安塞油田长6层原油与天然气的溶解性

长庆油田注气驱油先导性试验预计将在低渗透的安塞油田坪桥区进行。作为室内前期工作，研究了安塞长６层原油与长庆气田天然气及长庆气田天然气／马岭炼厂液化气混合气之间的混相性质，测定了油气混合体系中气相的组成、油相中溶解气体的组成及油相（溶气原油）的高压物性。研究结果表明，对于安塞长６层原油，天然气／液化气混合气是比天然气更有效的驱替气体     

CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY: DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS

Before making a critical evaluation of the crude oil and natural gas prospects for the years to the end of the century, it is necessary to review the geology and structure of the three German hydrocarbon-producing provinces. Furthermore, past exploration, production and reserves should be discussed. The three hydrocarbon-producing provinces are: the NW German Basin, the Upper Rhine Graben and the Molasse Basin, which together make up about 41% of West German territory (Fig. 1). The NW German Basin contains a sedimentary sequence over 8,000 m thick ranging in age from Permian to Quaternary. Gas and oil, the two natural hydrocarbons, are generally confined to separate lower and higher stratigraphic levels respectively (Fig. 2). The NW German Basin is the most important prospective area in West Germany. It extends into the North Sea. The tectonic rift feature of the Upper Rhine Graben originated in the Eocene. The Tertiary fill is over 4,000 m thick. Oil is found mainly in Mesozoic, Eocene and Oligocene rocks; the Miocene and Pliocene reservoir rocks contain natural gas almost exclusively (Fig. 3). The Molasse Basin is part of the foredeep north of the Alpine and Carpathian mountain ranges. The basin is filled with Upper Eocene to Pliocene and Quaternary sediments which, near the Alpine nappes, reach a thickness of over 5,000m (Fig. 4). During this century there were peaks in annual oil-production in 1910, 1940 and 1968 (see Fig. 5). The 1910 peak was the result of drilling activity in the Wietze oilfield. During the period 1934–1945, government financial aid was made available for drilling exploration wells. The success of this collaboration is demonstrated by the oil output in 1940 of 1 × 10⁶ t. After World War II, many different types of oil-bearing structure were found, particularly by reflection seismic techniques in conjunction with detailed stratigraphical and palaeogeographical investigations. The success achieved can be seen by the peak of 8 × 10⁶ t oil production for 1968 (Fig. 5) and in the growth of oil reserves (Fig. 7). Intensive exploration also enabled many new gasfields to be developed, especially in the deeper horizons of the NW German Basin. In 1971, estimated gas reserves reached 360 × 10⁹ m³ (Fig. 11), and annual gas production in 1979 was 20.7 × 10⁹ m³ (731 Bcf) (Fig. 9). There is, no doubt, still scope for the discovery and exploitation of oil and gas in Germany, especially in the NW German Basin where the best prospects for the future lie. This is borne out by two recent offshore oil discoveries and also by the successful application of enhanced recovery methods in the oilfields. The chances of finding more gas at the lower stratigraphic levels are promising now that gas has been discovered in the deeper parts of the Permian basin. The results of massive-hydraulic-fracturing tests in low-permeability pay-horizons are also encouraging. The deeper parts of oil- and gas-producing basins contain interesting prospects and have yet to be tested by ultra-deep wells. Provided that the economic climate remains favourable, there should be no difficulty in finding and supplying German oil and gas in the future. Geologically and technically possible reserves should be converted into proven and/or probable reserves. German crude oil will be available for several years beyond the year 2000, and German natural gas for a far longer time. A production rate of 19 to 20 × 10⁹ m³ of gas per annum is feasible over the next twenty years, and oil production will probably not sink below 3 × 10⁶ t/a in this period.     

