有机膨润土的制备及其吸附性能的研究

用阳离子表面活性剂作改性剂,通过阳离子交换法对膨润土进行有机改性制得有机膨润土。考察了膨润土类型、阳离子交换容量、改性剂的用量、改性剂的化学性质对有机膨润土吸附性能的影响。还考察了有机膨润土的再吸附性能。     

钻井液固体润滑剂的试验研究

普通的钻井液润滑剂一般为液体．现场运输和使用不便．同时抗温性能较差。根据钻井液润滑剂的润滑机理，利用膨润土的膨胀性、吸附性、阳离子可交换性、分散性和悬浮性等特殊性能，以河北膨润土作为载体，采用物理和化学方法使膨润土与表面活性剂作用．合成了一种新型的钻井液固体润滑剂。室内试验结果表明．合成的钻井液固体润滑剂与市售类似产品相比具有润滑性能好、抗高温和使用方便等优点。采用X射线衍射、激光粒径、热重和差热试验对合成的润滑剂进行了结构和性能特征分析。激光粒径结果表明，该固体润滑剂粒径较小，活性剂含量较高．有很强的表面活性；X射线衍射证明．该固体润滑剂与膨润土(或有机膨润土)表现出不同的特征，X-射线衍射谱首峰宽而平．表现出弥散峰的特点．说明形成了非晶态物质．这种非晶物质具有很高的表面活性；热重和差热曲线证明．该固体润滑剂与膨润土(或有机膨润土)相比，有不同的吸附机理．因而吸附能力得到提高。     

新型有机膨润土处理聚驱油田采出水

利用非表面活性剂相对分子质量较小的有机高分子来处理膨润土，其原理是通过高分子特殊的阳离子基团在膨润土的吸附作用，以及水化基团的水化分散作用，增大膨润土在水中的分散程度，以增强其对采出水中杂质的吸附能力。试验用采出水取自大庆油田某井，按照相关标准,分别用浊度法和滴定法检测采出水处理前、后的聚丙烯酰胺和COD的含量。测试数据表明：聚丙烯酰胺的去除率大于94％，COD去除率大于93％。与现有同类技术相比，聚丙烯酰胺和COD的去除率均有所提高。     

钠基膨润土的制备及其影响因素研究

膨润土具有较好的吸附性、阳离子交换性和较大的比表面积,而且价格低廉、资源丰富,因此,膨润土在环境保护中的开发与利用己成为一个研究热点。文章研究了钙基膨润土钠化改性的机理和方法。实验以山东潍坊二级膨润土为原料,在不同条件下制备了钠基膨润土,研究了其制备的影响因素,找出了钠化改性的最佳条件。实验结果表明,钠化后制得的钠基膨润土的阳离子交换容量和膨胀容较之原钙基膨润土都有所提高。在此基础上,可以对钠基膨润土进行有机改性,进行有机膨润土的制备及其影响因素研究,以及有机膨润土处理含油废水的研究。     

废水基钻井液中固相颗粒电吸附选择性实验

废水基钻井液是油气勘探开发主要废物之一,提高再生回用率是钻井弃物处理技术的迫切需要。为了给废钻井液电吸附再生回用工艺技术开发和实验装置升级改造提供可靠依据,利用自制的废水基钻井液动态电吸附实验装置,开展了动态模拟电吸附对废钻井液中固相颗粒选择性去除实验研究,考察了对废钻井液中钻屑颗粒的电吸附效果,并评估了装置的运行稳定性和适用性。研究表明,电化学吸附对膨润土钻井液中的钻屑颗粒具有选择性吸附作用,尤其是对低于30 μm颗粒吸附效果显著,且对膨润土钻井液的流变性、膨润土当量等指标影响不大,有效剔除钻井液中的劣质固相的同时保持了膨润土钻井液的稳定性,提高了钻井液回用性能指标,表明电化学吸附工艺是提高水基钻井废物循环利用和资源化利用率的有效途径。     

纳米膨润土复合体的制备及性能

介绍了膨润土利于插层的结构特征。膨润土纳米改性的机理是插层剂阳离子与膨润土层问阳离子的离子交换作用，离子交换的动力学过程主要由插层剂溶液向层间扩散的速度控制。纳米土的改性效果与插层剂的种类、用量及阳离子的交换条件如交换温度和时间等密切相关。选择有机阳离子盐作为插层剂对钠型膨润土进行直接插层改性，制得了纳米膨润土，探讨了纳米复合体在钻井液中的应用，分别测试了纳米复合体的降滤失及增粘性能。结果表明，纳米膨润土在降滤失、增粘等方面已显示出优异性能，且其在钻井液体系中具有良好的配伍性能。     

