新疆伊犁燃煤灰放射性核素水平与富集因子分析

为了探明新疆伊犁家用燃煤灰放射性核素比活度本底值,分析了新疆伊犁河谷各矿区的48个有效燃煤炉灰样。分析结果表明:燃煤灰238 U、232 Th、226 Ra和40 K比活度范围分别为11.5~682.0、7.5~88.7、11.4~926.0、LLD~372.0Bg/kg;比活度均值分别为104.4、37.6、126.7、101.7Bq/kg。计算得到41对燃煤与燃煤炉底灰放射性核素238 U、232 Th、226 Ra、40 K的富集因子为0.1~26.6、3.3~309.2、0.4~284.0和1.7~225.5,238 U、232 Th、226 Ra相对富集因子为0.01~19.97、0.06~77.9和0.02~54.5。研究表明,此次调查的家用燃煤灰放射性核素数据与其它地区和国家数据相比为最小,燃煤与家用燃煤灰的富集因子与文献报道的相似,根据联合国电离辐射效应委员会统计的全球煤及煤灰背景值资料,此次数据均在正常值范围内。     

兰州市农畜产品天然放射性核素含量水平与公众年摄入量

报道了兰州市主要农畜产品中天然放射性核素^238U、^226Ra和^232Th的含量水平,粮食中的平均值分别为0．14、0．16和0．18Bq／kg,蔬菜为0．14、0．09和0．05Bq／kg,水果为0．04、0．05和0．03Bq／kg,肉类为0．23、0．21和0．17Bq／kg,蛋、奶为0．14、0．03和0．06Bq／kg;估算了由食入农畜产品致公众放射性核素年摄入量为125．8Bq。结果表明,兰州市农畜产品天然放射性核素含量水平与公众年摄入量属正常水平。     

珠江口、大鹏湾和大亚湾海域海水及沉积物中放射性核素水平

本文报道了珠江口、大鹏湾和大亚湾海域海水及沉积物中放射性核素水平。经2013年9月秋季航次和2014年4月冬季航次取样监测,珠江口、大鹏湾和大亚湾海域海水中²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K和¹³⁷Cs的放射性活度浓度分别为12.8～42.6 Bq/m³(平均21.7±7.3 Bq/m³)、3.2～26.6 Bq/m³ (平均11.8±6.5 Bq/m³)、529.7～974.1 Bq/m³(平均820.6±120.0 Bq/m³)和0.5～3.8 Bq/m³ (平均2.3±1.0 Bq/m³);沉积物中²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K和¹³⁷Cs的放射性活度浓度分别为16.9～35.0 Bq/kg (平均27.9±7.2 Bq/kg)、22.0～59.8 Bq/kg (平均36.5±11.1 Bq/kg)、326.2～621.0 Bq/kg(平均456.2±100.1 Bq/kg)和0.3～3.5 Bq/kg(平均1.5±0.7 Bq/kg);海水及沉积物中^110mAg的含量均低于检测限。珠江口、大鹏湾和大亚湾海域海水及沉积物中放射性核素水平与我国其它海域相当。     

咸宁核电厂周围土壤放射性水平调查

报道咸宁核电厂周围半径5km范围内土壤放射性水平的初步调查结果。放射性核素比活度的测值范围分别为：^228U,27．1—43．4Bq／kg（干）;^232Th,51．5-66．2Bq／kg（干）;^226Ra,28．9～42．7Bq／kg（干）;^40K,388～861Bq／kg（干）;^90Sr,〈0．54～2．18Bq／kg（干）;^137Cs,〈0．54～4．97Bq／kg（干）。     

1995—2006年我国部分地区动物样品中放射性核素水平监测

报道1995—2006年我国部分地区的主要肉类动物、鱼虾类、贝壳类以及牛奶放射性核素水平的监测结果。监测结果表明：①各类样品中天然放射性核素^238U、^232Th、^226Ra、^40K比活度（活度浓度）均在正常范围内。②猪肉、羊肉、鸡肉3类肉类动物样品中^90Sr平均比活度分别为0.99、0.03、0.17 Bq/kg（鲜）,^137Cs平均比活度分别为0.54、0.02、0.03 Bq/kg（鲜）;鱼类、虾类样品中^90Sr平均比活度分别为0.29、0.85 Bq/kg（鲜）,^137Cs平均比活度分别为0.23、0.04 Bq/kg（鲜）;扇贝、珍珠贝、螺蛳、牡蛎4类贝壳类样品中90Sr平均比活度为0.26 Bq/kg（鲜）,^137Cs平均比活度为0.04 Bq/kg（鲜）;牛奶样品中^90Sr平均活度浓度为0.10 Bq/L,^137Cs平均活度浓度为0.02 Bq/L。     

