竖直窄流道内过冷流动沸腾的汽泡生长过程流场特性分析

采用VOF模型建立了过冷流动沸腾中的汽泡生长模型,使用UDF接口自编程序,对汽泡生长过程进行了数值模拟。考虑了主流速度、主流过冷度、壁面过热度、汽-液接触角等对汽泡生长过程的影响,获得了过冷流动沸腾条件下汽泡生长曲线,并与相应实验条件下的实验结果进行了对比,同时对汽泡的生长过程中的汽泡内外的流场进行了分析。     

基于CFD方法的矩形窄缝通道内过冷流动沸腾模型研究

板状燃料元件中的矩形窄缝通道具有宽高比大的几何特征,高度方向速度梯度大、分布陡峭,发生过冷沸腾时,近壁面汽泡运动行为将受其影响而改变,其中汽泡滑移现象对沸腾换热影响较大。本文针对矩形窄缝通道中的汽泡滑移行为,构建了包含滑移热流的壁面热流分配模型,并建立机理性的汽泡受力模型和滑移模型计算汽泡脱离直径、浮升直径和滑移距离等辅助参数,开发了一套适用于矩形窄缝通道内向上流动沸腾的壁面沸腾模型。选用Nuthel窄缝通道沸腾实验进行数值模拟验证,结果表明：本文模型可以较好地预测1～4 MPa中低压工况窄缝通道向上流动沸腾的壁面过热度,最大误差相比RPI模型由80%降低至17%;蒸发热流份额和近壁面空泡份额相比RPI模型更低。     

强制对流过冷沸腾流体中汽泡脱离频率

在垂直上升环形通道内进行强制对流过冷沸腾实验。实验工质为水，实验压力为大气压力。由一台高速摄像仪对汽泡核化的动力学过程进行图像捕捉。通过影像获取总共58个工况下的汽泡脱离频率。对本实验的数据和从文献中获取的数据进行无量纲分析。将已有的模型和关系式与汽泡等待时间、生长时间以及脱离频率等实验数据进行比较。由池式沸腾改进的关系式未能很好地应用于强制对流过冷沸腾，同时，由过冷沸腾提出的模型也不能预测宽实验参数范围内的汽泡脱离频率。无量纲汽泡脱离频率与无量纲泡核沸腾热流密度相关。新的关系式与现有的低壁面过热度下的实验数据吻合良好。     

窄缝通道内过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率研究

采用高速摄像仪对矩形窄缝通道内垂直上升流过冷流动沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率进行可视化实验研究。结果表明,汽泡脱离频率随质量流速的增大而减小,随入口过冷度的增大而减小,随热流密度的增大而增大。将实验数据与文献中汽泡脱离频率计算模型进行比较,发现基于池式沸腾和饱和流动沸腾开发的计算模型不能准确预测过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率。本文以无量纲参数的形式,分别用液相雷诺数、过冷雅各布数和核态沸腾热流密度表示质量流速、主流过冷度和热流密度对汽泡脱离频率的影响,获得矩形窄缝通道内过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率预测关系式,关系式的平均预测误差为±17.1%。     

基于分子动力学理论界面传质的过冷沸腾汽泡生长特性研究

基于分子动力学理论的准平衡态界面处界面蒸发/冷凝因素,以及汽泡底部微液层传热因素建立综合传热传质相变模型,对窄通道内汽泡过冷流动沸腾条件下的生长情况进行模拟。相变模型体现了汽泡底部微液层蒸发、近壁过热液体传热、汽泡顶部主流冷凝等多方面机制对汽泡生长的影响。模拟结果体现了汽泡底部微液层厚度的变化情况,与实验结果相吻合;微液层蒸发机制在汽泡生长初期对汽泡生长有较大影响,流道壁面效应对汽泡生长有显著影响。     

