胜坨油田胶态分散凝胶驱油试验方案优化

针对胜坨油田高温高盐的油藏条件，开展了胶态分散凝胶驱油技术研究，设计了胶态分散凝胶驱油配方体系，即选用胜利油区常用聚合物KYPAM和Cr^3＋交联剂，聚合物质量浓度为600～1200mg／L，聚合物与交联剂质量浓度比为20：1。研究结果表明，胶态分散凝胶驱油配方体系具有较好的耐温抗盐性能，在温度为80℃、矿化度为19000mg／L的条件下成胶性能较好。利用可动凝胶调驱软件FAPMS进行了方案优化，设计了最优注入方案，预计比水驱可提高采收率7．1％，增加可采储量11．4×10^4t。     

胶态分散凝胶用于聚驱后进一步提高采收率

概述了大庆油田近年发展起来的胶态分散凝胶（CDG）深度调剖技术的成胶机理、各种因素对CDG形成的影响、胶态分散凝胶渗流特征、驱油机理研究及现场试验效果。研究表明,CDG具有液流改向能力和流动性,聚驱后进行CDG调驱采收率可以提高3.90%-5.81%,因而将其作为聚驱后进一步提高采收率的技术措施之一具有广阔应用前景。     

聚驱后铝交联胶态分散凝胶调驱技术在大庆油田的应用

概述了大庆油田北一区断西区块应用铝交联胶态分散凝胶调驱技术的情况 ,给出了胶态分散凝胶的性能指标。应用数值模拟方法给出了合理的注入方案。通过现场试验 ,截止 2 0 0 2年 11月底 ,全区累积增油 7 380 4× 10 4t,提高采收率 4 84 % ,中心井区累积增油 874 8t,提高采收率 1 77% ,试验区取得了明显的增油、降水效果     

胶态分散凝胶驱油效果实验研究

用大庆助剂厂生产的聚合物和柠檬酸铝配制成胶态分散凝胶,在大庆油田地层条件下,通过对不不同柠檬酸铝浓度下胶态分散凝胶粘度,阻力系数的测量,给出了胶态分散凝胶的配方。当聚合物浓度为１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,柠檬酸铝浓度为５０ｍｇ／Ｌ左右。在具有大庆油田地质特征,渗诱率变异系数为０．７２的非均质物理模型上进行了胶态分散凝胶和聚合物驱油实验。     

胶态分散凝胶技术提高原油采收率的研究与应用

和聚合物驱技术相比，胶态分散凝胶技术不仅成本低、耐温抗盐性能好，而且可以调整油藏深部的渗透率差异，是一种非常有潜力的提高原油采收率的新方法。本文论述了胶态分散凝胶的技术特点、影响因素及其在油田矿场的应用。     

用于油层深部处理的胶态分散凝胶

该文重点介绍了用于油层深部处理的胶态分散混胶物性，阐述了胶态分散凝胶强度的评价方法，分析了胶态分散凝胶性能的影响因素，评价中未采用一般评价凝胶强度的方法，而是采用了转变压力法，文中通过对油田常用的六大类聚合物实验的研究，发现部分水解聚丙烯酰胺和ＡＭＰＳ形成胶态分散凝胶效果较好，其它聚合物则没有形成胶态分散凝胶，并进一步研究了聚合物形成胶态分散凝胶的条件，美国２９个油田对胶态分散凝胶进行现场应用，提     

深部调驱体系适应性及现场应用

介绍了深部调驱常用凝胶体系的调驱机理、适用条件和应用情况,包括酚醛凝胶体系、有机铬凝胶体系、可动微凝胶体系、胶态分散凝胶体系、体膨颗粒凝胶体系等,总结了深部调驱凝胶体系在辽河油田的现场应用效果,对深部调驱技术的发展提出了建议。     

用于油层深部处理的胶态分散凝胶

该文重点介绍了用于油层深部处理的胶态分散凝胶特性，阐述了胶态分散凝胶强度的评价方法，分析了胶态分散凝胶性能的影响因素。评价中未采用一般评价凝胶强度的方法，而是采用了转变压力法。文中通过对油田常用的六大类聚合物实验的研究，发现部分水解聚丙烯酰胺和ＡＭＰＳ形成胶态分散凝胶效果较好，其它聚合物则没有形成胶态分散凝胶，并进一步研究了聚合物形成胶态分散凝胶的条件。美国２９个油田对胶态分散凝胶进行了现场应用，提高原油采收率１．３％～１８．２％，且所需成本较低     

油田深部调驱剂的研究及应用

深部调剖驱油技术作为厚油层层内剩余油挖潜的重要措施在油田注水开发后期起着越来越重要的作用。在综合调研国内外有关深部调剖技术的研究和应用基础上,综合分析了凝胶类、微生物类、沉淀型无机盐类和粘土颗粒类等4类调剖驱油剂在国内外的发展和应用状况,指出了它们的适用范围和特点,重点对比了本体弱凝胶(BG)、胶态分散凝胶(CDG)、黄原胶(XC)和预交联凝胶颗粒(PG)等4种常用深部调剖剂的优缺点,并对凝胶类调驱剂的交联剂选择进行了分析,分析了深部调驱剂的发展潜力和方向。     