我国部分地区植物样品中放射性核素水平监测

本文报道1995—2006年我国部分地区的粮食、蔬菜、水果等主要陆生食用植物和部分指示植物样品中放射性核素水平的监测结果。监测结果表明：各植物样品中天然放射性核素238U2、32Th2、26Ra4、0K比活度均在正常范围内。大米、小麦和玉米3大种类主要粮食样品中90Sr平均比活度分别为0.17、0.33、0.36 Bq/kg（鲜）,137Cs平均比活度分别为0.24、0.130、.08 Bq/kg（鲜）;青菜、白菜和萝卜3类主要蔬菜样品中的90Sr平均比活度分别为0.18、0.10、0.17 Bq/kg（鲜）,137Cs平均比活度分别为0.02、0.03、0.03 Bq/kg（鲜）;苹果样品中90Sr平均比活度为0.05 Bq/kg（鲜）,137Cs平均比活度为0.02 Bq/kg（鲜）;海洋植物马尾藻样品中90Sr平均比活度为0.08 Bq/kg（鲜）,137Cs平均比活度为0.06 Bq/kg（鲜）;指示植物松针样品中90Sr平均比活度为4.29 Bq/kg（鲜）,137Cs平均比活度为0.08 Bq/kg（鲜）。此外,还报道了茄子、柿子、山楂、荔枝、牧草和茶叶等样品中放射性核素水平的监测结果。     

中国天然石材放射性水平及影响因素

本文通过国产102个石材品种186个样品实测数据的统计分析,得出大理石（3个品种、各1个样品）、板石（1个品种、1个样品）中^226Ra、^222Th和^40K的放射性平均比活度分别为25．2／10．6,11．9／4．2和105／241Ba/kg。而酸性花岗岩（71个品种、138个样品）和碱性花岗岩（2个品种、7个样品）放射性水平较高,其^226Ra、^232Th和^40K的平均比活度分别为79．6／126．9,99．9／158．9和1128／2920Bg/kg。影响天然石材放射性水平的因素主要是石材矿床的岩性,其次是蚀变、地质年代、岩相及岩带等。     

Natural radioactivity level of associated bone-coal mining area in Zhejiang Province

The geographic distribution, γ-radiation level and specific activity of radionuclides of the bone-coal mines in Zhejiang Province were reported. The weighted average of γ-radiation dose rate of the bone-coal mines is 566 nGy/h for 107 main bone-coal mines. The weighted mean activity of ^238U, ^226Ra, ^232Th and ^40K in the samples are 949,918, 34 and 554 Bq/kg for 171 samples of bone-coal, respectively.     

包头市建筑主体材料天然放射性水平

采用低本底多道NaIγ能谱仪测定了建筑主体材料天然放射性核素40K、232Th和226Ra的比活度,并根据国家标准和欧盟放射卫生防护原则进行分析评价。结果表明,建筑主体材料中40K、232Th和226Ra的放射性比活度分别为218.82 1145.92、19.75 132.50和11.46 82.66 Bq/kg;其内照射指数IRa为0.06 0.41,外照射指数Iγ为0.28 0.70;年有效剂量率为0.41 0.97 mSv/y,内、外照射指数均小于1,本文所采集和测定的建筑主体材料的天然放射性水平都在允许范围内,故可销售和使用。然而,灰渣砖所致的居民的年有效计量率(0.97mSv/y)接近最大允许限值1 mSv/y。因此,应有效地监管建筑材料中工业废渣的用量,避免给居民带来不必要的照射。     

Effect of mining and utilizing bone coal on environment

1 INTRODUCTIONThe reserves Of bone coal in Zhejiang province is rich. More than one hundredyears ago, local peoPle spontaneously staxted to mine the bone coal on a s~ scale.Instead of charcoal, it was used to make lime and then the the used to build houses,or to strove the soil. At presellt, the bone coal is not used only as a kind of fuel forgenerating electricity or producing ce~, but also as a material tised for abstracting~cafs, such as vanadium pentoside (VZOS), and the bone coal …     

