以太网技术在SSRF设备控制中的应用

随着工控技术和以太网技术的发展,可编程逻辑控制器(Programmable Logic Controller,PLC)基本都具备了以太网连接功能。上海光源(Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility,SSRF)大量采用了PLC作为设备控制器。应用以太网技术在上海光源设备控制中,通过以太网技术可以使设备控制器直接连接至控制网络。采用以太网技术简化了控制系统结构,同时也便于系统维护和升级。     

中子反射数据分析技术

从中子反射基本原理出发,介绍了Fresnel反射、单层膜和多层膜中子反射理论以及膜层描述及反射率计算方法。讨论了中子反射实验数据分析基本方法,介绍了目前常用的数据分析软件Parratt32和NOD及其特点。针对CoFeV单层膜中子反射实验数据分析,给出了数据分析计算实例,结果表明:材料散射势直接影响反射率曲线全反射临界点位置,界面粗糙度则直接影响反射率随散射矢量的变化速度,而膜层厚度则决定振荡峰的疏密关系。     

CARR重水浓缩微机监控系统

介绍了应用可编程控制器为核心的微机监控系统,该系统实现了重水浓缩系统各运行设备的实时数据采集和控制功能,从而提高了供电系统的安全性和准确性。     

压水堆蒸汽发生器水位的分层自适应模糊控制

针对压水堆蒸汽发生器的水位控制提出了一种分层自适应模糊控制方案。该方案中，2个模糊控制器分层连接，每个模糊控制器均采用典型模糊控制单元，使得模糊规则个数和可调参数个数大大减少，便于在线学习和实时控制。文章分别给出了分层模糊控制器的解析表达式及可调参数的在线学习方法。在压水堆快速加负荷和突然甩负荷的仿真实验中，该方案与PID控制相比，响应快，超调量小，振荡小。     

小型铅铋冷却快堆堆芯功率控制研究

铅铋冷却快堆多用于海洋、山区等偏远特殊环境的孤网供电,用户特性要求小型铅铋冷却快堆需具有良好的负荷跟踪能力。本文将3种不同的控制方法应用于铅铋冷却快堆堆芯功率控制,通过引入噪声、死区、时滞等环节对控制器的稳定性和设定值跟踪能力进行了测试。结果表明,比例-积分-微分（PID）控制器很难达到较好的控制效果,因此工业应用时往往加入了其他环节以保证PID控制器的稳定性。自抗扰（ADRC）控制器和H_∞鲁棒控制器都具有良好的抗噪能力,能够独立地完成较好的控制效果,但良好的抗噪能力要牺牲一定的灵敏性。通过对3种控制器的比较分析表明,由于仿真计算对实际对象进行了简化,在这样的条件下所设计的控制器应选择较为保守的参数。      

上海同步辐射装置电源控制系统

上海同步辐射装置电源控制系统是基于EPICS系统开发运行的分布式控制系统。系统中~65 K实时数据库记录分布运行于27个VME总线的IOC控制器中,实现了对600多台各类磁铁电源的访问控制。本文介绍了电源控制系统基于Ethernet的层次式结构与工作原理,分别描述了针对PSI与SINAP电源控制器的控制解决方案,同时介绍了系统的硬件设备、IOC和控制台软件及系统中采用的通讯技术。     

基于分布式内存数据库的HIRFL-CSR真空监控系统

简要介绍了国家"九五"重大科学工程--兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环(HIRFL-CSR)真空监控系统的总体结构,分析了在Web构架下,基于分布式内存数据库的多层真空监控系统的实现方法.采用分布式内存数据库,解决了基于Web构架的分布式实时应用环境下对系统和网络资源的消耗问题.在软件控制方面采用了统一调度,既简化了软件实现过程,又提高了系统的安全性、高效性和易维护性.该系统已成功运行.     

中国实验快堆换料机控制系统设计及台架调试

换料机是中国实验快堆的换料设备,主要通过抓手和导向管的配合运动,实现堆芯组件的抓取和插放。换料机控制系统采用了可编程控制器、数字直流调速器等自动化电气设备。通过换料综合试验台架调试,控制设备运行稳定、可靠,验证了换料机控制系统的设计满足技术规格书及工艺要求。     

7kA闸流管脉冲调制器的可编程控制器控制

利用ＰＬＣ（可编程控制器）作为冲击磁铁脉冲调制器的设备控制器,解决了大电流脉冲放电对设备控制器的干扰问题,实现了调制器的计算机遥控操作及联锁保护功能、实时通讯功能,提高了调制器实验装置运行的可靠性。     

