塔河油田深井脉冲空化射流钻井试验研究

塔河油田深井钻井水力能量利用效率低、机械钻速低、钻井成本高,严重制约了勘探开发速度。针对该油田钻井实际情况,结合二开φ241.3 mm井眼地层、钻具组合和水力参数,利用水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术提高机械钻速。该技术配合常规钻具和复合钻井钻具组合使用,脉冲空化射流发生器耦合脉冲射流和自振空化射流,改善井底流场及岩面应力状态,提高钻速。该技术在塔河油田进行了4口井5井次的现场试验,在常规泵压、排量、钻井液密度等参数条件下试验井深达6 162 m,试验井段与邻井相近井段在相近工况下机械钻速平均提高33.3%~74.3%,单套钻具纯钻时间超过260.0 h。试验结果表明,塔河油田二开井段砂岩、泥岩等地层配合PDC钻头应用水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术,能够很好地提高机械钻速。      

水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术现场试验

水力脉冲空化射流钻井是在钻井过程中将水力脉冲空化射流发生器安装于钻头上部的一种钻井新技术,可以综合利用机械能量及水力能量提高钻井速度。通过使用水力脉冲空化射流发生器将钻井过程中进入钻头的常规连续流动调制成振动脉冲流动,钻头喷嘴出口形成脉冲空化射流。文章分析了冀东油田高尚堡地区高94-22井水力脉冲空化射流的现场试验并与同区块邻井进行了对比,结果表明水力脉冲空化射流钻井较常规钻速提速13.51%～45.4%,有较高的利用价值。     

多重组合水力脉冲空化射流钻井提速研究

水力脉冲空化射流钻井是在钻进过程中将水力脉冲空化射流发生器安装在钻头上部实现钻井提速的新技术。通过该技术使进入钻头的常规连续流调制成振动脉冲流,从而形成水力脉冲、空化冲蚀和局部负压三种效应,增强井底净化效果及改变岩石应力状态,达到提高机械钻速的目的。文章在分析水力脉冲空化射流发生器结构和提速机理的基础上,在现场配合常规钻具、螺杆钻具、旋转导向、ＰｏｗｅｒＶ、欠平衡钻井系统等工况多重组合现场试验,实验井径为２１５～４４４ｍｍ,纯钻时间超过２６０ｈ,试验井深达６１６２ｍ。在相同工况及钻井参数条件下水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术机械钻速提高１１．７％ ～１７２．２％,为石油钻井提供了一项钻井提速新技术。     

水力脉冲空化射流技术首次在煤层气井中的试验研究

为了提高煤层气井中的机械钻速,缩短钻井周期,节约钻井成本,根据水力脉冲空化射流提高钻速原理,通过改善井底流场,降低岩石的破碎强度,减小压持效应,从而提高机械钻速。水力脉冲空化射流技术在织4井进行了现场试验。结果表明:该技术在试验过程中不需要改变原钻具组合,对钻头和钻井施工参数没有特殊要求,可有效应用于煤层气井;在地层相同,钻具组合与钻井参数相近的前提下,与邻井相近井段对比,该技术机械钻速平均提高100.7%。     

水力脉冲空化射流钻井机理与试验

在分析水力脉冲与空化射流调制机理的基础上,设计出一种新型水力脉冲与空化射流耦合的水力脉冲空化射流发生器,通过流体脉冲扰动和自振空化效应耦合,使进入钻头的常规连续流动调制成振动脉冲流动.钻头喷嘴出口形成脉冲空化射流,产生水力脉冲、空化冲蚀和局部负压效应,从而提高井底净化和辅助破岩效果.塔里木盆地6口井的现场试验结果表明,水力脉冲空化射流钻具对钻头类型、地层特性、钻井液密度、排量、动力钻具等具有良好的适用性,机械钻速提高10.1%～53.4%.水力脉冲空化射流发生器具有性能稳定、效果好、使用寿命长等特点,完全可以满足现场的需要.水力脉冲空化射流技术将为提高深井钻速提供一种切实有效的途径,具有较好的推广应用价值.图4表4参12     

