塔里木盆地北缘温宿凸起压扭隆升的证据

温宿凸起是塔里木盆地北缘极为重要的近东西向构造带。前人研究认为,温宿凸起以逆冲变形为主。但是,这一认识既与地震剖面上背冲的2个方向断层同等发育矛盾,又与主干断层产状突变矛盾。基于高分辨率二维地震剖面的精细地质解释,提出塔里木北缘温宿凸起的构造变形以走滑为主,而非前人认为的以逆冲为主。主要证据是:（1）在地震剖面上,表现为2个正花状构造的变形特征;（2）形成花状构造的主干断层（沙井子断裂与古木别兹断裂）在东段向南强烈逆掩,在西段则向北强烈逆掩,顺断层走向产状多变;（3）温宿凸起的前中生界为古老的震旦系—寒武系,向南、向北分别逆冲于阿瓦提凹陷与乌什凹陷中—新生界之上。走滑构造变形发生于加里东中期（晚奥陶世末）、加里东晚期（志留纪末）、海西早期（早—中泥盆世末）、海西晚期（晚二叠世）、印支—燕山期（三叠纪末期和晚白垩世）和喜马拉雅期（古近纪、新近纪和第四纪）。该走滑构造带的厘定表明,古生代时期塔里木盆地北缘可能并非统一的构造—沉积环境,温宿凸起为一重要的构造—沉积分隔带。      

HYDROCARBON SOURCE ROCKS AND GENERATION HISTORY IN THE LUNNAN OILFIELD AREA, NORTHERN TARIM BASIN (NW CHINA)

In this paper we report on source rocks and maturation history at the Lunnan oilfield, northern Tarim Basin (NW China), using a combination of organic petrographic and geochemical techniques. Three separate source rock intervals are present here: Cambrian mudstones and argillaceous limestones; Middle and Upper Ordovician argillaceous limestones; and Triassic mudstones. Reservoir rocks comprise Lower Ordovician carbonates, Carboniferous sandstones, and Triassic and Jurassic sandstones. Structural traps were formed principally during the Silurian and Jurassic.
The Lunnan field is located on a small-scale palaeo uplift which developed during the Early Palaeozoic. Hydrocarbons migrated updip from source areas in surrounding palaeo-lows along faults and unconformities. Major phases of hydrocarbon generation and migration occurred in the Early Silurian — Late Devonian, Cretaceous — Early Tertiary and Late Tertiary. Uplift and intense erosion at the end of the Devonian destroyed Early Palaeozoic oil and gas accumulations sourced from the Cambrian source rocks, but hydrocarbons generated by Middle and Upper Ordovician source rocks during the Mesozoic and Tertiary have been preserved. At the present day, accumulations are characterized by a range of crude oil compositions because source rocks from different source areas with different maturation histories are involved.     

THE CHAIDAM BASIN (NW CHINA): FORMATION AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL

The Chaidam Basin forms one of the deepest sedimentary basins in the world, with over 14kms of sediment deposited since the Oligocene. Basement rocks consist of: (i) pre-Sinian gneisses; (ii) Sinian and Lower Palaeozoic sediments folded by the Silurian - Devonian orogeny; (iii) Upper Palaeozoic molasse in a half-graben produced by the collapse of the Silurian mountain belt; (iv) Carboniferous terrestrial to shallow-marine facies sediments deposited on the margins of Palaeotethys; and (v) Permo-Triassic sediments deposited in a back-arc basin N of the Palaeotethyan subduction zone. Triassic back-are basin development was followed by thermal subsidence during the Jurassic to Eocene, with a low sedimentation rate, modified by flexural subsidence on the margins of the thickened and uplifted S Qilian Mountains. Gentle folds and SW-propagating thrusts were developed in Jurassic strata. The region was uplifted as a whole during Early Jurassic and Middle Cretaceous times. The main period of subsidence occurred from the Oligocene to the Recent, producing a deep hinterland basin in western and central Chaidam. Uplift along the Kunlun and the Aerjin Fault Zone provided a ready sediment supply. Basin subsidence throughout the Neogene probably reflects lithospheric flexure due to the loading of the Tibetan lithosphere, although the rapid increase of Sedimentation during the latest Tertiary and Quaternary must reflect rapid Recent uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. During the Pliocene and Pleistocene, there was inversion and shortening of the Basin, associated with reworking of the Mesozoic strike-slip and thrust faults. Thus, the Aerjin Fault Zone was reactivated to control the shortening direction across the Basin. Mesozoic thrusts were reactivated along the NE margin of the Basin during the Pliocene, but by Pleistocene times, WNW-trending folds developed throughout the western part of the Basin. There was differential uplift; the zone nearest the Aerjin Fault was uplifted most, causing tilting and variations in sediment thickness and facies from NW and SE. There are numerous source rocks formed by lacustrine facies sediments of Jurassic and Neogene age. The burial history and the timing and location of structural and stratigraphic traps has controlled the locations of the major hydrocarbon occurrences in western and NW Chaidam. An evaluation of hydrocarbon prospectivity is given in the light of the tectonic - stratigraphic framework and basin analysis.     