阳离子钻井液用膨润土的改性研究

用非离子表面活性剂与膨润土在一定的反应条件下发生物理、化学反应,对膨润土进行化学改性反应后的膨润土其表面电性发生改变,即膨润土胶体的ZETA负电位变至接近于零电位,改性后的膨润土能很好地适用于阳离子钻井液体系.在阳离子钻井液体系中,使用改性膨润土配浆不用加入两性离子或阴离子型护胶剂,改性膨润土能很好地与大分子量阳离子聚合物和小分子量阳离子化合物配伍,这样从根本上解决了阳离子钻井液体系中阴、阳离子聚合物不配伍的问题,使阳离子钻井液体系变得更加简单,也更便于现场维护,使阳离子钻井液体系得到了进一步的完善.     

高比表面积改性膨润土对乙苯的吸附性能研究

以四甲基溴化铵为改性剂,制备出一系列高比表面积改性膨润土。利用自动物理吸附仪及X射线衍射仪对改性膨润土的物性进行了表征,考察了改性剂用量对膨润土吸附性能的影响,并对吸附工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,随着改性剂用量的增大,膨润土的层间距及比表面积均先增大后趋于稳定,对水中乙苯的吸附能力亦逐渐增强,改性剂用量以1%（占膨润土的质量分数）为宜;以此改性膨润土为吸附剂,在吸附温度为25~30℃,吸附剂用量为25 mg（吸附10 m L乙苯水溶液）,吸附时间为10~15 min,乙苯初始质量浓度为100~120 mg/L的优化条件下,其对水中乙苯的吸附率大于97%。     

硅酸盐在粘土上的吸附特性及硅酸盐聚合物钻井液作用机理

考察了复合硅酸盐CS-1在不同含量的膨润土基浆上在不同温度下的吸附规律，同时考察了钻井液中劣质土和抗盐土对复合硅酸盐CS-1在膨润土上吸附特性的影响，在此基础上，对硅酸盐聚合物钻井液的作用机理进行了研究．最后得出低膨润土含量、处理剂在膨润土表面上的吸附作用以及润滑剂在膨润土表面上形成隔离薄膜三一起成为硅酸盐聚合物钻井液体系的作用机理。     

含金属离子的聚硅酸用作MMH－膨润土泥浆稀释剂的室内研究

通过测定泥浆体系的电性能、流变性、抑制性和粒度分布，研究了含金属离子的聚硅酸（ＰＳＡＭ）对混合金属氢氧化物（ＭＭＩＩ）－膨润土泥浆的稀释作用。结果表明，ＰＳＡＭ对ＭＭＩＩ－膨润土泥浆的稀释能力强，能提高该泥浆体系的抑制性。ＰＳＡＭ的稀释机理为：ＰＳＡＭ产生的带正电二氧化硅颗粒通过静电作用吸附到ＭＭＩＩ－粘土网状结构的粘土颗粒表面，破坏网状结构，释放出大量自由水。     

Treatment of oil–water emulsions by adsorption onto activated carbon,bentonite and deposited carbon

Emulsified oil in waste water constitutes is a severe problem in the different treatment stages before disposed off in a manner that does not violate environmental criteria. One commonly used technique for remediation of petroleum contaminated water is adsorption. The main objective of this study is to examine the removal of oil from oil–water emulsions by adsorption on bentonite, powdered activated carbon (PAC) and deposited carbon (DC). The results gave evidence of the ability of the adsorbents to adsorb oil and that the adsorptive property of the three adsorbents (bentonite, PAC, and DC) has been influenced by different factors. The effects of contact time, the weight of adsorbents and the concentration of adsorbate on the oil adsorption have been studied. Oil removal percentages increase with increasing contact time and the weight of adsorbents, and decrease with increasing the concentration of adsorbate. Equilibrium studies show that the Freunlich isotherm was the best fit isotherm for oil removal by bentonite, PAC, and DC. The data show higher adsorptive capacities by DC and bentonite compared to the PAC.     