甲烷和乙烷在风城稠油中的溶解度及气体饱和稠油的粘度和密度

用实验室建立的正反循环式气液平衡仪,在６５．０－１８．０℃,常压至１０ＭＰａ压力范围内,测定了甲烷、乙烷及摩尔比１：１的甲烷乙烷混合气在新疆风城超粘稠油中的溶解度、平衡体系的气液相组成,气体饱和稠油的粘度和密度数据。讨论了溶解度、粘度和密度与温度、压力和气体性质的关系。     

甲烷和乙烷在风城稠油中的溶解度及气体饱 和稠油的粘度和密度

用实验室建立的正反循环式气液平衡仪,在６５ ．０ —１８ ．０ ℃、常压至１０ Ｍ Ｐａ 压力范围内,测定了甲烷、乙烷及摩尔比１∶１ 的甲烷乙烷混合气在新疆风城超粘稠油中的溶解度、平衡体系的气液相组成、气体饱和稠油的粘度和密度数据。讨论了溶解度、粘度和密度与温度、压力和气体性质的关系。     

结焦抑制剂存在下轻柴油裂解反应的产物分布与动力学模型

采用连续管式反应器及动态测焦方式研究了结抑制剂存在下轻柴油裂解反应的动力学。在裂解温度为１１００－１１９３Ｋ、停留时间为０．０１－０．０５ｓ、水轻柴油为１．８８９的条件下，考察了该剂存在下轻柴油裂解反应的产物分布。结果表明，它在体系中主要改变了自由基链反应的链传递及链终止速率，使裂解反应产物分布发生变化，从而抑制了二次反应。考察结焦抑制剂的影响和一次反应和自阻作用，结合平行反应、连串反应等构成的轻     

微波在油气开发中的应用

论述了微波的工作原理及其在油气开发中的实际应用，研究结果表明，微波开采稠油可提高油井产量１－４倍。并且不受油藏深度的限制；微波脱蜡可使清蜡时间由４５ｍｉｎ缩短到７ｍｉｎ；与常规方法相比较，用微波对原油丰以乳能使脱水率提高１６．７％－４５．６％，对聚合物驱的原油乳状液脱水具有明显效果。     

STUDIES ON THE PLOW PROPERTIES OF VACUUM GAS OIL FRACTION FROM BOMBAY HIGH CRUDE OIL IN RELATION TO ITS COMPOSITION

The vacuum gas oil fraction 375-Crude oil is highly waxy in nature associated with high pour point (48°C). Influence of various hydrocarbon constituents viz. n-alkane, aromatic and iso + cycloparaffins on the cold flow properties of this fraction was studied. Also the dependency of nature and boiling range of liquid hydrocarbon solvent matrix on the response towards cold flow properties as a function of n-alkane concentration have been determined. It is observed that the flow properties viz. pour point, plastic viscosity and yield stress in the non-Newtonian region are a result of wax liquid matrix interaction.     

STUDIES ON THE PLOW PROPERTIES OF VACUUM GAS OIL FRACTION FROM BOMBAY HIGH CRUDE OIL IN RELATION TO ITS COMPOSITION

ABSTRACTS

The vacuum gas oil fraction 375–Crude oil is highly waxy in nature associated with high pour point (48°C). Influence of various hydrocarbon constituents viz. n-alkane, aromatic and iso + cycloparaffins on the cold flow properties of this fraction was studied. Also the dependency of nature and boiling range of liquid hydrocarbon solvent matrix on the response towards cold flow properties as a function of n-alkane concentration have been determined. It is observed that the flow properties viz. pour point, plastic viscosity and yield stress in the non-Newtonian region are a result of wax liquid matrix interaction.     

异常高压对油气藏形成和保存的影响

研究了异常高压形成机制和分布特点,并对其在油气藏形成和保存中的作用进行了分析,认为,异常高压是油气自烃源岩呈况相涌流形式排出的动力;异常高压板值点位置的不同控制着油气在纵向上的分配量,其越靠近上部,向下排出的油气量越大,反之亦然;异常高压不仅可以对游离相油气进行封闭,而且可以对水溶相油气进行封闭,还可以对扩散相天然气形成浓度封闭;异常高压可以阻止地下水活动、氧和细菌对油气藏的破坏作用。     

ASPHALTENES IN SAUDI ARABIAN HEAVY CRUDE OIL SOLUBILITY AND MOLECULAR WEIGHTS IN HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS

The asphaltenes from Saudi Arabian Heavy crude oil residue ( 370°C+ ) were precipitated by adding n-alkane solvents ( n-C₅ to n-C ₁₀ ) to the crude oil / residue.     