塔里木盆地中北部断裂体系划分及形成机制探讨

基于地震地质解释,刻画了塔里木盆地中北部断裂体系的平、剖面特征,分析了不同断裂体系的结构模式、形成机制及演化历史。结果表明,该区分为4个断裂体系:（1）托普台“X”型走滑断裂体系,下古生界主要发育NNE、NNW向“X”型共轭剪切破裂及“1”字形直立构造、正花状构造,而中新生界多表现为NNE向雁列式张性正断裂及负花状、堑垒构造;（2）塔中NW向逆冲断裂体系,以近NW向基底卷入式或滑脱式逆冲断裂为主,发育“y”字形构造;（3）顺托NE向走滑断裂体系,奥陶系及以下层系表现为近NE向左旋走滑及“1”字形直立、正花状构造,而志留-泥盆系主要发育近NE向雁列式张性正断裂及负花状、堑垒构造;（4）塔河盐下“T”型断裂体系,下古生界层系由近EW向逆冲断裂与近SN、NNE向走滑断裂组成,中新生界层系主要发育NEE向、近SN向雁列式张性正断裂组。断裂体系的研究明确了研究区压扭走滑和张扭走滑作用的叠加改造过程,认为主要受控于盆缘古洋盆5期的消减闭合及碰撞造山作用。结合研究区构造动力学背景分析,将该区断裂体系的演化过程划分为中晚奥陶世的强挤压弱走滑期、晚志留—中泥盆世的强挤压强走滑期、晚石炭—早中二叠世的强拉张弱走滑期、晚二叠世—三叠纪的强挤压弱走滑期和侏罗纪—新近纪的弱挤压弱走滑期。      

塔里木盆地东北地区区域构造演化与油气

塔里木盆地经历了前震旦纪古地槽发育阶段、古生代地台发育阶段和中新生代陆相盆地发育阶段。早古生代和三叠、侏罗纪生油坳陷发育;海西期有大型隆起、断裂、褶皱形成;燕山期发育大型披覆构造;喜山期有大量局部构造发育。海西晚期和喜山期是两次重要的生油和聚油期。     

塔北隆起北部中新生界张扭性断裂系统特征

晚第三纪塔北隆起北部地区有规律地发育一套与区域挤压构造应力场不协调的中新生界张扭性断裂系统,且控制了中新生界,特别是白垩第三系油气聚集与分布。通过塔北隆起北部地区地震资料解释,结合区域地质资料,研究了这一特殊断裂系统的主要构造特征、成因机制以及对油聚集的控制作用,指导油气勘探。     

Characteristics of strike-slip inversion structures of the Karatau fault and their petroleum geological significances in the South Turgay Basin, Kazakhstan

The Karatau fault is one of the important strike-slip faults in central Asia,and the South Turgay Basin is located towards its northern end.Detailed seismic interpretation indicated that the strikeslip tectonism of the Karatau fault weakened gradually from west to east in the South Turgay Basin.Typical flower structures developed on the section,and strike-slip faults showed an echelon pattern on planar view.The Karatau strike-slip fault affected the South Turgay Basin in two periods:(1) The South Turgay strike-slip pull-apart rift basin formed as a result of regional extensive stress in the Early-Middle Jurassic,characterized by the juxtaposition of horsts and grabens.The formation of horsts provided favorable reservoir spaces for later hydrocarbon accumulation,and different filling stages of grabens controlled different reservoir-forming factors in grabens.(2) Two stages of tectonic inversion occurred in the Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous and played a crucial role in the final shape of the structure in the South Turgay Basin.The oil and gas migrated to form reservoirs and mainly concentrated in the horsts,graben slopes and in both sides of the strike-slip fault zone.In the case of the degree of accumulation of petroleum,the factor explaining why horsts are better than grabens is the strike-slip pull-apart of the South Turgay Basin,and the structure inversion of the South Turgay Basin explains why the west graben is better than the east one.Overall,the Karatau strike-slip fault played a very important role in the formation of the South Turgay Basin and its hydrocarbon accumulations.     

