电子束辐照制备的纳米硫化镉研究

在常温常压下，采用电子束辐照法在水溶液体系中合成了纳米硫化镉粒子。X射线衍射分析表明该产物为面心立方结构晶体的纳米硫化镉；透射电子显微镜分析表明该纳米粒子形貌呈球状颗粒，平均粒径为15nm；其光学性能研究表明，其紫外吸收光谱的吸收边波长为487nm；激发波长为350nm时，纳米粒子的荧光发射波长的峰值为476nm，主要为由带边发射引起的发光。用激光粒度仪研究了表面活性剂聚乙烯醇浓度对辐射制备纳米硫化镉粒径的影响，在一定范围内随着聚乙烯醇浓度的增大，纳米粒子的粒径相应减小。     

Ag离子注入ZnO薄膜对其发光性质的影响

采用磁控溅射技术在蓝宝石基底上制备了Zn O薄膜,并对样品在氧气氛下进行了热处理,然后采用不同能量、剂量的Ag离子注入Zn O薄膜中,形成Ag纳米颗粒。利用X射线衍射、光致发光、紫外可见吸收等技术详细地研究了样品的结构与发光性质。结果表明,未注入的Zn O薄膜在380 nm和610 nm处出现发光峰,分别对应Zn O激子峰与深能级缺陷峰。Ag离子注入Zn O样品的激子发光峰增强,并在400 nm和430 nm左右处出现新发光峰,同时深能级缺陷引起的发光峰减弱。在N2气氛下退火处理后,Ag离子注入Zn O样品在400 nm处的发光峰消失,430 nm左右发光峰减弱。Ag离子注入Zn O薄膜中合成了Ag纳米颗粒,观察到了Ag纳米颗粒的等离子共振效应。对Ag纳米颗粒和离子注入产生的缺陷、Zn O发光性质的影响给出了解释。     

银/氧化碳纳米管/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料的辐射制备及其电磁屏蔽效能

以硝酸银、氧化碳纳米管(o-MWCNT)和氧化石墨烯(GO)为原料,采用辐射还原一步法在水溶液中成功制备了银/氧化碳纳米管/还原氧化石墨烯(Ag/o-MWCNT/rGO)复合材料。通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射谱图、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、X射线光电子能谱等表征手段,证实了优化合成的Ag/o-MWCNT/rGO纳米复合材料为花状结构,银纳米粒子在碳材料中分散均匀,平均粒径约为102 nm,GO被还原为rGO。在合成的纳米复合材料中,o-MWCNT可以增加rGO的层间距,防止其堆积,同时促进导电网络的形成,而且银纳米粒子也有利于提高电磁屏蔽效能。电磁屏蔽结果表明,辐射还原法制备的Ag/o-MWCNT/rGO纳米复合材料具有良好的性能,有望用于制备高性能的电磁屏蔽材料。     

低能氦等离子体低温条件下钨材料的表面形貌

为研究氦等离子体在钨表面造成的表面纳米结构,利用荷兰基础能源研究所Pilot-PSI直线等离子体发生装置在673 K温度下,对钨材料进行了低能（40 eV）高束流强度（4×10²³ m^-2•s^-1）氦等离子体辐照。实验结果表明,辐照后钨材料表面出现了多种不同形态的纳米结构,表面纳米结构和晶粒的表面法向之间存在明显关联。在表面法向为［111］的晶粒表面出现三角形的纳米结构,在［110］取向的晶粒表面出现条带状的纳米结构,而在［001］取向的晶粒表面没有明显的结构出现。晶粒表面的纳米结构尺寸在50 nm左右,高度起伏在5 nm以下。另外,氦等离子体辐照会造成晶界处的高度差,在25 nm左右。分析推测氦等离子体辐照造成的晶粒表面和晶界的形貌可能是由近表面的气泡所导致的。     

常温氦离子注入纳米钛膜的微结构分析

在常温下,用200、100 keV He离子按He-Ti原子浓度比0.1、0.3和0.2的剂量注入纳米钛膜,采用现代表面分析技术对试样进行形貌观察与微观分析.测试分析结果表明注入前,沉积膜的原子力显微镜(AFM)形貌像呈现从几十至200 nm以上极不均匀的晶粒尺度;注入后,3个试样的晶粒均有所长大,且随着注入剂量的增加,其长大趋势更为明显.这些长大的晶粒中同时存在大量的亚结构,表明在高剂量氦离子注入下,导致出现表层晶粒细化现象;He离子注入后的试样在衍射角15°～40°之间出现可辨的衍射峰,其膜层内的平均晶粒尺寸约136 nm,说明经离子注入后,膜层内纳米粒子的结晶度得到进一步提高,晶粒度比注入前长大.此结果证实了AFM B微米级视场的观察.     