Gamma-ray measurements of natural radioactivity in sedimentary rocks from Egypt

The aim of this study was to measure concentrations and distributions of natural radionuclides occurring mentary rock samples from Eastern Desert (Um El-Huetat), Nile Valley (Gebel Owina) and from southwest Sinai (Wadi Ghweiba) were measured using a high-purity germanium detector. The samples under investigation (clay, shale and sandstone) were used as raw materials in the construction industry (bricks, ceramics, cement, fillers, etc.). Though the sediments of Egypt have already been investigated in the geological and mineralogical aspects, it is necessary to investigate the natural radioactivity in order to complete their classification. The average concentration values of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K in the surveyed samples were 47 ± 7,21± 5, 393±19 Bq.kg-1 (clay); 23 ± 5, 30 ± 6, 563 ± 24 Bq.kg-1(shale); and 17 ± 4, 14 ± 4, 299 ± 17 Bq.kg-1 (sandstone), respectively. All sediment samples have radium equivalent natural radionuclides present in the samples have been computed and compared with the global averages. In terms of the radiation safety, the natural radioactivity of the sediment in Egypt is below the recommended limits of the gamma dose rate. Therefore, they can be used for all kinds of public buildings.     

Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.     

南海岛礁工程中建筑材料的天然放射性核素含量及辐射水平评价

本研究利用高纯锗γ谱仪测量南海15个不同岛礁最主要的建筑材料——珊瑚砂和珊瑚骨骼碎屑中的放射性水平。结果表明,珊瑚砂中²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra、²²⁸Ra、⁴⁰K的平均比活度分别为24.8 Bq/kg、2.38 Bq/kg、2.10 Bq/kg、11.6 Bq/kg;珊瑚骨骼碎屑中²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra、²²⁸Ra、⁴⁰K的平均比活度分别为28.7 Bq/kg、3.47 Bq/kg、12.6 Bq/kg、10.9 Bq/kg;南海岛礁珊瑚砂和珊瑚骨骼碎屑的放射性水平仅为国际推荐限值的1％～10％。通过对比国内外多种建筑材料的放射性水平,南海岛礁珊瑚砂和珊瑚骨骼碎屑拥有很低的放射性水平。珊瑚砂和珊瑚骨骼碎屑作为低放射性水平的建筑材料,可能可以应用于低本底实验室的建设,也可以作为高放射性建筑材料(煤灰渣、矿渣)生产过程中的添加剂(稀释剂),有效降低建筑材料的放射性水平。     

煤渣砖居室内放射性水平初步调查

介绍了我国5个不同省、市共28间居室的放射性水平调查结果。采用就地γ谱仪Falcon 5000、连续测氡仪器RAD7和瞬时γ剂量率仪FHZ672E-10分别测量了居室墙体中²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K的活度浓度、室内²²²Rn浓度和γ剂量率。结果表明,24间煤渣砖居室墙体内²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K的活度浓度均值分别为(86±30)Bq/kg、(83±20)Bq/kg、(759±207)Bq/kg,4间红砖居室墙体测量数据均值分别为(51±6)Bq/kg、(54±5)Bq/kg、(632±59)Bq/kg;两类墙材室内²²²Rn浓度均值分别为(96±42)Bq/m³和(40±4)Bq/m³,γ剂量率均值分别为(133±25)nGy/h和(120±8)nGy/h。通过分析室内²²²Rn浓度及γ剂量率与墙体中²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K活度浓度的关系,可知煤灰渣的综合利用,导致了室内的辐射水平升高;初步估算了所测实心煤灰渣和加气块或空心砌块墙材所建居室所致居民年有效剂量,范围分别为1.6~4.9 mSv/a和1.8~5.4 mSv/a。     

Natural radionuclides in milk from the vicinity of a former uranium mine

Natural radionuclides in milk from farms in the vicinity of a former uranium mine ?irovski vrh in Slovenia, from a farm on the reference location, in powdered milk purchased from Ljubljana shops and in milk intended for infant food, were determined. In the milk samples, ²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po were determined. After sample preparation, radiochemical separation and preparation of counting sources, ²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²²⁶Ra and ²¹⁰Po were measured by alpha spectrometric system equipped with passivated implanted planar silicon detectors (PIPS) and ²¹⁰Pb by a gas-flow proportional counter. Activity concentrations varied from 0.009 to 0.354 Bq/kg dry weight for ²³⁸U, 0.019-0.177 Bq/kg dry weight for ²³⁴U, 0.041-0.110 Bq/kg dry weight for ²²⁶Ra, 0.290-0.652 Bq/kg dry weight for ²¹⁰Pb and 0.055-0.611 Bq/kg dry weight for ²¹⁰Po. Assessed combined annual effective doses per unit of intake were from 8.7 to 13.0 μSv/year for adults and from 195 to 648 μSv/year for infants.     

