~(137)Cs和~(148)Nd两种监测体(n—1)衰变链和n衰变链中子俘获反应的修正量。从而提高了各种参数的精确度。对于浅燃耗天然铀辐照燃料的应用例,计算结果表明,~(137)Cs,~(144)Ce,~(148)Wd获得燃耗结果的修正量分别为 0.29%, 16.40%,-2.75%。本方法对燃耗结果可能引入的误差分别为±0.1%,±0.3%,±0.6%。     

Burnup Calculation Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis Method of Fission Yield and Decay Half-life

The calculation model of sensitivity coefficient for decay half-life and fission product yield in burnup calculation was derived based on generalized perturbation theory, which considered the interaction between nuclear concentration and neutron flux. A code was developed to calculate sensitivity and uncertainty of effective neutron multiplication factors and nuclide concentration caused by nuclear data. Covariance matrix of fission yield for a simplified burnup library was generated based on standard deviation data of independent fission yield in evaluated nuclear data library to improve the accuracy of uncertainty quantification. Uncertainties induced by decay half-life and fission yield on infinite neutron multiplication factors and nuclide concentration for TMI-1 pin-cell in the UAM burnup benchmark were quantified based on ENDF/B-Ⅶ.1. The numerical results show that the uncertainty of infinite neutron multiplication factors induced by decay half-lives and fission yields is low, while the uncertainty of concentration of some fission product nuclide is high.     

针对裂变产额和半衰期的燃耗计算灵敏度和不确定度分析方法

基于广义微扰理论推导了裂变产额和半衰期的燃耗灵敏度系数理论模型，该模型考虑了原子核密度和中子通量的相互影响，并开发了燃耗计算中有效增殖因数和原子核密度等响应参数对核数据的灵敏度和不确定度分析程序。基于评价核数据中裂变产物独立产额的标准差数据，产生了针对压缩燃耗数据库的裂变产额协方差矩阵，以提高不确定度的计算精度。基于ENDF/B-Ⅶ.1数据库量化了UAM基准题TMI-1栅元无限增殖因数及重要裂变产物和重核的原子核密度由裂变产额和半衰期引入的不确定度。数值结果表明，对于栅元无限增殖因数，裂变产额和半衰期引入的不确定度很小；对于部分裂变产物的原子核密度，裂变产额和半衰期会引入较大的不确定度。     

Validation of IRBURN calculation code system through burnup benchmark analysis

Assessment of the reactor fuel composition during the irradiation time, fuel management and criticality safety analysis require the utilization of a validated burnup calculation code system. In this work a newly developed burnup calculation code system, IRBURN, is introduced for the estimation and analysis of the fuel burnup in LWR reactors. IRBURN provides the full capabilities of the Monte Carlo neutron and photon transport code MCNP4C as well as the versatile code for calculating the buildup and decay of nuclides in nuclear materials, ORIGEN2.1, along with other data processing and linking subroutines. This code has the capability of using different depletion calculation schemes.     

聚变-裂变混合能源堆球模型中子学对算研究

利用蒙特卡罗程序和自主开发的蒙特卡罗-燃耗耦合程序MOCouple-s,对北京应用物理与计算数学研究所提出的聚变-裂变混合能源堆球模型进行了对算研究。对初始时刻及各燃耗时刻下的有效增殖因数、能量倍增因子、氚增殖比、中子源强度等堆芯参数进行了比较,结果总体符合较好。对寿期末重要核素的成分进行了详细比较,除个别核素外,偏差很小,表明所采用的计算程序与核参数库一致性良好。对核参数库的选择、铀水体积比等对燃耗计算结果的影响进行敏感性分析,并对外中子源驱动的次临界堆芯的燃耗计算进行详细讨论,提出可行的燃耗计算基准。     

Speed-up of cross-section collapsing with weight-window for subcritical burnup calculation

