羟基磷灰石与天然磷灰石去除铀的效果和机理研究

通过静态实验分别研究了反应时间、温度、pH值、铀初始质量浓度、磷灰石用量等条件对羟基磷灰石与天然磷灰石去除铀的影响,并根据热力学和动力学原理进行了分析。结合红外光谱、扫描电镜、X衍射等分析结果探讨了羟基磷灰石与天然磷灰石去除铀的机理。羟基磷灰石去除铀的结果表明:铀的去除量随着铀初始浓度的增大而增大;在pH=4~5的铀溶液中,羟基磷灰石用量为0.75g时,去除效果最好,铀的去除率达85%。天然磷灰石去除铀的结果表明:铀的去除率随铀初始浓度的增大而增大;在pH=3、天然磷灰石用量为1.0g时去除效果最好,铀的去除率高达80%。二者的去除反应均在120min时基本达到平衡,反应过程均既符合二级动力学方程又符合Langmuir热力学方程。红外分析结果表明,二者主要是通过磷酸根与UO2+2的络合作用去除铀。X衍射分析结果表明,羟基磷灰石基本符合纯物质的组成与构成,而天然磷灰石主要成分为Ca5H2(PO4)3F、Ca8H2(PO4)6H2O。扫描电镜对比分析显示,羟基磷灰石外观呈球状且开有孔,孔内有一含大量絮状物的空腔,羟基磷灰石在去除铀后表面变得光滑且微孔也被封闭,这是由于吸附了UO2+2使羟基磷灰石表面分子间发生了链接;而天然磷灰石去除铀前后皆呈现棱角分明的矿物外形,说明被吸附天然磷灰石上的UO2+2,形成了矿物晶体。     

西昆仑北部山前普鲁地区山体抬升的裂变径迹研究

运用磷灰石裂变径迹高差法对普鲁地区克里雅河南岸海拔3000m花岗岩山体进行了分析，显示西昆仑北部山前在晚新生代9－8Ma左右发育有抬升事件，区内西域砾岩中花岗岩砾石的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄跨度至少20－4．5Ma，表明西域砾岩的沉积（3．5－1．6Ma）并非对应西昆仑的快速抬升。     

河北下营坊金矿成矿时代的裂变径迹研究有

矿物的裂变径迹年年龄分析可有效用扫热液矿床成矿时代的研究，河北下营坊金矿区成矿温度为：早期矿化３７０－２９０℃，主要成矿期２３０－１７０℃，成矿晚期１５０－８０℃，石英－绢云母化带锆石和磷灰石的裂变径亦年龄分别为１５３．９Ｍａ和１０３．３Ｍａ。由于锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹封闭温度通常分别为２５０℃和１１０℃，所以这是主要成矿时代的体现，成矿时间持续５０Ｍａ以上。     

花岗岩副矿物晶体中铀、钍、钇和稀土元素的含量及其分布

花岗岩副矿物在相当程度上取决于岩浆源的成分及地球化学专属性、岩浆中挥发份的饱和程度、岩浆期后的作用和围岩的影响。花岗岩副矿物通常富含稀土和放射性元素。由于元素的广泛类质同象置换使得副矿物的化学成分相当复杂。稀土元素的研究是利用北哈萨克斯坦的花岗岩类进行的。该类岩石为闪长岩、花岗闪长     

在钾质碱性岩岩浆期后蚀变时铀的性状

本文研究了钾质碱性岩岩浆期后从早期交代作用到最晚期表生作用过程中放射性元素的性状。作者以钾质火山岩系中分布最广的侵入岩-霞石正长岩为例,对其未蚀变和经过热液蚀变的岩石中铀的分布状况进行了分析和对比,霞石正长岩中铀平均含量为10.3 ppm,钍为20.3ppm,其中有一部份铀以易汲取的形式存在,这一部份铀在岩浆期后和表生作用时可发生相当大规模的再分布。诱发裂变径迹研究证实,霞石正长岩中的副矿物(榍石、锆石、磷灰石、褐帘石等)和造岩矿物黑榴石是铀的主要富集体。在岩浆期后阶段,霞石正长岩经历了很大的变化,其蚀变顺序为钾交代、钠交代、钠-钙交代、酸性淋滤阶段(白霞石化或白云母化)和表生风化     