塔里木盆地塘古巴斯坳陷北东向断裂带特征、成因及石油地质意义

塔里木盆地塘古巴斯坳陷主要发育东南部基底卷入逆冲断裂和西北部盖层滑脱逆冲断裂两种类型的NE向断裂带,平面上组成巨型的向NW凸出的弧形断裂系。NE向断层多数为逆冲性质,少数兼有走滑性质。多数断裂带沿走向具有构造样式的分段特征,主要表现在主断层逆冲方向及其控制的褶皱形态方面,主要分布在弧形构造的尾端。在垂向上具有多套构造变形的分层叠加特征,主变形层集中在上寒武统-奥陶系,并且西北缘的断层多在中寒武统膏盐岩层内发生滑脱,其他层系变形微弱。NE向断裂体系的主要形成时期是晚奥陶世晚期—志留纪初期,是对加里东中期塔里木地块与北昆仑-阿尔金地块碰撞的响应,是盆地东南缘阿尔金-车尔臣早古生代前陆褶皱冲断体系的组成部分。NE向断裂体系的形成受阿尔金-车尔臣边界大断裂走滑-逆冲应力场、寒武系膏盐岩软弱层分布、基底起伏及边界断裂走向4个因素控制。NE向断裂带局部控制了奥陶系碳酸盐岩溶蚀-缝洞型储层和台缘礁滩型储层的发育。在烃源落实的条件下,可选择性探索断裂带翼部等有利圈闭目标。     

广西百色盆地构造-热演化初步研究

百色盆地是一个典型的第三纪走滑拉分盆地,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞造山造成右江断裂带先左行(距今20~50 Ma)后右行(距今20 Ma以来)是盆地形成较确定的构造背景。盆地分田东、头塘和莲塘3个坳陷,那笔和那葛2个隆起。坳陷形成于NW向左行左阶排列断列的重叠、错列处,而隆起形成于NW向左行右阶排裂断裂的重叠、错列处。其构造演化分为六吜—洞均前拉盆期、那读—建都岭拉分期和建都岭末—第四系后拉分期3个主要构造阶段,每个阶段具有明显不同的特征。通过盆地有机质镜质体反射率、磷灰石裂变径迹和流体包裹体综合研究表明,百色盆地的热演化程度总体较低。仅那读组生油岩达到低熟,极少数为成熟,其它生油岩层未成熟。盆地热演化总的规律是:从距今大约55 Ma开始,古地温随着坳陷沉降和沉积而逐步增加,并于距今大约25~35 Ma达到最大值。然后随着地壳缓慢抬升,地层温度逐渐变冷。热演化程度低是控制百色盆地油气远景较差的主要原因。      

中国海相盆地跨重大构造期油气成藏历史——以塔里木盆地为例

中国陆上海相沉积盆地主要经历了早古生代末、晚古生代-早中生代和晚新生代3期重大构造变革,深刻地影响了海相沉积盆地的油气生成、运移、聚集与分布,使得油气富集、分布规律变得非常复杂.塔里木盆地是中国海相层系多期油气成藏的典型实例.早古生代的构造格局奠定了塔里木盆地海相油气形成的地质基础,但油藏多已遭破坏,现今仅残存沥青.晚古生代,满加尔凹陷西部奥陶系烃源岩进入生烃高峰并在南北两大隆起部位持续充注成藏,随后早中生代发育的构造挤压变形与抬升剥蚀使这期聚集的油气遭受了明显的生物降解.晚新生代盆缘改造和陆相磨拉石建造的叠置加速了台盆区二次裂解气的生成,溶解了早期聚集的原油,形成了独特的大型凝析气藏.3期主要构造变革不但控制了海相沉积盆地形成、烃源岩沉积及其热演化、储集岩沉积与储集层形成,也深刻影响了油气运聚成藏和调整改造的整个过程.     

塔里木盆地天然气成因类型与分布规律

塔里木盆地发育寒武—奥陶系腐泥型和三叠—侏罗系腐殖型两套烃源岩,由此决定了塔里木盆地存在来自腐殖型母质的煤型气和来自腐泥型母质的油型气。通过对塔里木盆地天然气组分和碳同位素组成分析,发现塔里木盆地不同类型的天然气分布受寒武系—奥陶系的腐泥型和三叠系—侏罗系腐殖型烃源岩分布范围和热演化程度的影响。煤型气主要分布在塔里木盆地的四周,主要包括库车坳陷、塔西南坳陷和塔东南坳陷,而油型气主要分布在塔北隆起、北部坳陷、中央隆起和塔西南坳陷的北部。塔里木盆地油型气又可分为干酪根裂解气和原油裂解气两种。在满东地区、和田河地区和塔中地区,原油可以达到二次油气裂解程度,向塔北隆起的轮南方向原油裂解程度呈减弱趋势。     

OIL AND GAS PLAYS IN ALBANIA: DO EQUIVALENT PLAYS EXIST IN GREECE?