低压脉冲空化射流复合钻井技术

低压脉冲空化射流复合钻井技术是在钻头与钻具组合之间安装一个低压脉冲空化射流调制装置,通过其对射流进行调制,产生脉动低压改变井底岩石的受力状态,降低抗破碎强度,提高钻头机械破岩效率,同时变常规连续射流为空化射流,增加井底水力破岩和清岩效率,进一步提高深井钻井速度。塔河油田现场实验结果分析表明,实验井段5349～6162m,纯钻时间为129．36～136．63h,低压脉冲空化射流调制器工作正常,与临井相同井段对比,机械钻速平均提高40．6％～85．1％。     

水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术在河南油田中硬地层中的应用

针对河南油田目前中硬地层机械钻速低、钻井周期长、钻井成本高等问题,开展水力脉冲空化射流钻井提速技术研究及现场试验,优选了水力脉冲空化射流发生器和钻具组合,并优化了水力参数,现场应用4口井表明,水力脉冲空化射流技术提高了中硬地层的钻井速度,同比机械钻速平均提高16.24%,解决了河南油田中硬地层地层机械钻速低的难题。     

水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术适应性分析

为了推广应用水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术,在介绍该技术提高机械钻速机理的基础上,通过理论分析、统计总结的方法对该技术的现场试验进行了适应性分析,包括适用的钻具组合、地层、井径、钻头以及钻进参数等。结果表明:水力脉冲空化射流发生器可与常规钻具、井下动力钻具、欠平衡钻具以及Power V钻具等多重钻具组合配合钻进;适用于新生代至古生代地层,包括软、中硬、硬地层,最大试验井深达6 162 m;可在?216~?406 mm不同井眼配合不同型号PDC和牙轮钻头应用;适用的钻井参数范围较大,对钻井参数没有特别要求;一般工作寿命在230 h以上。水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术对现有的钻井装备、工艺参数等具有较好的适应性,平均机械钻速提高10.1%~104.4%,为深井钻井提供了一种安全高效的钻井新技术。     

超深井水力脉冲空化射流钻井试验研究

在分析超深井水力脉冲空化射流钻井机理的基础上,在塔里木油田中古区块的2口超深井上进行了水力脉冲空化射流钻井现场试验.试验表明:水力脉冲空化射流在不改变原有钻具组合和钻井参数的情况下可以有效提高超深井机械钻速,并且对延长钻头寿命有一定的作用;水力脉冲空化射流发生器性能稳定,使用寿命长,完全可以满足现场需要.     

水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术在渤海油田的应用

对于海上深井而言,机械钻速慢、作业成本高昂,在国际油价持续低迷的背景下,迫切需要改变深井开发现状。水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术是利用水力脉冲发生器产生流体脉冲和自振腔室空化效应,达到水力脉冲、空化冲蚀和瞬时压负效应等效果的一种钻井工艺,可起到提高钻井时效、保障井眼安全的作用。本文在分析其辅助破岩和井底清岩机理的基础上,剖析了水力脉冲空化射流器基本结构和应用优势。该技术在J油田进行试用,并获得了成功,相较常规钻具组合机械钻速环比增加了32.8%,对于海上深井作业具有一定的推广应用价值。     

一种转化钻柱振动能量的井底高压喷射钻井装置

通过转化井下钻柱振动能量来增加井底钻井液喷射压力是提高钻井速度的重要途径,而现有技术还未能充分合理地利用钻柱振动能量。为此,基于井下钻柱振动能量的利用理论,提出了钻井液井下增压、增排量的井底高压喷射钻井理念,设计出了井底高压喷射钻井装置,并对其进行了数值仿真研究。结果表明:(1)井底高压喷射钻井装置可以将钻柱振动能量有效转化给井底钻井液从而实现井下高压喷射钻井;(2)井底高压喷射钻井装置增加了喷嘴钻井液过流流量,在?215.9 mm井眼中,其输出的钻井液流量可以提高5 L/s;(3)增大了钻井液喷射压力,喷嘴处钻井液脉冲压力最高达到11.3 MPa;(4)深井内井底高压喷射钻井装置应用效果比上部地层更加显著。结论认为,井底高压喷射钻井装置为高压喷射钻井技术的实现提供了一种新的手段,可以解决现有高压喷射钻井技术设备费用昂贵、安全性差、适用范围有限的问题。     

CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF WATER JET TECHNOLOGY IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING IN CHINA

