DIFFUSION AND ADSORPTION OF TETRALIN HYDROCRACKING REACTION ON DIFFERENT ZEOLITES BY MOLECULAR SIMULATION

Three different zeolite catalysts with different pore sizes(MFI-type,BEA-type,and FAU-type zeolites)have been prepared.The influence of different zeolite catalysts on reactivity and product shape selectivity of tetralin is investigated.Clear differences are observed in the reactivity of tetralin and distribution of products achieved by different catalysts.The diffusion and adsorption behavior of the reactant tetralin and its intermediates,n-butylbenzene and 1-methylindane under the reaction conditions are simulated using molecular simulation methods.Upon combining simulation results and experimental observations,it is shown that the difference in diffusion coefficient and competitive adsorption capacity can explain the reactivity of tetralin and the selectivity of products.The steric hindrance of the MFI-type zeolite mainly limits the key step of ring opening of tetralin,leading to lower selectivity of ring-opening products.n-Butylbenzene molecules can diffuse sufficiently fast in the large pores of FAU-type zeolite and the weak adsorption capacity of n-butylbenzene leads to its insufficient cracking.In addition,it also explains the reason that the BEA-type zeolite has the best BTX selectivity,because it can satisfy both good ring-opening activity and sufficient butylbenzene cracking depth.     

Influence of Crystal Size of USY Zeolite on Performance of Hydro-upgrading Catalysts

The effect of crystal size of USY zeolite on the performance of hydro-upgrading catalysts for treating catalytically cracked(FCC) LCO(light cycle oil) was studied.Three W-Ni catalysts supported on USY zeolites with different crystal sizes and Al2O3 were prepared by impregnation method.The catalysts were characterized by XRD and BET methods,and evaluated in a micro-reactor using tetralin as the model compound and in an 100-mL hydrogenation test unit using FCC LCO as the feedstock.By contrast,catalyst made from smaller crystal-size USY zeolite had higher external surface area and shorter pore length,having more hydrogenation activity sites and short contact time of reactant molecules with acidity sites.The evaluation results showed that the catalyst prepared on the basis of small crystal-size USY zeolite had higher tetralin conversion and better hydro-upgrading performance for treating FCC LCO.     

氧化铝负载的钒催化剂的渣油加氢性能

In order to evaluate the role of vanadium in the hydrogenation (HYD) reaction, a series of alumina supported vanadium catalysts were prepared and characterized by SEM, XRD, Raman spectrometry, 51V NMR, XPS, as well as TPR analyses. The catalytic performance of vanadium in HYD of model molecules (naphthalene) and real feedstock (Kuwait atmospheric residue) was studied after sulfidation of the catalysts. It can be concluded that the HYD capabilities of V/Al2O3 catalysts are lower than that of conventional NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst (RefNiMo). The V/Al2O3 catalysts can only facilitate hydrogenation of the first ring of naphthalene, but have little effect on the further hydrogenation of tetralin. Owing to the different forms of metals and sulfur compounds in residue, the weak HYD activity of V/Al2O3 catalysts is able to facilitate the HDM reaction of the residue, albeit with a slight effect on HDS activity.     

不同氢饱和度稠环芳烃开环裂化的分子模拟研究

In order to investigate the influence of hydrogenation degree and structural variety on reaction trend of polyaro- matic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in resins and asphaltenes portion of heavy oil, a series of PAHs with different hydrogenation degree were selected as model compounds to simulate their different hydrogenation stage, and the PAHs thermal cracking reaction was simulated based on free radical mechanism by the density functional theory (DFT) to search for reactions’transition state. By comparing the dynamic data obtained from reaction simulation, it is showed that processing difficulty could rise with increasing condensed aromatic ring number, and hydrogenation could promote ring cleavage reaction, but excessive hydrogenation would decrease the oil conversion rate to reduce light-end products. In conclusion, proper hydrogenation was quite critical in promoting light-end products conversion efficiency and saving the processing cost as well. Operational instructions were given based on both PAHs hydrogenation performance and conclusions were drawn up from reaction simulation results.     