Western Greece and Albania have had a broadly similar geological history and the hydrocarbon potentials of both areas may therefore be comparable. In this paper, we briefly review the stratigraphic and structural evolution of Albania and compare it with that of NW Greece in terms of source rocks, reservoirs, seals, structures and maturation history.
In Albania, a number of sizeable oilfields produce from Mesozoic-Paleogene carbonates assigned to the Ionian Zone; traps are thrust-related anticlines. Gas is produced from both Mesozoic reservoir rocks and also from Tortonian-Messinian sandstones along the eastern margin of the Neogene Durres Basin. In both Albania and western Greece, the Mesozoic to Eocene succession includes organic-rich shales which were deposited on the Apulian margin of the Pindos Ocean. Tertiary closure of that ocean resulted in thin-skinned thrusting onto the Apulian margin along Triassic evaporite décollements. Thick, late Eocene to Miocene flysch was deposited synchronously in the Pindos foreland basin, and was deformed by the advancing thrust system.
The Neogene Durres and Preveza Basins developed on the Apulian foreland as a result of complex plate-tectonic interactions and block rotations. NE-trending lineaments played an important role in the evolution of these basins, and also gave rise to dip-closed anticlines in the Ionian Zone successions in both countries. In Albania, the Vlora-Elbasan lineament controlled the development of structural traps at producing oilfields, and the Cephalonia transform fault in Greece may have played an analogous structural role. Potential hydrocarbon plays in NW Greece, analogous to producing fields in Albania, are located in the Ionian thrust belt and in the Neogene Preveza Basin. In addition, the middle Tertiary flysch basins of both countries may have some gas potential.     

柴达木盆地油气地质特征与有利勘探领域

柴达木盆地是我国七大含油气盆地之一,具有较丰富的油气资源,勘探潜力与难度并存。该盆地经历了晚古生代、中生代和新生代3个成盆旋回,中生代断坳复合盆地形成了柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系油气系统,新生代大型走滑挤压盆地形成了柴达木盆地西部第三系油气系统和三湖第四系天然气系统,燕山和喜山2期强烈构造运动使柴北缘侏罗系油气系统高度复杂化,新生代单旋回古气候演化与多期构造运动使湖盆演化、烃源岩和沉积储层发育特征、成藏条件与油气分布规律变得十分特殊和复杂。认为应围绕柴西第三系富油凹陷和三湖第四系富气凹陷,加强石油和天然气勘探,同时加大柴北缘东段德令哈新区风险勘探力度,为实现战略突破创造条件。     

FAULT-CONTROLLED HYDROCARBON DISTRIBUTION IN THE JUNGGAR BASIN, NW CHINA

The Junggar Basin is an important oil- and gas-bearing basin, with thick source rocks, of Carboniferous. Permian. Triassic and Jurassic ages. Hydrocarbon accumulations are controlled by major faults which trend NNW. NW and NE; NE-striking reverse faults constitute the Kelemay thrust-zone in the NW basin margin; those trending NW are of lesser importance; and those trending NNW on the southern basin margin control the formation of en echelon anticlines (Kuang, 1989), which are important sites of hydrocarbon accumulations.     

PETROLEUM PROSPECTS OF CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS OF THE CAMBAY BASIN, GUJARAT, INDIA

The Cambay Basin in the NW part of the Indian Peninsula is a commercial petroleum producer from Tertiary sediments resting on the basic lava flows known as Deccan Traps. Cretaceous sediments which underlie the Deccan Traps are exposed in the eastern and western margins of the basin and are also encountered in the subsurface. The paleogeographic reconstruction of the Cambay Basin suggests that the northern part, possessing a thin cover of Cretaceous sediments, has meagre petroleum prospects. However, the southern part of the basin, where more than 1,000 m of Cretaceous sediments were deposited by two independent drainage systems, may be more lucrative. Suitable facies for generation and accumulation of petroleum are expected in this part of the basin.     