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews the developments of investigation and application of high pressure water jet technology in both deep drilling and oil production including jet-bit drilling, extended nozzles and their combination to enhance hydraulic effectiveness at bottomhole, combined jet and mechanical drilling, new efficient jets (self-resonating cavitating jet, self-excited oscillation jet, swirling jet) used in drilling, horizontal well drilling by water jet, near wellbore plug removal with water jet, and high pressure water jet penetrating. Laboratory investigation and field application have coherently shown that high pressure jet drilling can increase the penetration rate. The hydraulic power of rock bit with extended nozzles and with crossflow hydraulics can increase by 30～40 percent, the bit footage by 40 to 50 percent and dynamic pressure by 90 to 110 percent compared with conventional bit. Combined jet and mechanical drilling can increase drilling rate by a factor of 3 in deep wells than conventional drilling method. New efficient jets can improve the penetration rate of bit with 20 to 60 percent higher, owing to the enhanced cutting and cleaning action. High pressure water jet drilling system can be used to drill multiple ultra-short-radius (0.3 m) radial horizontal wells at the same level without tripping the whipstock. Near wellbore plug removal with hydraulically rotating and pulsating water jet can increase oil production by 20 to 50 percent and increase water injection by 30 to 90 percent. New penetrating system by using high pressure water jet cutting can produce unobstructed radial tunnels with 3 meters in length and 14-25 mm in diameter information rocks and can be used in new well completions, recompilations, and workovers of older wells to enhance the production and injection efficiency. The paper shows the brilliant prospects of development and application of water jet technology.     

CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF WATER JET TECHNOLOGY IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING IN CHINA

This paper reviews the developments of investigation and application of high pressure water jet technology in both deep drilling and oil production including jet-bit drilling, extended nozzles and their combination to enhance hydraulic effectiveness at bottomhole, combined jet and mechanical drilling, new efficient jets (self-resonating cavitating jet, self-excited oscillation jet, swirling jet) used in drilling, horizontal well drilling by water jet, near wellbore plug removal with water jet, and high pressure water jet penetrating. Laboratory investigation and field application have coherently shown that high pressure jet drilling can increase the penetration rate. The hydraulic power of rock bit with extended nozzles and with crossflow hydraulics can increase by 30∼40 percent, the bit footage by 40 to 50 percent and dynamic pressure by 90 to 110 percent compared with conventional bit. Combined jet and mechanical drilling can increase drilling rate by a factor of 3 in deep wells than conventional drilling method. New efficient jets can improve the penetration rate of bit with 20 to 60 percent higher, owing to the enhanced cutting and cleaning action. High pressure water jet drilling system can be used to drill multiple ultra-short-radius (0.3 m) radial horizontal wells at the same level without tripping the whipstock. Near wellbore plug removal with hydraulically rotating and pulsating water jet can increase oil production by 20 to 50 percent and increase water injection by 30 to 90 percent. New penetrating system by using high pressure water jet cutting can produce unobstructed radial tunnels with 3 meters in length and 14-25 mm in diameter information rocks and can be used in new well completions, recompilations, and workovers of older wells to enhance the production and injection efficiency. The paper shows the brilliant prospects of development and application of water jet technology.     

巴麦地区钻井难点分析与提速关键技术

巴麦地区是中国石化在西北地区的勘探开发新区,钻井过程中存在中上部地层阻卡严重,二叠系、石炭系井壁稳定性差,深部地层可钻性差、机械钻速低等技术难点。针对这些技术难点,进行了高压喷射钻井技术和优化水力参数的研究与现场试验,优选了钻头和螺杆类型,进行了涡轮复合钻井技术研究与现场试验,提出了微裂缝地层井壁稳定技术。结果表明:高压喷射钻井技术与常规钻井相比,平均机械钻速提高26.0%～29.3%;311.1和215.9mm井眼段采用优选的钻头,机械钻速分别提高29.0%和43.0%;二开和四开井段采用优选的螺杆,机械钻速提高27.0%～100.0%;高速涡轮复合钻井与常规钻井相比,机械钻速提高146.0%,与螺杆复合钻井相比机械钻速提高20.0%;中速涡轮复合钻井与螺杆复合钻井相比,机械钻速提高23.0%;应用微裂缝地层井壁稳定技术后未出现井壁失稳问题,实现了微裂缝地层安全钻井。     