矩形窄通道内汽泡滑移与冷凝前期生长模型研究

矩形窄流道内汽泡生长会直接改变相界面浓度,从而影响流道的传热传质性能。为获得适用于窄流道内不同类型的汽泡生长模型,基于通体可视的实验本体,开展壁面沸腾流动换热实验。基于传热能量方程,研究过冷沸腾中汽泡滑移与冷凝前期两种情况下汽泡生长模型。实验结果表明汽泡呈现两种形式的生长,即汽泡滑移生长以及冷凝前期生长。建立了两种情况下的汽泡生长模型,实验数据验证模型误差在20%以内。因此,本研究能为沸腾两相数值模拟提供更加精细化的汽泡生长模型,从而提高汽泡行为的预测精度。     

竖直窄缝过冷沸腾实验模型及数值模拟

基于常压下竖直窄缝通道的过冷沸腾实验结果,提出了2 mm窄缝通道的壁面核化数值新模型,模型包括:汽化核心密度、气泡脱离直径、气泡脱离频率和核化起始点(ONB)关联式。分别采用新模型和CFX模型对典型实验工况进行数值模拟分析,模拟结果与实验的壁面温度和平均壁面温度结果吻合较好。详细讨论了2个模型中的3个主要关联式的差异,最后讨论了ONB模型对过冷沸腾数值模拟结果的影响。结果表明,考虑ONB模型的新核化模型能更准确地预测窄缝通道过冷流动沸腾传热特性。     

多孔球层内沸腾现象与传热特性研究

采用池式沸腾实验系统,在常压底部加热条件下分别对由直径4、6、8mm玻璃球构建的多孔结构内沸腾过程进行了可视化研究.结果表明,过冷沸腾时,加热壁面上产生孤立汽泡,小汽泡可聚合为主汽泡,主汽泡脱离频率较低,汽相以分散的小汽泡为主;饱和沸腾初期,汽泡生长变快,主汽泡体积变大,连续汽相范围广阔;主汽泡形成频率随热流密度增加而增加;膜态沸腾时,底面被汽膜包围,液相占据球层空间.球体直径越大,产生同类现象需要的热流密度越大,传热系数的极值越大.饱和沸腾存在传热强化区和抑制区.直径4、8mm玻璃球构建的多孔介质传热系数随热流密度的增加而增加,6mm多孔介质则相反.     

矩形窄缝通道内滑移汽泡直径沿轴向分布特性实验研究

采用高速摄像仪对矩形窄缝通道内过冷流动沸腾滑移汽泡直径沿轴向分布特性进行可视化实验研究。实验捕获滑移汽泡沿加热面滑移并聚合的过程图像,并获得沿加热面轴向300、400、500 mm处滑移汽泡直径概率分布图。实验研究表明,窄缝通道中滑移汽泡直径沿轴向分布呈增大趋势;滑移汽泡沿加热面生长、滑移汽泡与未完成生长脱离的小汽泡的聚合,以及滑移汽泡间的聚合是滑移汽泡直径沿加热面轴向增大的重要原因。     

基于微液层模型的单汽泡生长数值模拟研究

核态沸腾换热在传热传质方面有着重要的作用，其发生机理和传热传质过程仍是研究的重点。随着实验手段的提高，微液层模型得到了广泛的关注。通过对微液层中传热传质的分析，建立了微液层厚度与热流密度和气化率之间的关系。利用界面扩散法对汽液相界面进行追踪，并在汽泡与加热壁面之间构建微液层模型，研究在核态沸腾条件下，微液层的变化对汽泡生长和加热壁面温度分布的影响。结果表明，数值模拟得到的汽泡生长过程和加热壁面温度分布与实验结果吻合得很好，初步验证了模型的正确性。并通过数值模拟，进一步分析了汽泡生长过程中微液层、干性区域和汽泡底部半径的变化规律以及壁面温度的分布情况。     

