An experimental design approach for investigating and modeling wax deposition based on a new cylindrical Couette apparatus

The authors report an experimental study carried out through a newly developed Couette apparatus on evaluating the influence of important operating factors such as wall oil temperature, temperature difference (△T) and flow rate. It is found that wax crystal solubility coefficient, temperature gradient, and sheer stress at the wall play leading roles on the internal mechanism. CFD software is adopted for numerical calculation and the result agrees well with the distribution of the flow and temperature field in actual pipelines so that precise parameter values under related experimental conditions are obtained. An improved dynamic wax deposition model considering the enhance effect of resin and asphaltene as well as static deposition condition is established with an average error of 5.6%. Thus the feasibility of the method based on the new apparatus for further research is implied.     

渤海原油生产重交通道路沥青技术开发

渤海原油通过直馏深拔和半氧化工艺,能够生产出各项指标均符合ＧＢ／Ｔ１５１８０和ＪＴＪ０５２－９３要求各个牌的沥青。并且能符合ＡＡＳＨＴＯＭ２２６－８０１以６０℃粘度分级的相应牌号。     

油气生产过程自动控制技术的开发与应用

通过对1994年从美国引进的PARAGON集散控制系统在硬件配置上的改进与软件系统汉化、以及根据本油田需要而对PID模块所做的重新开发等工作，使该系统在江河区投产后，成功地实现了轻烃回收、原油脱水、原油稳定等油气生产过程的自动控制。     

主要进口原油制取高等级道路沥青的研究开发

阿曼、沙特、伊朗、也门等进口原油，在适宜的工艺条件下，可生产出符合国标等多种技术要求的高等级道路沥青。研究表明，这些沥青的流变性能、使用性能均较理想。     

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分析了油气与经济可持续发展之间的关系,阐明了能源系统的演化规律与趋势,认为在21世纪前期油气在世界能源系统中还将占据主导地位。根据各国石油天然气生产和消费特征,将世界各国划分为3大类型：油气净出口国、油气净进口国、油气生产与进口大国。对比分析了不同类型国家的石油天然气战略之异同点。结果认为：国家要实现油气有效、稳定和价格合理地供给,在油气上下游市场引入竞争机制和推进自由化是必要的;油气基础设施是实现油气供给安全稳定和价格合理的基础,因此要加大油气管线等基础设施的建设,在可能的情况下应鼓励私有资本参与其中;国家政治外交等措施是各国在全球范围内配置油气资源的重要手段。鉴于中国的油气生产与消费情况同美国极为相似,故中国的油气战略制定可以借鉴、参考美国的经验。     

大型原油库安全问题的探讨

针对我国目前石油库油罐类型的选择、储油罐位置的选择、防火堤的设置以及罐区防雷、防火能力等方面存在的几点不安全因素进行分析,提出油库安全运行措施和今后油库建设中应注意的事项。     

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采用模拟实验方法,考察不同温度(250～480℃)、不同压力(0.1～50MPa)下原油裂解成气的演化特征。证明了高压可以降低油裂解的反应速度,抑制原油裂解;高压条件下比低压条件下的油裂解气更接近天然气的组成。讨论了LnC     

Simple Techniques for Evaluation of Crude Oil Compatibility

Abstract

Blending crude oils or crude oils and condensates of different origin may give rise to deposit related problems due to incompatibility. Although the problem has been recognized, there are as yet no standard methods for the determination and quantification of crude oil compatibility. This study focused on the compatibility of stock tank oils in storage depots and refineries. Using blends of Arabian Medium and Gippsland crude oils as a model system, various simple techniques were investigated and compared with the results of the in-house Shell stability test (the Po/FRmax test): microscopy, a modified Hot Filtration Test, a modified ASTM spot test and a modified Shell Spot test. All techniques (with the exception of the ASTM spot test) were capable of identifying an unstable regime, but the onset of asphaltenes flocculation varied with the experimental conditions. Sample pretreatment was found to be a necessary prerequisite for obtaining meaningful data. The Shell Spot Test appears to be a fast and simple method for monitoring crude oil compatibility in the downstream business.     

Characterization of the Organic Matter for Some Crude Oils from the North Western Part of the Western Desert,Egypt

Abstract

A direct method for crude oil evaluation based on spectral techniques is demonstrated. This direct method is demonstrated for five crude oils from the north western part of the western desert, Egypt. FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the distribution of functional groups contained in the crude oil samples. Some ratios calculated from peak heights of selected infrared bands allow for a better comparison of the spectra. These ratios will be useful to give valuable informations about the origin and thermal maturation of the organic matters. ¹³C NMR spectroscopy could provide a measure of the relative proportions of crude oils aliphatic and aromatic carbons so that the technique is proving to be a valuable organic matter maturation and typing tool. The proportion of organic carbon present in aliphatic structures correlates with oil-generating potential of a source rock. These spectroscopic techniques have been used to study the entire structures of crude oil samples. They may provide valuable informations about the aromaticity and diverse functionalities which are important to find out about the thermal history of the crude oil samples.     