SULFUR COMPOUND TYPE DISTRIBUTION IN NAPHTHA AND GAS OIL FRACTIONS OF KUWAITI CRUDE

ABSTRACT

The need for detailed information on the types of sulfur compounds present in various petroleum cuts has been well recognized by refiners and environmentalists worldwide. This need is growing in recent years in view of the current environmental regulations that limit the sulfur content of transportation fuels to very low levels. In the present work we have studied the distribution of different kinds of sulfur compounds present in light and middle distillates of Kuwait crude oil. A representative sample of Kuwait crude oil was fractionated into naphtha (15-160°C) and 10-15°C cuts in the gas oil boiling range (210-340°C) using an 80L capacity autodistillation unit “AUTODEST-800” according to ASTM 2892. The distribution of various types of sulfur compounds in each of these cuts was quantitatively estimated by capillary gas chromatography equipped with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. Thiophene and its alkyl derivatives constituted about 60% of the total sulfur compounds in the naphtha fraction. The remaining 40% was composed of mercaptanes and alkyl sulfides. In the gas oil boiling range (210-340) two groups of sulfur compounds, namely, alkyl benzothiophenes and alkyl dibenzothiophenes were present. A major portion of the alkyl benzothiophenes was found in the fraction boiling in the narrow range 235-257°C. Among the alkyl dibenzothiophenes, the concentration of C, and C₂ DBTs decreased while that of higher alkyl DBTs (< C₃-DBTs) increased with increasing temperature. The C₁ and C₂ alkyl DBTs were highly concentrated in a fraction boiling between 280-325°C and these sulfur compounds were absent in the fraction boiling above 330°C. The industrial implications of these results are discussed.     

塔里木盆地塔河油区原油生物标志化合物在运移方面的应用探讨

塔河油区奥陶系原油的成熟度较高,且受生物严重降解.不同的生物标志化合物成熟度参数仅对有机质生成原油的不同阶段起到标尺作用,需优选既能较好地抗生物降解且适用于较宽的成熟度范围的指标来分析塔河油气运移的可能途径.三环萜烷/17α(H)-藿烷、重排甾烷/规则甾烷及Ts/(Ts+Tm)的比值是比较适用于塔河油区这种特殊性质的原油的生物标志化合物.根据研究,奥陶系原油油气存在两个注入通道,早期主要是由南向北方向运移,油气成熟度相对较低,成藏较早;晚期由东向西运移,原油成熟度相对于早期的较高,原油成藏稍晚.     

EFFECT OF TIME AND PRESSURE ON RECOVERY OF OIL FROM GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE IN EXTRACTION EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED AT 400°C

The paper describes the effect of time and pressure on liquid product yields when Green River shale was exposed to supercritical methanol-water at 400^°C and then extracted with benzene-methanol. Reaction times between 1 second and 34 minutes were studied as were pressures between 1800 and 5200 psi. Maximum yields of liquid product were obtained after a methanol-water treatment time of about 34 minutes. Presssure did not have a significant effect on product yields. Chemical characterization of Selected liquid products is reported and shows that the product composition varies with time. Exfoliation of shale also increases with treatment time. This phenomenon is discussed and illustrated.     

掺炼俄罗斯原油生产润滑油基础油的研究

大庆原油与俄罗斯原油按不同比例混合的350-400℃、400-450℃和450-500℃润滑油馏分油经过酮苯脱蜡、糠醛精制和白土精制后,得到基础油典型馏分油,进行润滑油基础油性质评价;通过对非大庆石蜡基原油、俄罗斯原油和大庆原油混兑,重点对润滑油馏分油进行同样工艺试验和评价,为大连石化分公司在保证润滑油基础油质量的前提下有效利用原油资源、合理引进加工原油提供了参考依据。     