In the author’s group, a fusion–fission (FF) hybrid energy system has been analyzed using our own burnup calculation system consisting of Monte Carlo transport code MCNP-4C and point burnup code ORIGEN2.1. Since the neutron energy spectrum changes along with progress of burnup in a subcritical system, it is necessary to update one-group cross-section library in each burnup step. The one-group cross-sections are normally updated by collapsing the evaluated nuclear data such as JENDL and ENDF using a neutron flux calculated by an appropriate transport code such as MCNP. The collapsed cross-sections are handed over to ORIGEN, and the reaction rates for burnup of elements are thereafter estimated accurately.As well known, MCNP generates track-length (TL) data in the neutron transport calculation, which are base data to estimate the neutron flux. We thus use the track-length data directly instead of the calculated neutron flux, in order to evaluate the reaction rate as accurately as possible. However, the number of TLs becomes extremely large and thus it takes a longer computation time. We therefore reduce the number of TLs used in the cross-section collapsing process as far as the accuracy is conserved. However, in some energy region the number of TLs is inversely too small to conserve the original cross-section accuracy of the evaluated nuclear data files, because the number of TL data per unit energy is smaller than that of the nuclear data.In the present study, the weight-window (WW) technique of MCNP was applied to our burnup calculation system in order to control the number of TLs in such an energy region artificially and to complete the collapsing process accurately in the whole energy region. As a result, the variance of the calculated neutron flux thus deteriorates slightly, but the number of TLs could be successfully adjusted to conserve the accuracy of the nuclear data file in the whole energy region. And the accurate reaction rate estimation for burnup with MCNP was finally realized and simultaneously the computation time could be saved reasonably.     

Development and Validation of Burnup Code Based on High-order Chebyshev Rational Approximation Method

Based on high-order Chebyshev rational approximation method (CRAM), a point-burnup code named ICRAM was developed and internally coupled to Monte Carlo code OpenMC, forming a burnup calculation and analysis program OPICE. Compared with the traditional partial fraction decomposition (PFD) form of CRAM, the high-order incomplete partial fractions (IPF) form of CRAM has the characteristics of good numerical stability, high calculation accuracy and better step tolerance, etc., which meets the needs of high-fidelity burnup calculation development. In order to improve the accuracy of coupling calculations, two coupling strategies including prediction-correction method and sub-step method were implemented in OPICE. Three different calculation modes were supported by OPICE to execute the decay, constant flux and constant power calculations. By calculating the OECD/NEA burnup benchmark and fast reactor burnup benchmark, the calculation results of OPICE are in good agreement with the experimental data and each reference value. The correctness and validity of OPICE are verified preliminarily.     

Modelling effects on axial neutron flux in a Tokamak device

Using Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP5), three different Tokamak models using different geometries were simulated, maintaining some basic parameters from the ITER design. The neutron flux and the reaction rates were obtained over different volumes: FW, divertor and along the different device walls. The three geometries were compared under the same conditions. The results showed the behaviour of the neutron flux spectra along the different walls, as well as, the most suitable model taking in consideration the different analyses and the final purpose of adding a transmutation layer. Finally, the chosen geometry will be used to analyse the burnup, buildup, decay, and processing of material under irradiation.     

压水堆燃耗数据库的制作与验证

基于评价数据库ENDF/B-Ⅷ.0和EAF-2010研制了一套适用于CINDER90程序的压水堆用燃耗数据库,该数据库包含中子反应截面、衰变数据和裂变产额数据3部分。中子反应截面的加工分为两步,首先采用Inverted Stack算法和CRECTJ6程序将EAF 2010库的截面分支比融入ENDF/B Ⅷ0库全套中子评价数据,然后用NJOY2016程序处理成63群截面。衰变数据和裂变产额数据分别由MF8/MT457和MF8/MT454数据加工得到,裂变产额数据共包含36个裂变核的60组产额数据。以SFCOMPO 20中Takahama 3压水堆燃料组件为基准题,对研制的燃耗数据库进行了验证。结果表明,本文制作的燃耗数据库的方法是正确的,对于某些核素,如242Amm,制作的数据库比自带库的计算结果更接近实验值。