Oil:Oil Correlation for Some Oil Fields in the North Western Part of the Western Desert, Egypt

Physical and specific geochemical analyses are used in detail for the petroleum geochemical studies to permit the correlation of six crude oil samples from Western Desert Egypt. Different analytical techniques, including liquid chromatographic separation, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were used to characterize the oil samples. The oils were identified using oil characterization parameters including specific gravity (°API), sulfur content, distribution of n-alkanes, carbon preference index (CPI), pristane/phytane ratio, isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios, and detailed biological marker analysis. All these parameters showed that the studied oil samples are correlated with each other, where they are similar in their oil type maturation and source depositional environments.     

原油的^13C核磁共振测定和地质应用

本文简述了高分辨~(13)C核磁共振谱分析方法,并对不同类型的原油进行分析。指出原油中不同类型碳的分布特征及芳香度等参数,可以为有机地球化学提供一些有价值的结构信息。     

Oil:Oil Correlation for Some Oil Fields in the North Western Part of the Western Desert,Egypt

Abstract

Physical and specific geochemical analyses are used in detail for the petroleum geochemical studies to permit the correlation of six crude oil samples from Western Desert Egypt. Different analytical techniques, including liquid chromatographic separation, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were used to characterize the oil samples. The oils were identified using oil characterization parameters including specific gravity (°API), sulfur content, distribution of n-alkanes, carbon preference index (CPI), pristane/phytane ratio, isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios, and detailed biological marker analysis. All these parameters showed that the studied oil samples are correlated with each other, where they are similar in their oil type maturation and source depositional environments.     

Characterization of the Organic Matter for Some Crude Oils from the North Western Part of the Western Desert, Egypt

A direct method for crude oil evaluation based on spectral techniques is demonstrated. This direct method is demonstrated for five crude oils from the north western part of the western desert, Egypt. FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the distribution of functional groups contained in the crude oil samples. Some ratios calculated from peak heights of selected infrared bands allow for a better comparison of the spectra. These ratios will be useful to give valuable informations about the origin and thermal maturation of the organic matters. ¹³C NMR spectroscopy could provide a measure of the relative proportions of crude oils aliphatic and aromatic carbons so that the technique is proving to be a valuable organic matter maturation and typing tool. The proportion of organic carbon present in aliphatic structures correlates with oil-generating potential of a source rock. These spectroscopic techniques have been used to study the entire structures of crude oil samples. They may provide valuable informations about the aromaticity and diverse functionalities which are important to find out about the thermal history of the crude oil samples.     

用蒸馏法加工北坡原油生产高等级道路沥青

介绍了广石化炼油厂蒸馏（二）装置经过对渣油泵封油系统的技术改造,用北坡原油试生产高等级道路沥青的生产过程,并就有关问题进行了讨论。     

克拉玛依重质原油焦化技术评析

依据克拉玛依石化公司新建的重油焦化装置几年来运行情况和操作数据,对重油焦化与蒸馏-渣油焦化组合工艺进行对比分析。结果表明,重油焦化工艺能多裂解蜡油组分,投资省,柴汽比高,但焦炭、干气产率偏高;重油焦化工艺由于没有设置常压蒸馏塔,造成装置能耗高、后续加工费用高的问题。提出利用环烷酸经焦炭塔高温分解的现象、通过灵活运用渣油焦化的间接换热和增设常压蒸馏塔工艺、在焦化分馏塔系统采用普通钢材代替316L钢材的新方案。焦化装置采用增设蜡油汽提塔等改造措施后显著改善柴油与蜡油的分割,节约后续加工费用。     

常减压装置稳态数据协调的差分进化算法

基于差分进化算法的常减压装置稳态流量数据协调方法,是采用测量误差为污染正态分布的数据协调与过失误差同步检测的方法。结果表明,经处理后的数据不仅能更好地满足装置的物料平衡,还为进一步优化操作条件提供准确的数据基础。     

Optimization of separation of oil from oil-in-water emulsion by demulsification using different demulsifiers

Separation of oil from oil-in-water emulsion is a major challenge in petroleum industries during the producing and refining process. The authors investigated characterization of oil-in-water emulsion and subsequently separation of oil from emulsion using different chemical dimulsifiers. The effect of settling time, pH, temperature, and demulsifier dosage on oil separation efficiency has been studied. It was observed that as time, temperature, and chemical dosage increased oil separation efficiency increased. Droplet size distribution of emulsions illustrated that the demulsifier could lead to the breakup of crude oil-in-water emulsions by flocculation and coalescence. More than 98% oil separations were observed with some demulsifiers under optimum operating conditions.     

影响油井水泥浆流变性的因素

油井水泥浆的流变性是注水泥施工的一个重要工艺参数,是水泥浆配方设计的核心以及安全施工的前提。分别从油井水泥浆组成成分(石膏加量、比表面积、分散剂)、工作环境(温度、压力)、施工参数(搅拌速度、搅拌时间)和水泥浆的水灰比等方面通过试验来研究影响水泥浆流变性的因素。研究结果表明:随石膏掺量的增多,水泥颗粒的比表面积增加,水泥浆的流动性能随之变差,而比表面积为320~350 m2/kg时,水泥浆流变性能变化不大;提高搅拌速度和增长搅拌时间能提高水泥浆流变性能;随温度的升高水泥浆的流变性表现为先提高后变差的变化趋势,该试验条件下当温度高于70℃时水泥浆的流变性能明显变差,但压力对于水泥浆流变性影响不大。