生物聚合物甲基葡萄糖甙钻井液抑制机理

为验证甲基葡萄糖甙对泥页岩的抑制作用,分别进行了甲基葡萄糖甙在黏土上的吸附实验、甲基葡萄糖甙对黏土层间距的影响实验、甲基葡萄糖甙对页岩膜效率影响实验。实验表明:甲基葡萄糖甙对膨润土有很强的亲和力,水溶液(30℃)甲基葡萄糖甙吸附量可达120%,与无机盐复配使用后,其吸附能力进一步增加;用7%NaCl+25%甲基葡萄糖甙处理天然蒙脱石,其晶层间距为1.77 nm,比用水处理的蒙脱石晶层间距(1.92 nm)小,其干样晶层间距比未处理原样(1.54 nm)也小,说明甲基葡萄糖甙盐溶液能减少水分子进入蒙脱石,起到抑制泥岩膨胀作用;用清水饱和岩心,8 d时岩心与水+7%NaC l溶液的渗透压达到最大值,两边高度差为4.3 cm,而用MEG饱和岩心,9 d时岩心与水+7%NaCl溶液渗透压达到最大值,两边高度差为6.7 cm,说明甲基葡萄糖甙可有效改善页岩的膜效率。现场应用,表明甲基葡萄糖甙钻井液有较好的抑制和防塌作用,是油基钻井液较好的替代品。     

Study on Crystallization of Titanium Silicalite （Ⅰ）

In order to investigate the rules on preparation of titanium silicalite （TS-1） the ^1H →^13C CP/ MAS NMR spectrometers were applied to track the function of template TPAOH in the process of crystallization of titanium silicalite. The research results revealed that at the initial stage of crystallization the TPA＋ ions acting as the template could predominantly absorb the polymers of negatively charged silicatitania sol and the interactions between silica sol and titania sol could gradually lead to the formation of tiny crystal nuclei that could slowly grow up to form molecular sieves. Upon investigating the course of crystallization of titanium silicalite the ^1H →^13C CP/MAS NMR spectrometers were applied to effectively enhance the resolution of 29Si signals in the titanium silicalite. Study results have shown that during the formation of tiny crystal nuclei upon interaction between titania sol and silica sol the influence of titania sol on the silica sol was insignificant. However, when tiny crystal nuclei broke out into molecular sieves the titania sol could enter the zeolite framework that could apparently impose an enhanced effect on the silica sol.     

掺铜离子TiO2／膨润土复合光催化降解直接天蓝5B染料

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以膨润土为载体,钛酸丁酯和硝酸铜为原料,制备了掺铜离子TiO2／膨润土复合光催化剂,并用其处理直接天蓝5B染料废水溶液。结果表明,在可见光照射120min,铜离子掺杂量（质量分数）为1．0％,焙烧温度为500℃,直接天蓝5B溶液（50mg／L）初始pH值为3,催化剂质量浓度为5g／L的条件下,直接天蓝5B染料溶液的脱色率达到93．5％。     

银离子改性白土对模拟油品的深度脱硫研究

In order to further reduce the sulfur content in liquid hydrocarbon fuels,a desulfurization process by adsorption for removing alkyl dibenzothiophenes was investigated.Desulfurization of model gasoline by bentonite adsorbents loaded with silver nitrate was studied.The test results indicated that the bentonite adsorbents loaded with Ag + ions were effective for adsorbing the alkyl dibenzothiophenes.The crystal structure of bentonite adsorbents was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and their acidity was measured by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.Several factors influencing the desulfurization capability,including the Ag + loading,the baking temperature,as well as the reaction temperature,were investigated.The desulfurization efficiency was enhanced by increasing the Ag + loading and the best result was obtained at a silver loading of 7 m%.It was found that the adsorption capacity of the alkyl dibenzothiophenes on bentonite loaded with Ag + ions increased with a decreasing temperature.Baking of the adsorbent could also improve the desulfurization capacity,and the optimum baking temperature was 423 K.     

溴化铜改性白土吸附脱除丙硫醇和二甲基硫醚的研究

室温下,考察了溴化铜改性白土对丙硫醇和二甲基硫醚的吸附脱除。每克吸附剂的饱和硫容达到196毫克硫。还考察了铜负载量及吸附剂焙烧温度对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明,吸附剂制备的最佳条件是铜负载量15%,150℃焙烧。从吡啶-红外光谱可以看出B酸有利于脱硫。在溴化铜和二甲基硫醚的反应产物的拉曼光谱上检测到了C-S及Cu-S的振动峰。根据杂化轨道理论和络合吸附反应,丙硫醇和二甲基硫醚在溴化铜改性白土上的吸附是基于S-M机理。     