低压下水欠热流动沸腾的两相CFD数值模拟研究

采用两流体(汽相和液相)基本数学模型,结合汽相和液相之间的界面传热、传质和动量交换封闭模型、汽泡平均直径模型、汽泡脱离直径模型、汽泡成核模型、汽泡脱离频率模型、欠热沸腾起始点模型和壁面热流密度分配模型,在CFD软件CFX4.4中采用用户自定义函数将相变引起的传热、传质和动量交换作为源项分别添加到汽相和液相的能量、质量和动量守恒方程中,对低压下内管加热外管绝热的环形通道内的欠热沸腾进行了数值研究,得到了欠热流动沸腾下汽相体积份额、液相速度、汽相速度分布等。采用Lee等的环形通道内低压下欠热沸腾体积份额实验数据对计算结果进行了验证,吻合良好。     

Modeling and validation of interfacial area transport equation in subcooled boiling flow

The first comprehensive validation of the interfacial area transport equation in subcooled boiling is presented and shown to perform exceptionally when compared with experimental data. The formulation and closure of the bubble layer averaged interfacial area transport equation is reviewed along with the treatment of the two-fluid model in subcooled boiling. Interfacial area concentration source and sink terms in subcooled boiling are presented including the bubble interaction mechanisms (random collision and turbulent impact), as well as phase change terms (wall nucleation and condensation). Additionally, the volume source terms from phase change are described and discussed in terms of their significance to the interfacial area transport equation. The validation of the interfacial area transport equation with a recently proposed wall nucleation source term is shown to have excellent prediction at low and elevated pressure, as well as a wide range of mass flux. With new confidence in the wall nucleation source term, the interfacial area concentration in subcooled boiling can be accurately predicted. Due to its strong dependence in the modeling of active nucleation site density, bubble departure frequency, and departure diameter, the calculation is shown to be very sensitive to wall temperature.     

Analysis of subcooled boiling flow with one-group interfacial area transport equation and bubble lift-off model

To enhance the multi-dimensional analysis capability for a subcooled boiling two-phase flow, the one-group interfacial area transport equation was improved with a source term for the bubble lift-off. It included the bubble lift-off diameter model and the lift-off frequency reduction factor model. The bubble lift-off diameter model took into account the bubble's sliding on a heated wall after its departure from a nucleate site, and the lift-off frequency reduction factor was derived by considering the coalescences of the sliding bubbles. To implement the model, EAGLE (elaborated analysis of gas-liquid evolution) code was developed for a multi-dimensional analysis of two-phase flow. The developed model and EAGLE code were validated with the experimental data of SUBO (subcooled boiling) and SNU (Seoul National University) test, where the subcooled boiling phenomena in a vertical annulus channel were observed. Locally measured two-phase flow parameters included a void fraction, interfacial area concentration, and bubble velocity. The results of the computational analysis revealed that the interfacial area transport equation with the bubble lift-off model showed a good agreement with the experimental results of SUBO and SNU. It demonstrates that the source term for the wall nucleation by considering a bubble sliding and lift-off mechanism enhanced the prediction capability for the multi-dimensional behavior of void fraction or interfacial area concentration in the subcooled boiling flow. From the point of view of the bubble velocity, the modeling of an increased turbulence induced by boiling bubbles at the heated wall enhanced the prediction capability of the code.     

过冷流动沸腾汽泡浮升直径的理论研究

汽泡浮升直径模型已成为两相流领域理论分析与数值计算方法的重要子模型。为研究各力对汽泡浮升的影响规律,本文理论推导了过冷流动沸腾汽泡的受力方程,建立了预测汽泡浮升直径的无量纲模型,并与实验数据进行了对比验证,分析了汽泡浮升直径随各无量纲数的变化规律。结果表明,无量纲模型能准确预测水与R113工质中汽泡的浮升直径;浮升直径随Ja的增加而升高,随Re、Ca、Pr与Ar的增加而降低;结合无量纲数的定义,可认为生长力与表面张力抑制了汽泡的浮升效应,导致浮升直径升高;剪切升力与浮升力促进了汽泡的浮升效应,导致浮升直径降低。     

