~(99)Tc~m-MPAQ的合成及其生物分布

为寻找新的^99Tc^m脑灌注显像剂，对^99Tc^m-MPBDA进行了结构修饰。在制备N-(2-巯基丙基)-1，2-苯二胺(MPBDA)基础上合成了三齿配体8-[N-(2-巯基丙基)]-氨基喹啉(MPAQ)，产物经IR，^1H NMR，MS及元素分析等表征确认。以氯离子为单齿配体，用直接标记法制备了^99Tc^m—MPAQ，确定了最佳标记条件，测定了标记物的稳定性和脂溶性。实验结果表明，^99Tc^m-MPAQ放化纯在96％以上，室温下在水溶液中稳定6h以上，脂溶性比^99Tc^m-MPBDA的大。生物分布试验结果表明，^99Tc—MPAQ生物性质没有^99Tc^m-MPBDA的好，但它可以穿过正常的血脑屏障，有-定的脑摄取(1．55％／g)和脑滞留(注射后30min仍有初始摄入量的62%).     

杯芳冠醚合成工艺改进

对杯芳烃冠醚的合成工艺进行了简化和改进，并进行了10 L规模的中间放大合成。在前3步中间体的合成中，综合考虑5，11，17，23-四叔丁基-25，26，27，28-四羟基杯［4］芳烃与其脱叔丁基步骤，省去了甲苯重结晶和活性炭脱色等处理步骤，使过程简化。在五甘醇二对甲苯磺酸酯的合成中，改进了粗产物的处理和纯化方法，取代了耗时的柱层析方法。在最终产物的合成中，通过搅拌→沉降→分液步骤除去杂质，再经重结晶得到目标产物。改进后所有中间体及产物均可通过工业中常用的结晶和蒸馏方法实现纯化，无需重结晶，易于实现杯芳烃冠醚工业化生产。此外，在简化工艺过程中合成了一种新的萃取剂25，27-二（正丙氧基）杯［4］芳烃-26，28-冠-6，并给出了其核磁、质谱和元素分析结果。     

用于放射性砹(碘)标记蛋白质的偶联剂SPC的合成及表征

以5-溴烟酸为起始物，通过3步主要反应合成了一种适用于蛋白质放射性砹(碘)标记的偶联剂——5-(三正丁基锡)-3-吡啶甲酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SPC)，并用核磁共振(NMR)、质谱(MS)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)等进行了表征。以该试剂为双功能偶联剂，实现了IgG的^125I标记，标记率达30％以上。标记产物在体外具有较高的稳定性。     

杯冠化合物在处理高放废液中的应用(Ⅰ)--新型萃取剂异丙氧基杯[4]冠-6的合成与表征

研究以对叔丁基苯酚和甲醛等作为初始原料合成中间体对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃、杯[4]芳烃和异丙氧基杯[4]芳烃;以二缩三乙二醇和氯化亚砜等作为初始原料合成中间体二氯代三甘醇、五甘醇和五甘醇对甲苯磺酸酯.最后,由异丙氧基杯[4]芳烃和五甘醇对甲苯磺酸酯合成了目标产物二(2-丙氧基)杯[4]冠-6,对合成的各种中间体和目标产物进行了表征.     

5-羟色胺转运体显像剂[125I]-ADAM的合成以及初步生物学分布

完成了5-羟色胺转运体显像剂[^125I]-2-（（2-（（二甲基氨基）甲基）苯基）巯基）5-碘苯胺（[^125I]-2-（（2-（（dimethylamino）methyl）phenyl）thio）-5-iodophenylamine，[^125I]ADAM）的制备和初步生物学特性的评价。以2，5-二溴-硝基苯和2-巯基苯甲酸为起始原料，合成标记前体5-三丁基锡-2-[2-（二甲基氨基甲基苯基巯基）]苯胺，采用双氧水标记法标记；并进行了大鼠体内和脑内的初步生物分布研究。合成标记前体5-三丁基锡-2-[2-（二甲基氨基甲基苯基巯基）]苯胺的总产率为42％，用[^125I]NaI标记后，TLC测放射化学纯度（RCP）大于95％；^125I-ADAM大鼠脑摄取高，在富含5-羟色胺转运蛋白的丘脑中的摄取随时间延长而增加，滞留时间长，其特异结合在注射后60min、120min和240min分别为3.38，3．62和4．36。本合成方法总收率高，标记方法简便，放射化学纯度高，^125I-ADAM初始进脑量高，与SERT结合特异，可望用于研究脑内SERT功能。     

N_2S_2或N_3S型配体的合成、~(99)Tc~m标记及生物分布研究

以MAG3为基本分子骨架，根据构效关系，分别引入合适的天然氨基酸，设计合成了4种N2S2或N3S型小分子多肽新配体，并通过了IR，^1H NMR,^13C NMR,MS谱学鉴定和元素分析表征。采用葡庚糖酸钙（GH）交换法对4个配体进行了^99Tc^m标记，研究了配合物在小鼠体内的生物分布特征。结果表明，^99Tc^m-MVGG肾摄取较高，滞留时间较长，血清除快，且肾与其它组织的活度比值高，具备成为肾功能显像剂的条件；^99Tc^m-MPGG肾初始摄取较高，R（肾／血）活度比值高，但肾清除较快，R（肾／肝）活度比值较低；^99Tc^m-MVTC和^99Tc^m－MPTC心肌初始摄取均较高，但在心肌和血中的清除速度较快。     