Fe_3O_4/聚丙烯酸/CdS复合粒子的光化学制备及光催化性能

采用光引发丙烯酸聚合的方法对Fe3O4纳米粒子进行表面改性,制备了羧基功能化的Fe3O4/聚丙烯酸复合纳米粒子(Fe3O4/PAA);以Fe3O4/PAA为磁核,以硫酸镉和硫代硫酸钠为原料,采用光化学方法制备Fe3O4/聚丙烯酸/CdS复合粒子(Fe3O4/PAA/CdS),并借助红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、透射电子显微镜、荧光光谱和振动样品磁强计对其进行表征。结果表明,核-壳结构的Fe3O4/PAA/CdS为表面粗糙的球形粒子,平均粒径为155 nm,具有发光性能和准超顺磁性。Fe3O4/PAA/CdS在有机染料罗丹明B的降解实验中显示出良好的可见光催化活性,可以借助磁铁在2 min内从溶液中完全回收。     

掺Fe纳米Ti02的结构

本采用溶胶-凝胶法，获得了铁掺杂的纳米TiO2样品，XRD和透射电镜测量表明在600℃以下焙烧时为锐钛矿，颗粒度在10nm以下，样品在1000℃下焙烧时，转变为金红石相，颖粒度增大。EXAPS和穆谱表明，铁的确掺杂到TiO2晶格内，表现为3价。铁的掺杂改变了纯的TiO2的性质，对于锐铁矿相的掺铁纳米TiO2，其紫外-可见反射光谱给出在481nm处出观了新的吸收峰，；对于以金红石相为主的掺铁纳米TiO2，其紫外-可见反射光谱在512nm处出现了新的吸收峰。     

AuNPs@MPA-PEG纳米粒子对肿瘤细胞辐射敏感性影响

为研究3-巯基丙酸(MPA)-聚乙二醇(PEG)修饰的金纳米粒子(AuNPs@MPA-PEG)对人宫颈癌Hela细胞辐射敏感性的影响,以柠檬酸钠为稳定剂,硼氢化钠为还原剂,还原氯金酸制备5.4 nm的金纳米粒子(AuNPs),并分别用MPA-PEG、PEG修饰金纳米粒子,制备AuNPs@MPA-PEG、AuNPs@PEG。通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪检测Hela细胞及细胞核对AuNPs、AuNPs@MPA-PEG、AuNPs@PEG的吸收量;克隆形成法测定AuNPs、AuNPs@MPA-PEG、AuNPs@PEG对X射线照射后Hela细胞存活率的影响。结果表明,Hela细胞和细胞核对AuNPs、AuNPs@MPA-PEG、AuNPs@PEG的吸收量具有浓度依赖性。MPA-PEG、PEG修饰减少细胞对金纳米粒子的吸收,但是MPA-PEG对金纳米粒子进行修饰,却增加细胞核对金纳米粒子的吸收。对于160 kVp X射线,AuNPs、AuNPs@MPA-PEG、AuNPs@PEG均对Hela细胞有辐射增敏作用,但增敏效果不明显。MPA-PEG、PEG修饰没有增加金纳米粒子的辐射增敏作用。     

Cu纳米团簇发光性能和结构的研究

利用光致发光谱(Photoluminescence,PL)、X射线吸收精细结构(X-ray Absorption Fine Structure,XAFS)和MALDI-TOF质谱等技术研究了化学还原法合成的Cu金属纳米团簇的发光性能及其结构。PL谱表明随着反应溶液中十二硫醇(C12SH)和2-巯基-5-正丙烷基嘧啶(C7H10N2S,2-mercapto-5-n-propylpyrimidine,MPP)配体比例的增加,Cu纳米团簇主发光峰的波长从618 nm逐渐蓝移到571 nm。质谱的结果说明以MPP作为单一配体时的主要产物为Cu5[MPP]3;而当为MPP与C12SH两种混合配体时,Cu纳米团簇中Cu原子数变小,组成变为Cu4[MPP][C12SH];并且随着C12SH比例增加,Cu4[MPP][C12SH]产物的组成保持不变。XAFS结果则进一步表明随着C12SH比例的增加,Cu纳米团簇的Cu-S键长从0.228 nm缩短到0.224 nm,原子构型从双三角锥结构转变为四面体。综合以上结果,认为Cu纳米团簇的原子数的减少导致团簇的光致发光从618nm蓝移至597 nm;而Cu-S键长的缩短引起Cu(I)-S杂化的HOMO-LUMO带隙增大,从而导致团簇的发光波长进一步从597 nm蓝移至571 nm。     