水力脉冲空化射流技术在非常规钻井中的应用

部分非常规井由于地层古老,岩性致密,可钻性差,钻井周期长,钻井过程中遇到的复杂情况增多,机械钻速下降幅度明显增大,同时钻井成本也急剧增加。从非常规钻井施工实际不难发现,采用传统钻井工艺和方式不能解决钻井机械钻速低,钻井周期长等难题。目前,石油专家通过探索研究发现,在水力参数不变的条件下,利用脉冲射流和空化射流能够产生较大的冲击载荷,提高清岩和破岩效率,从而顺利解决了钻井机械钻速低,钻井周期长等难题。通过跟踪、对比分析水力空化射流钻井技术在非常规钻井中的应用情况,研究该技术提高机械钻速的可行性,探索提高水力脉冲空化射流工具结构、水力参数、钻具组合与地层适应性关系,对非常规钻井提速做好技术准备具有重要的现实意义。     

大排量超高压喷射钻井技术

为了进一步提高塔河油田中上部地层的机械钻速．依据其钻井地质特点,文中开展了大排量超高压喷射钻井技术研究。依据塔河油田钻井地质环境,制定了大排量、适当钻头压降的超高压喷射钻井技术方案,并据此优化升级钻井装备,以满足大排量超高压喷射钻井技术的需求。依据试验方案．对排量和钻头压降2个核心参数进行了优化设计,并开发了水力学计算软件,在此基础上优化了钻进参数和钻井液性能参数。现场应用5口井,与常规钻井技术相比,35MPa高压喷射钻井的机械钻速可提高50％～260％,钻井周期可缩短38％～58％,同时该技术还具有明显的防阻卡效果,井身质量较好,提速提效显著。     

Properties and testing of a hydraulic pulse jet and its application in offshore drilling

Offshore drilling has attracted more attention than ever before due to the increasing worldwide energy demand especially in China. High cost, long drilling cycles, and low rate of penetration （ROP） represent critical challenges for offshore drilling operations. The hydraulic pulse generator was specifically designed, based on China offshore drilling technologies and parameters, to overcome problems encountered during offshore drilling. Both laboratory and field tests were conducted to collect the characteristics of the hydraulic pulse generator. The relationships between flow rate and pressure amplitude, pressure loss and pulse frequency were obtained, which can be used to optimize operation parameters for hydraulic pulse jet drilling. Meanwhile a bottom hole assembly （BHA） for pulse jet drilling has been designed, combining the hydraulic pulse generator with the conventional BHA, positive displacement motor, and rotary steerable system （RSS） etc. Furthermore, the hydraulic pulse jet technique has been successfully applied in more than 10 offshore wells in China. The depth of the applied wells ranged from 2,000 m to 4,100 m with drilling bit diameters of 311 mm and 216 mm. The field application results showed that hydraulic pulse jet technique was feasible for various bit types and formations, and that ROP could be significantly increased, by more than 25%.     

Hydraulic Pulsed Cavitating Jet-Assisted Drilling

Abstract

How to improve drilling rate in deep wells has been a hot subject. Based on modulating pulse jet and cavitating jet, a new drilling tool is designed which couples advantages of both pulse jet and cavitating jet. When drilling fluid flows through the tool during the drilling process, fluid is modulated to pulse and cavitate. Thus, pulse cavitating jet is formed at the outlet of the bit nozzle. Because of jet pulsation, cavitating erosion and local negative pressure affect bottomhole rock. Cleaning and breaking is enhanced and penetration speed is improved. Oil field tests in five wells show good applicability of the tool to bit types, formation, drilling densities, flow rates, and dynamic hydraulic drilling motors, etc. As a result, penetration rates are improved ranging from 10.1 to 31.5%; the maximum working time is about 235.5 hr in downhole. Pulse and cavitating jet coupling will afford an effective means to improve drilling rate for deep wells.     

水力脉冲轴向振荡减摩钻井技术分析

水力脉冲轴向振荡减阻钻井技术可降低滑动钻进摩阻,改善钻压传递和工具面的控制,提高机械钻速。介绍了水力脉冲轴向振荡减阻钻井技术的减阻原理、水力脉冲轴向振荡减阻工具的结构原理。对轴向振荡减阻钻井工具进行了量化分析。现场实际应用及量化分析表明,在钻柱中加入轴向振荡减阻工具,减少了托压现象及摆工具面的时间,工具面更稳定,对常规PDC钻头具有良好的适应性,可改善钻压传递效果。该工具对MWD、LWD信号传输不会产生干扰。