可变价核素在塔木素黏土岩合成地下水中的溶解度与种态分布北大核心CSCD

塔木素黏土岩是我国高放废物地质处置库黏土岩场址的候选围岩之一.以内蒙古塔木素地区Tzk1钻孔542m深(Tzk1-542)和Tzk2钻孔516m深(Tzk2-516)黏土岩岩芯样品为研究对象,采用浸泡平衡法合成了pH分别为945和824的地下水并分析了其组分.Tzk1-542和Tzk2-516岩芯样品的Fe^(2+)和总Fe质量比分别为7836%和9192%,据此计算得到其氧化还原电势(Eh)分别为-1694mV和115mV.利用PHREEQC程序、OECD/NEA最新热力学数据及碳酸铀酰与Mg/Ca配合物的热力学参数,计算了U、79Se、99Tc和Np在合成地下水中的溶解度及种态分布情况.结果表明,在假设地下水氧气分压不变、pH为50~110的条件下,U、Se、Tc、Np在Tzk1-542合成地下水中的溶解度范围分别为10^(-11)~10^(-8)、10^(-16)~10^(-9)、10^(-14)~10^(-12)、10^(-18)~10^(-17)mol/L,在Tzk2-516合成地下水中的溶解度范围分别为10-14~10^(-5)、10^(-14)~10^(-5)、10^(-11)~10^(-4)、10^(-18)~10^(-17)mol/L,两组合成地下水中U、Se、Tc和Np的溶解态均主要以中性分子或阴离子形式存在.鉴于黏土岩地下水一般呈碱性,固定Tzk1-542和Tzk2-516合成地下水的pH分别为945和824,Eh在-1694~1694mV范围变化时,Tzk1-542合成地下水中U、Se、Tc、Np的溶解度范围分别为10^(-10)~228×10^(-4)、10^(-12)~10^(-3)、10^(-14)~10^(-2)、10^(-18)~10^(-12)mol/L,其溶解态主要以UO_(2)(CO_(3))_(4)^(-3)、CaUO_(2)(CO_(3))_(2)-3、SeO_(2)^(-3)、HSeO-_(3)、TcO-_(4)、NpO_(2)OH等带负电或中性种态的形式存在;Tzk2-516合成地下水中U、Se、Tc、Np的溶解度范围分别为10^(-11)~10^(-5)、10^(-11)~10^(-3)、10^(-16)~10^(-2)、10-19~10^(-13)mol/L,其溶解态主要以Ca_(2)UO_(2)(CO_(3))_(3)、CaUO_(2)(CO_(3))_(3)^(2-)、SeO^(2-)_(3)、HSeO-_(3)、TcO-_(4)、NpO_(2)OH等形式存在.本工作仅对均相溶液体系进行模拟,针对地下水-岩体系的实际情况,仍需进一步开展相关核素的实验研究.     

二(邻-三氟甲基苯基)二硫代次膦酸的合成

在合成系列二硫代次膦酸的研究中,对二(邻-三氟甲基苯基)二硫代次膦酸的合成方法进行了改进。以三氯化磷(PCl3)和邻-三氟甲基苯基溴化镁((o-F3CC6H4)MgBr)为原料,经格氏反应、硫化以及硫氢化钠取代等三步连续进行的反应合成得到了产品。所得产品FTIR谱图显示有取代苯环、C—F键、P—S单键和P S双键的特征吸收峰,经31P NMR、1H NMR和13C NMR谱图解析和质谱分析结果表明,所得产物结构与目标产物二(邻-三氟甲基苯基)二硫代次膦酸结构完全符合。     

杯冠化合物在处理高放废液中的应用（I）——新型萃取剂异丙氧基杯[4]冠-6的合成与表征

研究以对叔丁基苯酚和甲醛等作为初始原料合成中间体对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃、杯[4]芳烃和异丙氧基杯[4]芳烃；以二缩三乙二醇和氯化亚砜等作为初始原料合成中间体二氯代三甘醇、五甘醇和五甘醇对甲苯磺酸酯。最后，由异丙氧基杯[4]芳烃和五甘醇对甲苯磺酸酯合成了目标产物二(2-丙氧基)杯[4]冠-6，对合成的各种中间体和目标产物进行了表征。     

模拟镅、锔溶液的微波转型研究

利用性质相似的稀土元素Nd模拟镅、锔，以高浓度硝酸和其他稀土元素组成的混合性溶液为模拟原料，通过比较微波减压蒸馏和油浴减压蒸馏两种加热方式，获得了模拟镅、锔的模拟料液转型的工艺参数。将溶液高温浓缩后得到的固体再进行煅烧，从而使模拟镅、锔的模拟料液转型为氧化物。通过ICP-AES、XRD、BET等分析测试方法，研究所得氧化物的物质特性。实验结果表明：微波减压蒸馏转型后所得氧化物的各种性能均优于油浴减压蒸馏转型后所得氧化物。相对于油浴减压蒸馏的方法，微波减压蒸馏方法减少了浓缩时间，且在馏出液中稀土含量很少，大部分的硝酸可循环使用。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.