铀成矿作用的物理化学和结晶化学对花岗岩类副矿物共生组合的控制

磷灰石和锆石几乎在所有岩浆岩中都是最常见的稳定的副矿物。而其它副矿物的稳定性和丰度,在岩浆阶段受一些化学的、晶体化学和物理的参量所制约。最主要的化学参量是:岩浆原始微量元素含量,在岩浆演化过程中微量元素比值,岩浆的CaO含量,二氧化硅过饱和度及过碱指数。物理参量(P,T,fo_2~-)的控制一般是次要的。根据这些参量可以把三种主要(富铀)花岗岩(高Ca准铝花岗岩、低Ca过铝质花岗岩和过碱花岗岩)中副矿物的结晶逻辑推导出来。低Ca过铝质花岗岩(铀含量大于克拉克值)是使大部分初始岩浆铀晶出成晶质铀矿的最有利的花岗岩。晶质铀矿是花岗岩内及近旁脉状铀矿床最重要的铀源。其它富铀花岗岩也可以作为铀源但需岩体具有较老的年代以便使难熔副矿物晶格中的铀释放出来。从过碱性杂岩体中分异得最彻底的流体,在特殊情况下,可以导致有一定经济价值的铀矿化。     

广东博罗先秦陶瓷的INAA研究

用INAA(仪器中子活化分析)方法分析了广东博罗县梅花墩、银岗和横岭山等三处遗址所出77片先秦陶和原始瓷胎中Al、Ba、Ce、Cr等27种元素的含量。并用主成分分析等多元统计方法处理了INAA数据，显示出上述三地无论硬陶或软陶，其原料产地均不相同；而梅花墩和横岭山的原始瓷可能是用不同产源的低铁瓷土原料所烧造。同时也揭示出西周至春秋时期梅花墩和银岗分别使用相同的原料烧造硬陶和软陶。对于银岗一、二期软陶，分析结果表明其原料的选取地点可能发生了变化。     

新生代玄武岩在蒙古-鄂霍茨克褶皱带铀矿床预测中的作用

文章讨论了新生代玄武质岩浆作用与砂岩铀矿的成因联系,从矿石的物质成分和围岩蚀变特征论述了该类砂岩铀矿的热液成因,阐述了岩浆热和火山气体对成矿热液和铀成矿作用的影响,在此基础上提出了不同于外生-后成成矿观点的找矿标志。     

葡萄牙的花岗岩和铀矿床

葡萄牙产有三个铀矿床(Urgeirica、Bica和Cunha Baixa)的花岗岩的其特点是铀含量高,含量变化大,地表含量为4-17ppm,钍含量为20-37ppm。含铀、钍的副矿物主要有:晶质铀矿(含有少量ThO_2)、磷钇矿、独居石、锆石,磷灰石也含少量铀和钍。在脉型铀矿脉壁上,强烈的绢云母化蚀变是由含盐度较低的(相当于氯化钠重量的1.1-5.8％)含水溶液造成的,它的温度可达200-250℃。对白色云母的详细分析能区分出几个世代:岩浆期的、岩浆期后的和矿脉边缘多硅白云母。铀矿脉的周围环境明显看出溶液演化复杂,这说明原生铀矿化的热液成因。     

河北下营坊金矿成矿时代的裂变径迹研究

矿物的裂变径迹年龄分析可有效地用于热液矿床成矿时代的研究。河北下营坊金矿区成矿温度为：早期矿化370—290℃,主要成矿期230—170℃,成矿晚期150—80℃。石英-绢云母化带锆石和磷灰石的裂变径迹年龄分别为153．9Ma和1033Ma。由于锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹封闭温度通常分别为250℃和110℃,所以这是主要成矿时代的体现,成矿时问持续50Ma以上。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

正~~     

Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.     

Non-FDG PET imaging of brain tumors

Due to relatively high uptake of glucose in the brain cortex, the use of FDG PET imaging is greatly limited in brain tumor imaging, especially for low-grade gliomas and some metastatic tumours. More and more tracers with higher specificity were developed lately for brain tumor imaging. There are 3 main types of non-FDG PET tracers： amino acid tracers, choline tracers and nucleic acid tracers. These tracers are now widely applied in many aspects of brain tumor imaging. This article summarized the general use of non-FDG PET in different aspects of brain tumor imaging.     