广东省某伴生放射性矿开发利用企业辐射环境监测

报道广东省某独居石生产伴生放射性矿开发利用企业辐射环境监测工作。监测结果显示:2019、2020年度,该企业周围区域内γ辐射空气吸收剂量率为113～263 nGy/h;空气中氡浓度为<3.7～25.4 Bq/m³,钍射气浓度为5.9～14.2 Bq/m³;土壤中U、Th和²²⁶Ra含量分别为0.99～4.85 mg/kg、31.4～90.0 mg/kg和18.9～57.9 Bq/kg;地下水中U、Th 和²²⁶Ra含量分别为<0.04～0.10 μg/L、<0.05～0.16 μg/L和<2.0～5.7 mBq/L;排放废气中的U、Th总量远小于稀土工业污染物排放标准限值。     

天然石材放射性核素的HPGe快速分析研究

根据天然石材226Ra、232Th与其子体是处于放射性平衡的特点,研究了制样过程对226Ra与其子体平衡过程的影响.发现样品盒里样品装得越满,初始平衡度越高,增长系数越大;当样品上面的空间为零时,初始平衡度最高,增长系数可达到理论值.多种不同石材实验还表明,不同石材226Ra子体增长曲线很接近,意味着未平衡时的测量结果与平衡时的测定值有很好的确定性关系.还给出了不同平衡时间的校正因子.此方法有可能推广到建材等放射性检测,只要能确认样品未粉碎前226Ra、232Th与各自子体处于放射性平衡.     

Investigation on natural radionucildes levels in multiple media in bone-coal mine areas of five provinces

This paper reports methods and results of the investigation of natural radionuclides levels in multiple media in the bone-coal mine areas in Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Anhui Provinces. In the studied bone-coal mine areas, the specific activities of ^238U and ^226Ra in the soil samples were 0.37 and 0.24 Bq/g, respectively; the specific activities of ^226Ra in the samples of bone-coal, bone-coal cinder and bone-coal cinder brick （BCCB） were 1.3, 1.4 and 0.9 Bq/g, respectively. In the water samples collected fiom the bone-coal mine areas, the average concentrations of natural uranium and ^226Ra were 33μg/L and 58 mBq/L, respectively, while in the water samples collected from outside the bone-coal mine areas, they were 3.4μg/L and 45 mBq/L, respectively. In addition, the specific activities of ^238U and ^226Ra in air aerosol samples from the bone-coal mine areas were 0.6 and 0.5 mBq/m^3, respectively.     

宝鸡燃煤电厂原煤及粉煤灰中天然放射性水平

本文调查测量了宝鸡电厂原煤（3个样品）、粉煤灰（17个样品）、底灰（6个样品）中天然放射性核素^226Ra、^232Th和^40K的比活度，分析了燃煤产生的底灰和粉煤灰中上述核素的含量特征，及其与原煤相比的浓集倍数。宝鸡电厂原煤和粉煤灰样品中天然放射性核素^226Ra、^232Th和^40K的比活度水平与北京电厂和上海电厂的接近。依据国家标准（GB6566-2001），对宝鸡电厂粉煤灰用作建筑材料的可行程度进行了评价，得出当建材原料100％为粉煤灰时，约有29％的样品超过国家标准的限制值。所以，应对用作建材原料的粉煤灰作放射性检测，选用合格的部分，控制高比活度粉煤灰在建材原料中的配比，以确保达到合理使用的效果。     

用Ge(Li)γ谱仪测定建筑材料中天然放射性

人群受到的天然辐射来自宇宙射线、地球辐射、膳食和建筑材料中天然放射性核素的辐射。建筑物对人群的照射水平取决于建材中放射性核素的含置。近年来,随着住宅建设的发展,建筑材料的需求量日益增长,建筑业广泛采用粉煤灰、磷石膏等工业废渣和副产品作为建筑材料。这些材料与传统材料相比,天然放射性核素的含量明显高,人群受照剂量升高。为了保护居民的健康,防止过量照射,有必要测定和控制建材中天然放射性。最近,我们为上海水泥厂等单位提供的建材样品作了放射性核素比活度测定,并计算了它们的当量镭比活度,为建材的使用和卫生学评价提供了科学依据。