正电子辐照多孔硅的研究

多孔硅经来自＾２３Ｎａ的正电子束辐照后，其光荧光谱出现两个新特点，一是主峰峰位显著蓝移，由辐照臆的红色光谱区蓝移到辐照后的绿以光谱区；二是出现一个较高能量的附加发光峰，红外吸收谱表明，正电子辐照有助于增强多孔硅的表面氧化对多孔硅经正电子辐照后光荧光结构改变的机理进行了讨论。     

银粉的辐射清洁制备

采用辐射还原法制备纯净的银粉,期待通过改变反应条件制备出不同形貌的银粉,以满足实际应用中的各种要求。在常温常压氮气环境下,以草酸银为银源,水为介质,利用电子加速器辐照的方法制备银粉。通过扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对银粉进行表征。结果表明,改变反应体系的pH值、吸收剂量和结构诱导剂的种类,可以制备出颗粒状、棒状、片状等不同形貌的银粉。在吸收剂量4 MGy、pH=6时,以CS005或CSH100为诱导剂,能得到长5~10mm,直径约2mm的棒状纯净银粉;以CS005和BTA为诱导剂,得到四边形的片状银粉;以CSH100和PEO200为诱导剂,得到三角形和多边形混杂的片状银粉。在总剂量4MGy、pH=9时,以CS005为诱导剂,得到粒径约20 nm的类球形纳米银粉;以CSH100为诱导剂,得到粒径约100 nm的片状混杂银粉。在总剂量8 MGy、pH=9时,以CS005或CSH100为诱导剂,得到粒径约100 nm的片状混杂银粉。     

Formation of Au nanoparticles in sapphire by using Ar ion implantation and thermal annealing

In this paper, we present results of the synthesis of gold nanoclusters in sapphire, using Ar ion implantation and annealing in air. Unlike the conventional method of Au implantation followed by thermal annealing, Au was deposited on the surface of m- and a- cut sapphire single crystal samples including those pre-implanted with Ar ions. Au atoms were brought into the substrate by subsequent implantation of Ar ions to form Au nanoparticles. Samples were finally annealed stepwisely in air at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C and then studied using UV-vis absorption spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattered spectrometry. Evidence of the formation Au nanoparticles in the sapphire can be obtained from the characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band in the optical absorption spectra or directly from the transmission electron microscopy. The results of optical absorption spectra indicate that the specimen orientations and pre-implantation also influence the size and the volume fraction of Au nanoparticles formed. Theoretical calculations using Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory supply a good interpretation of the optical absorption results.     

Effect of annealing on the optical absorption of Ni nanoparticles in MgO single crystals

Ni⁺ ion implantation with an energy of 64 keV in MgO single crystals was conducted at room temperature up to a fluence of 1 × 10¹⁷ ion/cm². The as-implanted crystals were annealed isochronally at temperatures up to 900 °C. Optical absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been utilized to characterize the changes of optical properties and the microstructure of the annealed samples. XPS results showed that the charge state of implanted Ni was still mainly in metallic Ni⁰ after annealing at 900 °C. TEM analysis revealed metallic Ni nanoparticles with depth-dependant dimensions of 1–10 nm in the annealed sample. Optical absorption spectroscopy indicated that the Ni nanoparticles exhibited a broad surface plasmon resonance absorption band in annealed samples and the band shifted to a longer wavelength with the increasing annealing temperature.     

Optical absorption of metallic Zn nanoparticles in Zn ion implanted sapphire

Zn⁺ ion implantation (48 keV) was performed at room temperature up to a fluence of 5 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻² in -Al₂O₃ single crystals. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and optical absorption spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the optical properties, chemical charge states and the microstructure of embedded metallic Zn nanoparticles, respectively. XPS analysis indicated that implanted Zn ions are in the charge state of metallic Zn⁰. TEM analysis revealed the metallic Zn nanoparticles of 3–10 nm in the as-implanted sample at a fluence of 1 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻². A selected area electron diffraction (SAD) pattern indicates the random orientation of the Zn nanoparticles. A clear absorption peak appeared gradually in the optical absorption spectra of the as-implanted crystals, due to surface plasma resonance (SPR) of Zn nanoparticles. The wavelength of the absorption peak shifted from 260 nm to 285 nm with the increasing ion fluence, ascribed to the growth of Zn nanoparticles.     