铅冷快堆功率的线性自抗扰控制

快堆瞬发中子寿命短,缓发中子份额小,反应性扰动下反应堆周期较压水堆短,功率变化快,控制其功率的难度很大。因此,要求快堆的控制器具有较快的响应速度和控制精度。考虑到快堆功率控制的这些难点,本文基于线性自抗扰控制(Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control)理论设计了分别带有模型信息和不带模型信息的两个控制器。导出了用于自抗扰控制器设计的相对功率的二阶非线性模型和对应的线性扩张状态观测器(Linear Extended State Observer)。通过调试确定了线性扩张状态观测器带宽的值。最终仿真的结果表明,两个控制器都适用于铅冷快堆(Lead-cooled FastReactor)的功率控制,均有较快的调节速度与精度,并且加入模型信息的线性自抗扰控制器拥有更准确的总扰动估计效果,优秀的控制性能以及更良好的抗扰效果。     

An integrated gyrotron controller

The ECRH system of W7-X is composed of 10 independent gyrotron modules. Each module consists of one gyrotron and its peripherals such as power supplies, cooling plants and distributed PLC systems. The fast real-time control functions such as the timing of the two high voltage supplies, trigger pulses, protection, modulation and communication with the central control of W7-X, is implemented in an integrated controller which is described in this paper.As long-term maintainability and sustainability are important for nuclear fusion experiments, the choice fell on an FPGA-based design which is exclusively based on free (as in “freedom”) software and configuration code. The core of the controller consists of a real-time Java virtual machine (JVM) that provides the TCP-IP connectivity as well as more complicated control functions, and which interacts with the gyrotron-specific hardware. Both the gyrotron-specific hardware and the JVM are implemented on the same FPGA, which is the main component of the controller.All 10 controllers are currently completed and operational. All parameters and functions are accessible via Ethernet. Due to the open, FPGA-based design, most hardware modifications can be made via the network as well. This paper discusses the capabilities of the controllers and their integration into the central W7-X control.     

A Timed-Token Based Network for the ITER Poloidal Field Converter Control System

The control system for poloidal field (PF) in ITER is running in a cluster of distributed controller nodes connected by a soft real-time network. The non-functional performance of network communication, such as latency and jitter, plays an important role in the control system. We analyze the essential of network communication for PF converter control system with stringent real-time requirement and identify the feasibility of the conventional time division method at the request of current data size. However, in order to meet the increased demand for communication data size, we present the design of a timed-token based method and its network scheduler. A test scenario involving a cluster of local control cubicles has been set up to verify the method. The test result shows the timed-token method is more competent to the conventional method and more qualify to the networked control system of PF converter. Meanwhile, in other network with similar architecture, implementation of the timed-token method can guarantee real-time performance as well.     

Distributed digital real-time control system for TCV tokamak

A new digital feedback control system (named the SCD “Système de Contrôle Distribué”) has been developed, integrated and used successfully to control TCV (Tokamak à Configuration Variable) plasmas. The system is designed to be modular, distributed, and scalable, accommodating hundreds of diagnostic inputs and actuator outputs. With many more inputs and outputs available than previously possible, it offers the possibility to design advanced control algorithms with better knowledge of the plasma state and to coherently control all TCV actuators, including poloidal field (PF) coils, gas valves, the gyrotron powers and launcher angles of the electron cyclotron heating and current drive system (ECRH/ECCD) together with diagnostic triggering signals. The system consists of multiple nodes; each is a customised Linux desktop or embedded PC which may have local ADC and DAC cards. Each node is also connected to a memory network (reflective memory) providing a reliable, deterministic method of sharing memory between all nodes. Control algorithms are programmed as block diagrams in Matlab-Simulink providing a powerful environment for modelling and control design. The C code is generated automatically from the Simulink block diagram and compiled, with the Simulink Embedded Coder (SEC, formerly Real-Time Workshop Embedded Coder), into a Linux shared library (“.so” file) and distributed to target nodes in the discharge preparation phase. During the TCV discharge, an application on each node is executed that dynamically loads the shared library at runtime. In order to obtain reliable and reproducible real time execution of the algorithm, all interrupts to the CPU on each node are suspended just before firing the shot and re-enabled afterwards. Since installation, the new digital control system has been used for a multitude of plasma control applications, ranging from basic experiments of coil current and density control to advanced experiments of MHD (magnetohydrodynamics) and plasma profile control, as well as real-time plasma transport simulations. Recently, a real-time version of a plasma equilibrium reconstruction code was developed and implemented, providing the future possibility to control the plasma shape and profiles directly during the discharge evolution. This paper presents the architecture of the new control system, its integration into the TCV plant and a sample of control applications used for TCV plasma discharges.     