Influence of Steam Treating on Deethylating Type Isomerization Catalyst

This article mainly worked on methods to reduce side reactions of the de-ethylating type catalyst for xylene isomerization. In laboratory the de-ethylating type catalyst for xylene isomerization was subjected to steam treatment at different temperatures and durations to achieve dealumination of the ZSM-5 zeolite to some extent, which could affect the change in BrФnsted acid content to decrease xylene loss along with reduction of side reactions. Test results showed that the degree for reducing side reactions by steam treatment depended upon two important parameters-treating temperature and duration. The optimal condition required treating the catalyst at 500℃ for 8 hours.     

Research on C—C Bond Length Distribution in Hydrocarbon Molecules

The C—C bond dissociation energy(BDE) is a very important data in research of hydrocarbon cracking reactions, because it reflects the difficulty level of chemical reactions.But it is very difficult to obtain the C—C bond dissociation energy(BDE) by experiments,so using quantum chemistry calculation such as density functional theory(DFT) to study the C—C bond dissociation energy is a very useful means.The impact of acceptor substituents and donor substituents on the C—C bond length distribution was studie...     

Effects of U-ore on the chemical and isotopic composition of products of hydrous pyrolysis of organic matter

In order to investigate the impact of U-ore on organic matter maturation and isotopic fractionation,we designed hydrous pyrolysis experiments on Type-II kerogen samples,supposing that the water and water–mineral interaction play a role.U-ore was set as the variable for comparison.Meanwhile,anhydrous pyrolysis under the same conditions was carried out as the control experiments.The determination of liquid products indicates that the presence of water and minerals obviously enhanced the yields of C_(15+) and the amounts of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases.Such results may be attributed to waterorganic matter reaction in the high-temperature system,which can provide additional hydrogen and oxygen for the generation of gas and liquid products from organic matter.It is found that δD values of hydrocarbon gases generated in both hydrous pyrolysis experiments are much lower than those in anhydrous pyrolysis.What is more,δD values are lower in the hydrous pyrolysis with uranium ore.Therefore,we can infer that water-derived hydrogen played a significant role during the kerogen thermal evolution and the hydrocarbon generation in our experiments.Isotopic exchange was facilitated by the reversible equilibration between reaction intermediaries with hydrogen under hydrothermal conditions with uranium ore.Carbon isotopic fractionations of hydrocarbon gases were somehow affected by the presence of water and the uranium ore.The increased level of i-C_4/n-C_4ratios for gas products in hydrous pyrolysis implied the carbocation mechanism for water-kerogen reactions.     

Preparation of a highly efficient Pt/USY catalyst for hydrogenation and selective ring-opening reaction of tetralin

Ultrastable Y zeolite(USY)-supported Pt catalyst was prepared by gas-bubbling-assisted membrane reduction. The influence of reaction conditions and the metal and acid sites of catalysts on the catalytic performance of catalyst in hydrogenation and selective ring opening of tetralin, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(THN), was studied. It was found that the optimal reaction conditions were at a temperature of 280 °C, hydrogen pressure of 4 MPa, liquid hourly space velocity of 2 h~(-1) and H_2/THN ratio of 750. Under these optimal conditions, a high conversion of almost 100% was achieved on the 0.3 Pt/USY catalyst. XRD patterns and TEM images revealed that Pt particles were highly dispersed on the USY, favorable to the hydrogenation reaction of tetralin. Ammonia temperature-programmed desorption and Py-IR results indicated that the introduction of Pt can reduce the acid sites of USY, particularly the strong acid sites of USY. Thus, the hydrocracking reaction can be suppressed.     

正己烷在FAU和MFI型沸石分子筛催化剂上的转化途径

 Based on the reaction pathways of n-hexane over catalysts and the molar selectivity of products, the independent reaction equations of n-hexane over zeolite catalysts are established. The correlation of independent reaction equations with molar selectivity of products is set up, and the molar selectivity of the independent reactions is calculated. The results show that the position of α cracking of C6 carbonium ion is favorable to the middle of carbon chain. The proportion of mono-molecular reactions over catalysts of MFI, MFI+FAU and FAU type are 75.87%,32.01% and 31.46%, respectively. The large products such as propane and propene are generated from both mono-molecular reaction mechanism and bi-molecular mechanism. The ratio of mono-molecular to bi-molecular reaction mechanism of n-hexane over zeolite catalysts is related to zeolite type. The molar selectivity of independent reactions is valid which is proved by n-hexane and H+.     