Effects of γ-irradiation on the optical properties of a-(Sb0.1Ge0.3Se0.6) and Ag5(Sb0.1Ge0.3Se0.6)95 thin film material

The amorphous behaviour of (Sb_0.1Ge_0.3Se_0.6) and Ag₅(Sb_0.1Ge_0.3Se_0.6)₉₅ chalcogenide thin film materials deposited at room temperature onto glass substrates by thermal evaporation process was investigated using X-ray diffraction technique. The surface morphology as well as the elemental chemical composition of the as-deposited films was investigated via scanning electron microscopy. The optical transmission and reflection spectra of as-deposited films and that exposed for different γ-dose were recorded at room temperature in the wavelength range of 600-2500 nm. Systematic studies of the refractive index, extinction coefficient and optical band gap have been presented as a function of the γ-dose. The dispersion of the refractive index for such films is discussed in terms of the single-oscillator Wemple-DiDomenico model, which was presented.     

Channeltron operating in coincidence mode

We have investigated channeltron operating in coincidence with silicon surface barrier detector for detection of extreme low energy particles. By use of Po-209 radionuclide and silver backing, a radioactive source was prepared as a fine emitter of released α particles, conversion electrons, recoil Pb-205 ions and knock out silver ions. To avoid parasite coincidence events mainly from channeltron anode RC circuit, we have applied appropriate Faraday screens. After getting proper counting rates, composite spectra were recorded. Based on time-of-flight and secondary electron emission coefficient arguments, particular spectra of mentioned particles were extracted. Final experimental data analysis enabled us to found channeltron efficiency curves for electrons, lead ions and silver ions with low detection thresholds at 40 eV, 4 keV and 1.7 keV, respectively.     

Ag(核)@Au(壳)纳米颗粒的制备及高温原位XAFS研究

用化学液相还原法制备Ag核Au壳的核壳结构Ag@Au纳米颗粒。用UV-vis、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和X射线吸收精细结构谱(XAFS)进行表征。结果表明成功制备出均一稳定单分散的Ag@Au纳米颗粒,Ag核颗粒平均粒径约8 nm,Au外壳的厚度约3.5 nm。DSC谱显示核壳颗粒在合金化过程中300°C附近时,扩散最剧烈,500°C时已完全形成合金。从高温原位XAFS的径向结构函数(RSF)可清晰看到Au原子周围的局域结构在合金化过程中发生明显变化。用替代位法进行拟合,发现Au-Au键长由2.86增加到2.89,配位数由原来的8.0减为6.1,同时出现了2.1个Au-Ag配位键,而无序度在不断增大,且整个合金化过程主要是以代位扩散为主。     

Radiochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles onto textile fabrics and their antibacterial activity

This paper presents a new technique for synthesizing silver nanoparticles immobilized on textile fabrics using a radiochemical process. In this process, the irradiation of a high-energy electron beam on an aqueous solution containing silver ions induces a reducing reaction that forms metallic silver nanoparticles. Small Ag particles of about 2–4 nm were observed together with relatively large particles of more than 10 nm. These nanoparticles are firmly immobilized on the surface of a support textile fabric without the need for any binder or surfactant. The amount of silver nanoparticles immobilized was found to depend on the water content of the support textile fabric, suggesting that the silver ions are reduced not only by radiochemical species generated by the radiolysis of water, but also by radiochemical species generated in the irradiated support fabric itself. The silver nanoparticles that were immobilized on the support textile fabric exhibited an excellent antibacterial activity across a wide antibacterial spectrum, even after a durability test involving washing the fabric 100 times.     

The properties of N-doped diamond-like carbon films prepared by helicon wave plasma chemical vapor deposition

In this paper, N-doped diamond-like carbon(DLC) films were deposited on silicon substrates by using helicon wave plasma chemical vapor deposition(HWP-CVD) with the Ar/CH_4/N_2 mixed gas. The surface morphology, structural and mechanical properties of the N-doped DLC films were investigated in detail by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), Raman spectra, and atomic force microscopy(AFM). It can be observed from SEM images that surface morphology of the films become compact and uniform due to the incorporation of N. The maximum of the deposition rate of the films is 143 nm min~(-1), which is related to the high plasma density. The results of XPS show that the N incorporates in the films and the C-C sp~3 bond content increases firstly up to the maximum(20%) at 10 sccm of N_2 flow rate, and then decreases with further increase in the N_2 flow rate. The maximum Young's modulus of the films is obtained by the doping of N and reaches 80 GPa at 10 sccm of N_2 flow rate, which is measured by AFM in the scanning probe microscope mode. Meanwhile, friction characteristic of the N-doped DLC films reaches a minimum value of 0.010.