车用燃料油吸附法深度脱硫技术进展

综述了车用燃料油吸附法深度脱硫的技术及吸附机理,主要包括物理吸附脱硫、化学吸附脱硫、络合吸附脱硫和选择性吸附脱硫等。物理吸附是极性吸附,吸附剂对硫化物的选择性差,难以对燃料油进行深度脱硫;化学吸附能对燃料油进行深度脱硫,但吸附温度和吸附剂再生温度较高;络合吸附和选择性吸附脱硫技术操作条件温和、投资和操作费用低,能深度脱硫,可生产硫含量小于50μg/g的低硫车用燃料油,但目前吸附剂对含硫芳烃的选择性和容硫量还较低,不能满足工业应用的要求。     

溶液化学条件及吸附剂表面性质对Ni(II)在莱阳膨润土中吸附行为的影响

The effects of solution chemistry conditions and adsorbent surface properties on the adsorption behavior of Ni(II) on Lai'yang bentonite were investigated via batch technique. Potentiometric and mass titration techniques were employed in batch experimental methods, and results showed that the point of zero net proton charge (PZNPC) of bentonite at different ionic strengths presented pHPZNPC to be 8.2 ± 0.1. The removal of Ni(II) from solution increased with increasing bentonite dosage, with a maximum removal efficiency of up to 99%. The adsorption of Ni(II) on bentonite increased with increasing pH at pH< 8.5, maintaining a removal efficiency of > 99% at pH> 10.2. Ni(II) adsorption exhibited different responses to cations (K+, Na+) but was not influenced by background anions (NO3-, Cl-, and ClO4-). The adsorption of Ni(II) was dominated by outer-sphere surface complexation and ion exchange with Na+/H+ on bentonite surfaces at low pH, whereas inner-sphere surface complexation and surface precipitation were the main adsorption mechanisms at high pH. The adsorption isotherms of Ni(II) on bentonite can be described well by the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, including Gibbs free energy, enthalpy change, and entropy change, at different temperatures indicated that the adsorption of Ni(II) on bentonite was endothermic and spontaneous.     

在复杂水热合成体系下制备K-ZSM-5沸石分子筛

以生物质气化电厂废弃稻壳灰(RHA)为原料,通过KOH溶液水热处理制取RHA硅溶胶,研究MFI分子筛晶体在复杂合成液体系中的生长习性.考察了在复杂合成体系中,模板剂种类、模板剂用量、Si/Al比、晶化温度、晶化时间等因素对K-ZSM-5分子筛合成过程的影响规律.结果表明,以废弃RHA为原料,采用结构导向作用较强的TPABr模板剂,可在较宽Si/Al摩尔比范围(30～2002)内合成出K-ZSM-5分子筛.所制备的分子筛产品结晶度高、晶形完备、具有丰富的微孔结构、较大的比表面积和优良的热稳定性,具备了用做工业催化剂和吸附剂的基础.     

Electrical resistivity and rheological properties of sensing bentonite drilling muds modified with lightweight polymer

In this study, the electrical resistivity and rheological properties of a water-based bentonite clay drilling mud modified with the lightweight polymer (guar gum) under various temperature were investigated. Based on the experimental and analytical study, the electrical resistivity was identified as the sensing property of the bentonite drilling mud so that the changes in the properties can be monitored in real-time during the construction. The bentonite contents in the drilling muds were varied up to 8% by the weight of water and temperature was varied from 25 °C to 85 °C. The guar gum content (GG%) was varied between 0% and 1% by the weight of the drilling mud to modify the rheological properties and enhance the sensing electrical resistivity of the drilling mud. The guar gum and bentonite clay were characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The total weight loss at 800 °C for the bentonite decreased from 12.96% to 0.7%, about 95% reduction, when the bentonite was mixed with 1% of guar gum. The results also showed that 1% guar gum decreased the electrical resistivity of the drilling mud from 50% to 90% based on the bentonite content and the temperature of the drilling mud. The guar gum modification increased the yield point (YP) and plastic viscosity (PV) by 58% to 230% and 44% to 77% respectively based on the bentonite content and temperature of the drilling mud. The rheological properties of the drilling muds have been correlated to the electrical resistivity of the drilling mud using nonlinear power and hyperbolic relationships. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental results. Hence the performance of the bentonite drilling muds with and without guar gum can be characterized based on the electrical resistivity which can be monitored real-time in the field.