基于NPL-NMC系统的γ测量子系统的建模与优化

在军控核查中,核部件的质量、丰度、年龄属性需采用无损方法进行核查,NPL-NMC系统是一套利用中子多重性测量核部件质量属性的装置,为建立完善的属性测量系统,还需在NPL-NMC系统的基础上建立γ测量子系统。本文通过设计γ测量子系统在NPL-NMC系统上的布局及对中子屏蔽的优化,使系统能对铀部件的丰度、年龄属性进行测量。模拟计算结果表明,该γ测量子系统能很好地满足军控核查对铀部件丰度、年龄属性测量的要求。     

Improvement of carbon fiber surface properties using electron beam irradiation

Carbon fiber-reinforced advance composites have been used for structural applications,mainly on account of their mechanical properties.The main factor for a good mechanical performance of carbon fiber-reinforced com- posite is the interfacial interaction between its components,which are carbon fiber and polymeric matrix.The aim of this study is to improve the surface properties of the carbon fiber using ionizing radiation from an electron beam to obtain better adhesion properties in the resultant composite.EB radiation was applied on the carbon fiber itself before preparing test specimens for the mechanical tests.Experimental results showed that EB irradiation improved the ten- sile strength of carbon fiber samples.The maximum value in tensile strength was reached using doses of about 250 kGy.After breakage,the morphology aspect of the tensile specimens prepared with irradiated and non-irradiated car- bon fibers were evaluated.SEM micrographs showed modifications on the carbon fiber surface.     

Measurement system for SSRF pulsed magnets

This paper describes the magnetic field measurement system for pulsed magnets in SSRF.The system consists of magnetic probes,analog active integrator,oscilloscope,stepper motor and a controller.An application pro- gram based on LabVIEW has been developed as main control unit.After the magnetic field mapping of a septum magnet prototype,it is verified that the test results accord with the results of theoretical calculation and computer simulation.     

旁路阀调节对高温气冷堆闭式布雷顿循环瞬态特性影响研究

闭式布雷顿循环是第4代高温堆核能系统的关键技术之一,其典型的动态过程是旁路阀调节。为分析这一过程,建立了循环中关键部件的动态模型,其中压气机在径向平衡模型基础上耦合了对附面层发展的预测,兼顾了计算效率与准确性;换热部件模型基于双曲型守恒律方程,对工质的热物性和参数的快速变化有较好的适应性。在此基础上根据回路的质量守恒和压力平衡原则将各部件的模型耦合,建立了系统的动态模型。由于旁路阀调节是氦气透平发电系统主要的功率快速调节手段,瞬态效应较为显著,以模块式高温气冷堆（HTR-10GT）旁路阀开启后的过渡过程作为算例,分析了主要循环参数的响应特性,并通过分析,给出了降低输出功率的机制。计算结果表明：系统的容积惯性对旁路阀调节的响应速度影响较大,而阀门的开度则决定了系统在末态的输出功率;回热器的温度冲击现象可能发生在调节过程中,但可通过两旁路阀联动的方式缓解;反应堆出口温度变化幅度很小,因此反应堆模型的准确程度对结果基本无影响。     

CEFR 100%额定功率运行汽轮机发电能力分析

中国实验快堆(CEFR)首次100%额定功率发电运行中,实际电功率较设计值相差较多。为判断影响机组实际发电能力的主要原因,以现场采集的运行数据和汽轮机厂商提供的设计资料为基础,进行了相应的计算分析。对汽轮机内效率进行修正,绘制汽轮机近似热力过程曲线,并通过实测的各段抽汽压力,在热力过程曲线上获得抽汽焓值;利用换热器的能量守恒和流量守恒的基本方程进行除氧器和各加热器的热平衡计算,获得各段抽汽的流量;利用汽轮机的功率计算方程,得到汽轮机发电功率的计算值。通过计算值与实际值的比较分析,得出主蒸汽参数不达标是影响CEFR汽轮机发电能力的主要因素。