喜马拉雅运动与准噶尔盆地南缘油气成藏

喜马拉雅运动期源自特提斯构造域的强大挤压应力使北天山快速、大幅度隆升,并向盆地冲断,在盆地南缘发育了陆内造山型类前陆坳陷。喜马拉雅运动控制着准噶尔盆地油气晚期成藏:快速沉积的巨厚磨拉石建造使中、新生界烃源层在南缘山前坳陷中成熟排烃;在盆地南缘形成了喜马拉雅运动期成排成带的背斜构造,在盆地北部形成了一些平缓的低幅度背斜构造,为晚期油气成藏提供了有利场所;喜马拉雅运动在全盆地强化了断裂的运移通道作用。     

酒泉盆地中、新生代构造演化及沉积充填特征

酒泉盆地晚中生代处于伸展裂开环境，新生代处于挤压聚敛环境，它是经历了早白垩世伸展断陷期和第三纪挤压增陷期两期构造旋回，即早白垩世断陷盆地演化阶段和新生代前陆盆地演化阶段，中，新生界沉积盖层具断坳叠竖的双层结构。酒泉盆地在早白垩世经历了箕头断陷形成期，凹陷扩展期，碟状坳陷3个主要演化阶段，新近纪以来强烈的逆冲推覆作用以及剪切作用肢解，改造了晚中生代断陷盆地，图2参7     

塔西南坳陷麦盖提斜坡北缘断裂活动特征

塔里木盆地塔西南坳陷麦盖提斜坡北缘断裂活动与油气运聚关系密切。通过解析区内的色力布亚、康塔库木、罗斯塔格、鸟山及玛扎塔格等断裂的活动特征,明确了该斜坡北缘断裂的活动样式、形成期次及断裂发育的平面过渡关系,并进一步明晰了断裂活动与油气成藏的关系。研究结果表明:(1)麦盖提斜坡北缘断裂活动与塔里木板块南缘造山带的形成及演化过程密切相关,断裂活动样式与巴楚隆起的整体变形协调,东段表现为向北凸出的弧形逆冲断裂,西段发育强烈的逆冲隆升和走滑断裂,而中段则为调节过渡带,导致断裂的挤压应力来自塔里木盆地南缘帕米尔高原与西昆仑造山带的持续碰撞;(2)麦盖提斜坡北缘可识别出早加里东期、晚海西期和喜马拉雅期断裂活动;(3)麦盖提斜坡北缘断裂发育正断层、盖层滑脱和基底卷入等构造样式;(4)麦盖提斜坡北缘断裂活动形成了构造圈闭,也为油气运移提供了通道。此外,板块南缘持续的挤压作用造成昆仑造山带走向分为西段北西向和东段近东西向两部分,与麦盖提斜坡北缘断裂走向较为一致。这也为塔西南坳陷中段发育北东向展布的南华系—震旦系裂谷提供了间接证据。     

中亚北乌斯丘尔特盆地油气富集规律与勘探潜力

根据北乌斯丘尔特盆地主要地质特征及已发现油气田的分布特点,总结了油气富集规律及其主控因素,并分析了勘探潜力。受油气来源及烃源岩沉积环境差异的影响,北乌斯丘尔特盆地的油气分布具有“西油东气”的特点,而且优质储层的发育决定了石油和天然气分别富集于中侏罗统和始新统储层中,良好的运移通道则是北布扎奇隆起油田形成的重要条件。北布扎奇隆起中生界的勘探目标主要是发育于隆起北坡及顶部的拉长型断背斜构造,古生界巴什基尔阶和阿赛尔阶碳酸盐岩储层的勘探潜力也不容忽视。盆地中部和东部地区的侏罗系和始新统储层潜力较有限,但东北部的下白垩统可能是一个新的勘探层系,东南部石炭系维宪阶碳酸盐岩储层在局部地区也具有一定潜力。     

塔里木库车新生代前陆盆地构造特征及形成演化

库车前陆盆地位于塔里木北部,北界为南天山南缘大断裂,南界则在不同时期不尽相同.新生代库车前陆盆地的形成与南天山造山带的发育密切相关,二者均是在早古生代洋盆及被动大陆边缘基础上发展起来的,经历了晚古生代南天山洋盆俯冲关闭及褶皱冲断、中生代天山夷平及泛湖发育、以及新生代陆内俯冲造山成盆的演化.就库车前陆盆地来说,可分为两个大的演化阶段：古生代板块构造演化阶段和中新生代陆内构造演化阶段.库车前陆盆地自北而南划分为南天山南缘逆冲断裂构造带、拜城-阳霞坳陷变形带、塔北前陆斜坡带和塔中前缘隆起带等四个构造单元.库车前陆盆地油气资源丰富,可以识别出三个油气系统,即中上三叠统湖相泥岩油气系统、上三叠统和中下侏罗统煤系泥岩油气系统、以及上三叠统和中下侏罗统煤岩油气系统.