THE COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF CRUDE OILS AND CRUDE OIL RESIDUES

ABSTRACT

A crude oil and three residues of the crude oil processing were investigated by determination of flocculation points of both the product solutions and the original products. Diverse analytical methods were used for characterizing products and their fractions. The evaluation of results was performed by the theory of regular solutions and its extension by Hansen. It was found, that the colloidal disperse phase shows a behaviour similar to that of polymer solutions. The conditions of the destabilization of the colloids can be defined by the critical Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. The solvation and the low soluble part of the asphaltenes have the greatest influence on the colloidal stability. The lowest stability is found for the visbreaking residue. The influence of the crude oil distillation on the colloidal stability is not significant.     

台湾西部油气田形成与分布

根据台湾石油地质学家多年来的工作结果,台湾西部油气田的形成主要受岩性(砂体)、背斜和断层控制,其次为地层不整合因素.在台西坳陷的西、北部和台南盆地的西、北部,油气田的分布是由构造挤压、埋藏压实和地温差异引起的油气运移方向所决定的.下一步勘探区的选择应为已知含油气背斜长轴方向的外延部位,深部木山组及其以下层位(包括白垩系),扭性断层的上升盘,基底高及其周围的地层不整合、地层尖灭区.     

原油极性分离法及其对解释原油碳同位素特征的作用

为了研究原油有机分子极性与其碳同位素的关系，建立了一种按极性分离石油的方法，并用这种方法分离了胜利油田的原油样品和做了碳同位素分析，随后又用族组分分离方法分离了相同的油样并做了碳同位素分析。通过对比，发现用这2种方法分离出的原油纽分在总体上具有一定的相似性，即组分极性都有由小向大变化的趋势，但在细节上又有一定的区别，族组分分离法将原油分为4个组分，而极性分离法将原油分为5个组分，并且各组分之间也不是简单的对应关系；同时发现芳香烃和非烃的极性跨度相对较大。在此基础上，分析了原油中的有机分子极性与其碳同位素值的关系，得出了随极性增加δ^13C值增加的结论，并将此结论用于原油是单源还是多源解释上，指出了原油同位素出现逆转现象的原因，另外据此还建立了简单的数学模型，由已知的组分含量及δ^13C值求出了混合原油中各生油层所占的比例。     

THE COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF CRUDE OILS AND CRUDE OIL RESIDUES

A crude oil and three residues of the crude oil processing were investigated by determination of flocculation points of both the product solutions and the original products. Diverse analytical methods were used for characterizing products and their fractions. The evaluation of results was performed by the theory of regular solutions and its extension by Hansen. It was found, that the colloidal disperse phase shows a behaviour similar to that of polymer solutions. The conditions of the destabilization of the colloids can be defined by the critical Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. The solvation and the low soluble part of the asphaltenes have the greatest influence on the colloidal stability. The lowest stability is found for the visbreaking residue. The influence of the crude oil distillation on the colloidal stability is not significant.     

A PRELIMINARY APPROACH TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS

本文在对渤海湾盆地新生代火成岩分布、已发现火成岩油气藏特征研究的基础上,根据构造演化、火成岩分布、岩浆活动的特点,将盆地新生代岩浆活动史划分为两大旋回,并将火成岩油气藏分为抬升淋滤型、埋藏溶蚀型、构造裂缝型、火山碎屑岩型、火成岩体侧向遮挡型、接触变质型和超覆披覆型等7类。在此基础上,结合实例详细探讨了各类油气藏在地层剖面中所处的位置以及其岩性特点、储层物性特征等。     

油气井CO2分压计算方法探讨

正确计算油气井CO2分压是进行油套管防腐设计的基础.文章通过理论分析,得出气井CO2分压近似等于体系压力与CO2体积百分的乘积;油井的CO2分压为饱和压力与分离气中CO2摩尔百分含量的乘积,与井筒的流压无关.并通过实验研究说明了油套管钢在CO2中的腐蚀速率只与CO2气体的分压有关系,与体系总压无关.研究结果为油气井防腐研究及合理选择管柱材质提供了理论依据.