Skeletal Isomerization and Inter—molecular Hydrogen Transfer Reactions in Catalytic Cracking

Bimolecular hydrogen transfer and skeletal isomerization the important secondary reac-tions among catalytic cracking reactions,which affect product yield distribution and product quality,Catalyst properties and operating parameters have great impact on bimolecular hydrogen transfer and skeletal isomerization reactions .Bimolecular hydrogen transfer activity and skeletal isomrization activity of USY-containing catalysts are higher thn that of ZSM-5-containing catalyst.Coke deposition on the active sites of catalyst may suppress bimolecular hydrogen transfer activity and skeletal isomer-ization activity of catlys in different degrees.Short raction time causes a decrease of hydrogen trans-fer reaction,but and increase of skeletal isomerization reaction compared to cracking reaction in catalytic cracking process.     

劣质柴油加氢改质催化剂的制备及其应用Ⅰ.催化剂制备方法及其催化四氢萘的反应规律

以Ni-Mo-W复合氧化物为活性组分前躯物,采用干混法、湿混法和共胶法分别制得3种不同的非负载型加氢催化剂,以四氢萘为模型化合物对其选择性开环脱芳烃性能进行评价。结果表明:四氢萘的加氢开环过程是由加氢脱氢、异构化、开环作用、脱烷基及烷基转移等反应组成的复杂反应;共胶法催化剂具有较高的加氢活性,四氢萘转化率较高,并且其异构化和开环能力显著高于其它两种催化剂;湿混法催化剂具有较高的加氢选择性,四氢萘转化率较高,但其异构化和开环选择性较低;干混法催化剂作用下的四氢萘转化率、异构化选择性、开环选择性及加氢选择性均较低。采用共胶法和湿混法催化剂时四氢萘加氢开环主要遵循单分子机理,生成重组分的量较少。     

Y型分子筛酸性质对四氢萘加氢裂化多产BTX反应的影响

以孔性质相近、酸性质存在差异的Y型分子筛为酸性组分制备加氢裂化催化剂,采用N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD、Py-IR、HRTEM等手段表征分子筛和催化剂的物化性质,以四氢萘为模型化合物在高压加氢微反装置上评价催化剂的加氢裂化反应性能。结果表明：提高Y型分子筛上强酸中心比例能促进四氢萘的转化;增加Y型分子筛上中强酸的占比和强B酸/强L酸酸量比有利于四氢萘的开环、断侧链反应,促进苯、甲苯、二甲苯混合物(BTX)的生成;改变Y型分子筛的酸性还可调变催化剂活性相结构及其加氢性能,进而影响BTX产物选择性。分子筛酸性质的调控是四氢萘加氢裂化生产BTX过程的关键因素。     

催化裂化柴油及其加氢产物中芳烃类型 与分子结构的表征

基于气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定催化裂化柴油(LCO)及其加氢产物中芳烃的组成。根据色谱保留时间和质谱断裂特征,分析了LCO及其加氢产物中芳烃的类型与结构,并对C₉~C₁₁的C_nH_2n-8类及C_nH_2n-12类芳烃进行了分子结构鉴别。结果表明：C_nH_2n-8类芳烃在LCO中为具有五元环结构的茚满类,在加氢产物中既有四氢萘类,也有茚满类,后者可由前者发生异构化反应生成;C_nH_2n-10类芳烃在LCO中是以含有双键的环烷芳烃为主,如茚类、二氢萘类,在加氢产物中则是以含有饱和环结构的芳烃,如二环烷基苯类为主;LCO及其加氢产物中的C_nH_2n-16类芳烃均为芴类;萘类侧链的碳数、个数与位置均会影响其加氢转化率。此研究可为芳烃的选择性加氢以及后续加工提供信息。     

LCO加氢-催化组合生产高辛烷值汽油或轻质芳烃技术(LTAG)的开发

从分析LCO化学组成入手,提出了LCO加氢与催化裂化组合生产高辛烷值汽油或轻质芳烃的技术——LTAG技术。在该技术中,加氢单元需进行选择性加氢控制,即双环芳烃选择性加氢饱和生成四氢萘型单环芳烃;催化单元要实现选择性裂化,即选择性强化四氢萘型单环芳烃开环裂化反应,抑制氢转移反应。工业应用结果表明,LTAG技术中加氢LCO转化率大于70%,汽油选择性接近80%,汽油辛烷值提高。     