Real-time fast ferrite ICRF tuning system on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak

A real-time ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) antenna matching system has been successfully implemented on Alcator C-Mod. This is a triple-stub tuning system working at 80 MHz, where one stub acts as a pre-matching stub and the other two stubs use fast ferrite tuners (FFTs) to accomplish fast tuning. It utilizes a digital controller for feedback control (200 μs per iteration) using real-time antenna loading measurements as inputs and the coil currents to the FFT as outputs. The system has achieved and maintained matching for a large range of plasma parameters, including L-mode, H-mode, and plasmas with edge localized modes. It has succeeded in delivering up to 1.85 MW net rf power into H-mode plasmas at maximum voltage of 37 kV on the unmatched side of the matching system.     

Development of a data acquisition and control system for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor neutron flux monitor

To satisfy high-precision, wide-range, and real-time neutron flux measurement requirements by the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER), a data acquisition and control system based on fission chamber detectors and fast controller technology, has been developed for neutron flux monitor in ITER Equatorial Port #7. The signal processing units which are based on a field programmable gate array and the PXI Express platform are designed to realize the neutron flux measurement with 1 ms time resolution and a fast response less than 0.2 ms,together with real-time timestamps provided by a timing board. The application of the widerange algorithm allows the system to measure up to 10~(10) cps with a relative error of less than 5%.Furthermore, the system is managed and controlled by a software based on the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System, compliant with COntrol, Data Access and Communication architecture.     

快堆冷却剂出口温度的自抗扰控制

为提高快堆控制系统的瞬态响应速度，降低控制器的超调量及稳态误差，设计了快堆冷却剂出口温度的线性自抗扰控制器。基于快堆的中子动力学方程、反应性方程和堆芯热传输方程，推导出了用于线性自抗扰控制器设计的带总扰动项的二阶模型。利用所得二阶模型的参数，确定了带模型信息的线性扩展状态观测器的部分参数。最后，在MATLAB环境下对控制器模型进行了仿真并加入系统模型信息。仿真结果表明，所设计的控制器具有良好的性能。相比于以冷却剂流量变化量为控制量的控制器，以冷却剂流量作为控制量的控制器具有更快的响应速度、更小的超调量、更好的抗干扰能力。     

Design of the HL-2M power supply control system

The power supply control system is one of the most important local control systems of HL-2M tokamak. The power supply system of HL-2M is composed of four flywheel generator sets with total capacity of 600 MVA, all the magnetic field coil power supplies and high voltage power supplies of auxiliary heating system. The control system of power supply should make sure the large amount of on-site equipment and facilities to operate steadily and reliably.This paper presents the architecture of HL-2M control system and four kinds of established control networks. It describes how the power supply control system is built by using the established hardware structures and software agreements. Specially, it is focused on introducing an application of real-time technology based on the reflective shared memory and the fully digital compact solution for controlling the high power converters. Otherwise, a scheme which adopts PROFINET and Sequence of Events technology to carry out the intellect interlock control system is given.     

ITER prototype fast plant system controller

ITER CODAC Design identified the need for slow and fast control plant systems, based respectively on industrial automation technology with maximum sampling rates below 100 Hz, and on embedded technology with higher sampling rates and more stringent real-time requirements. The fast system is applicable to diagnostics and plant systems in closed-control loops whose cycle times are below 1 ms. Fast controllers will be dedicated industrial controllers with the ability to supervise other fast and/or slow controllers, interface to actuators and sensors and high performance networks (HPN).This contribution presents the engineering design of two prototypes of a fast plant system controller (FPSC), specialized for data acquisition, constrained by ITER technological choices. This prototyping activity contributes to the Plant Control Design Handbook (PCDH) effort of standardization, specifically regarding fast controller characteristics. The prototypes will be built using two different form factors, PXIe and ATCA, with the aim of comparing the implementations. The presented solution took into consideration channel density, synchronization, resolution, sampling rates and the needs for signal conditioning such as filtering and galvanic isolation. The integration of the two controllers in the standard CODAC environment is also presented and discussed. Both controllers contain an EPICS IOC providing the interface to the mini-CODAC which will be used for all testing activities. The alpha version of the FPSC is also presented.