A unified model considering force balances for departing vapour bubbles and population balance in subcooled boiling flow

Population balance equations combined with a three-dimensional two-fluid model are employed to predict subcooled boiling flow at low pressure in a vertical annular channel. The MUltiple-SIze-Group (MUSIG) model implemented in CFX4.4 is extended to account for the wall nucleation and condensation in the subcooled boiling regime. A model considering the forces acting on departing bubbles at the heated surface is formulated. This model provides the capacity of complex analyses on the bubble growth and departure for a wide range of wall heat fluxes and flow conditions.Comparison of model predictions against local measurements is made for the void fraction, bubble Sauter mean diameter and gas and liquid velocities covering a range of different mass and heat fluxes and inlet subcoolings. Good agreement is achieved with the local radial void fraction, bubble Sauter mean diameter and liquid velocity profiles against measurements. However, significant weakness of the model is evidenced in the prediction of the vapour velocity. Work is in progress to circumvent the deficiency of the MUSIG boiling model by the consideration of additional momentum equations to better represent the momentum forces acting on the range of bubble sizes in the bulk subcooled liquid.     

Numerical simulation on single bubble behavior during Al2O3/H2O nanofluids flow boiling using Moving Particle Simi-implicit method

In this study, regression analysis on the thermal properties of Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluids was made firstly. The growth and departure of a single bubble behavior in Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluid and pure water flow boiling process were then numerically simulated by an improved Moving Particle Semi-implicit method in different flow boiling conditions. The results indicate that the bubble in Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluids grows faster and the bubble departure frequency of Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluids is greater than that in pure water. The flow boiling heat flux is also improved by dispersing nanoparticles of Al₂O₃/H₂O in pure water. This work initially reveals that nanofluids can enhance flow boiling heat transfer from the point of view of bubble dynamics behavior. The effects of nanoparticle concentrations and diameters of Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluids on the bubble behavior were also investigated and compared under the same flow conditions. It is found that the increasing of nanoparticle volume concentration may increase the bubble departure frequency and departure diameter, while the increasing rates of departure frequency and departure diameter are lessened with the increasing of nanoparticle volume concentration. It is suggested that the suitable nanoparticle volume concentration of nanofluid for flow boiling heat transfer enhancement should not be too large, especially regarding the negative effect of flow resistance increase due to the increasing of nanoparticle volume concentration. The interesting finding is that in the same nanoparticle volume concentration condition, the bubble departure frequency for the nanofluid with nanoparticle diameter of 29 nm shows a maximum value. The increasing of nanoparticle diameter leads to the decreasing of bubble departure diameter. It is boldly to predict that an optimal nanoparticle diameter range between 20 and 38 nm should be beneficial to flow boiling heat transfer enhancement of Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluids.     

Modeling of low-pressure subcooled boiling flow of water via the homogeneous MUSIG approach

Applying a three-dimensional two-fluid model coupled with homogeneous multiple size group (MUSIG) approach, numerical simulations of upward subcooled boiling flow of water at low pressure were performed on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code CFX-10 with user defined FORTRAN program. A modified bubble departure diameter correlation based on the Unal's semi-mechanistic model and the empirical correlation of Tolubinski and Kostanchuk was developed. The water boiling flow experiments at low pressure in a vertical concentric annulus from reference were used to validate the models. Moreover, the influences of the non-drag force on the radial void fraction distribution were investigated, including lift force, turbulent dispersion force and wall lubrication force. Good quantitative agreement with the experimental data is obtained, including the local distribution of bubble diameter, void fraction, and axial liquid velocity. The results indicate that the local bubble diameter first increases and then decreases due to the effect of bubble breakup and coalescence, and has the maximum bubble diameter along the radial direction. Especially, the peak void fraction phenomenon in the vicinity of the heated wall is predicted at low pressure, which is developed from the wall repulsive force between vapor bubbles and heated wall. Nevertheless, there is a high discrepancy for the prediction of the local axial vapor velocity.