USE OF MASS SPECTROMETRY TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF HYDROCRACKING ON THE COMPOSITION OF BASE STOCKS

Mass spectrometry (MS) was used to study the compositional changes taking place during the hydrocracking process and the effect of composition on viscosity index (VI) of base stocks. The determination of compound types by MS required a separation of the petroleum samples into aromatic and nonaromatic fractions. After the hydrotreating of the feed, an increase in 1-ring naphthenes was observed. The value of an average ring number per mole did not change indicating the absence of ring-opening reactions. After the hydrocracking step, the MS analysis of the nonaromatic fraction showed a significant decrease in 1-6 ring naphthenes. A decrease in average ring number from 0.4 to 0.2 per mole indicated that the ring-opening reactions were taking place. The MS analysis of different hydrocracked base stocks, having a VI in the range from 143 to 148, showed no significant effect of paraffins/isoparaffins, 1-ring naphthenes and the condensed naphthenes on VI. The hydrocracked base stocks, having a VI of 143-144, were found to have an average ring number of 0.3 per mole. The hydrocracked base stocks, having a higher VI of 146-148, were found to have a lower average ring number of 0.2 per mole. The MS results indicated that the severity of hydrocracking and the extension of the ring-opening reactions were better described by an average ring number per mole rather than the contents of different chemistry hydrocarbons.     

催化裂化增产汽油的分析与探讨

增产汽油应从占汽油池70%以上的催化裂化工艺技术着手,通过优化加工流程提供具有较好裂化性能的催化裂化原料,选择对大分子裂化能力强的催化剂,维持较高的平衡剂活性,优化反应-再生系统的工艺操作参数,强化催化裂化反应,提高单程转化率;采用催化裂化柴油馏分回炼技术,尤其是富含链状烃和单环芳烃的柴油轻馏分有助于增产高辛烷值汽油;严格控制分馏和吸收稳定系统的操作条件,用足汽油干点和蒸气压质量指标等措施,可有效增加催化裂化汽油产率。     

金属与分子筛含量对预加氢1-甲基萘的加氢裂化催化剂的影响

考察了加氢裂化催化剂中HY分子筛与金属负载量对其催化1-甲基萘精制油样加氢裂化反应产物的影响。结果表明,在酸性较强的催化剂上甲基四氢萘类反应主要是单分子反应机理,通过异构开环路径生成较大量单环芳烃,同时有一定量BTX化合物生成。HY分子筛质量分数的增加可提高催化剂中中强B酸中心数量,提高四氢萘类异构开环转化成断侧链单环芳烃的选择性;增加催化剂的金属负载量对四氢萘类生成多环烷烃及单环烷烃有利。     

加氢催化裂化柴油关键组分催化裂化的反应特性研究

以四氢萘、茚满、十氢萘和3-乙基甲苯4种加氢催化裂化柴油（LCO）关键组分作为模型化合物,采用小型固定流化床（ACE）装置和Y分子筛催化剂进行了系统的催化裂化反应性能研究。结果表明：在两种转化深度下,模型化合物均表现出其特有的反应特性,四氢萘以发生氢转移反应为主,茚满更倾向于烷基化/烷基转移和脱氢-缩合生成C₉+重芳烃,十氢萘虽具有较高的开环-裂化反应选择性,但芳烃产物选择性较低,3-乙基甲苯轻质化效率主要受到异构化反应的影响;高转化深度更有利于模型化合物转化生成轻质芳烃苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯（合称BTEX）,四氢萘、茚满、十氢萘和3-乙基甲苯催化裂化反应的BTEX选择性分别为22.65%,19.66%,15.70%,34.36%;四氢萘和茚满容易发生连续的α位C—C键断裂生成苯,十氢萘由于存在两个叔碳正离子更倾向于生成二甲苯,3-乙基甲苯具有较高的甲苯和乙苯选择性。     

LTAG工艺专用催化剂SLG-1的研发与应用

针对加氢催化裂化轻循环油（LCO）的性质特点,开发了具有丰富中孔结构和强B酸活性的高可接近性Y型分子筛,具有更高的开环裂化反应能力。在此基础上,匹配重油预裂化能力和容炭能力强的基质,开发了加氢LCO回炼专用催化裂化催化剂SLG-1。工业应用结果表明：液化气收率降低了1.58百分点,汽油收率增加了4.00百分点,总液体收率增加2.17百分点。