刊中报

胶态分散凝胶技术新技术导报谭中良胶态分散凝胶（ColloidalDispersionGel）技术是新近发展起来的一项变革性的提高采收率技术。CD胶是一种由低浓度聚合物溶液（100～1200mg／L）和低浓度交联剂（20～100mg／L）形成的以分子内交联为主、以分子间交联为辅的弱凝胶高分子体系，它大幅度地降低聚合物驱中化学剂的用量，因而大大降低了使用成本．CD波的发现有些仍然性，美国科学家在实验室试图找到一种使用筛网层定量评价层状凝胶的方法时，发现有一个样品外观上与普通聚合物溶液并无区别，但筛网系数高，究其原因发现其中含有微量柠檬酸铝…     

胶态分散凝胶研究的新进展

本文从胶态分散凝胶的概念,形成过程,评价方法,室内研究和现场应用等方面综述了近十几年来胶态分散凝胶的研究和应用工作,并预示了有关的研究方向。     

疏水缔合聚合物溶液特性及评价方法

为了研究疏水缔合聚合物溶液的结构和流动特性,同时探索适合于疏水缔合聚合物自身的实验评价方法,以聚合物凝胶为对比对象,分析了静态条件下浓度和矿化度对疏水缔合聚合物溶液结构的影响及在多孔介质中疏水缔合聚合物溶液流动动态表现。结果表明:一定条件下聚合物凝胶和疏水缔合聚合物溶液具有相似的溶液结构和流动特性;胶态分散凝胶在多孔介质中的流动存在转变压力,2组流动实验中疏水缔合聚合物溶液也表现出类似的转变压力,分析认为聚合物凝胶分子链间(内)的联结是化学交联,而疏水缔合聚合物为物理缔合,类似的分子链间(内)联结方式是两种体系有相似流动特性的内在原因。建议对疏水缔合聚合物溶液进行特性评价时应该同时结合HPAM溶液和聚合物凝胶溶液特性评价方法,开展深入的疏水缔合聚合物溶液与聚合物凝胶的对比研究工作。     

CURRENT COLLOIDAL DISPERSION GELS ARE NOT SUPERIOR TO POLYMER FLOODING

1The ControversyA recent publication summarized some of the pilot and com-mercial-scale field activities on polymer flooding and ASP floodingthat were performed in China[1,2]·Unquestionably,polymer floodingand ASP flooding can be effective oil-recovery processes and havegreat potential·Unfortunately,the paper also advocated a contro-versial technology(flooding with aqueous colloidal dispersion gels)as being superior to polymer flooding·This claim is misleading andgenerally incorrect·Be…     

A Review of the Partly Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide Cr(III) Acetate Polymer Gels

Enhanced oil recovery techniques and optimization of the oil field operations are currently of great importance for the oil and gas industry, which has an aggressive approach to research and technological modernization in order to supply the demand for conventional oil. The versatility of partly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide Cr(III) acetate has placed it as one of the most widely used polymer gels in oil field applications. The objective of this article is to present the main factors affecting the reaction kinetics, rheology, gelation time, syneresis, and characterization of partly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide Cr(III) polymer gels.     

A Review of the Partly Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide Cr(III) Acetate Polymer Gels

Abstract

Enhanced oil recovery techniques and optimization of the oil field operations are currently of great importance for the oil and gas industry, which has an aggressive approach to research and technological modernization in order to supply the demand for conventional oil. The versatility of partly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide Cr(III) acetate has placed it as one of the most widely used polymer gels in oil field applications. The objective of this article is to present the main factors affecting the reaction kinetics, rheology, gelation time, syneresis, and characterization of partly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide Cr(III) polymer gels.     

新型裂缝性低渗透油藏堵水剂性能评价

针对堵水剂在裂缝中的漏失问题,研制出二次交联聚合物凝胶堵水剂,对一次交联聚合物弱凝胶的流变性、耐剪切性、注入性和滤失性和二次交联聚合物凝胶的突破压力、封堵率、耐冲刷性、对基质伤害率和长期热稳定性进行了评价。实验结果表明,一次交联聚合物弱凝胶具有剪切稀释的流变特征,耐剪切,注入性好,滤失量低;二次交联聚合物凝胶具有突破压力高、封堵率高、耐冲刷性强、对基质伤害率低和长期热稳定性好的特点,在裂缝性低渗透油藏堵水作业中具有明显的优势。     

透明多孔聚合物凝胶的微乳液合成研究

对甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)-丙烯酸丁酯(BA)进行反相及双连续相微乳液共聚合,结果表明,以丙烯酸取代正戊醇作为助乳化剂可以得到透明的聚合物凝胶,其中水相质量分数为20%和40%的微乳液,稳定聚合所要求的丙烯酸/油相最小质量比分别为0 75和0 91。而且,研究发现KMnO4-H2C2O4是双连续微乳液聚合的高效引发体系,反相微乳液聚合则可采用偶氮二异丁睛(AIBN)等油溶性引发剂。ESEM的观测表明,反相微乳液聚合所得透明聚合物凝胶具有闭孔结构,双连续微乳液聚合则得到开孔结构的透明聚合物凝胶。     

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺-水溶性酚醛树脂在中高温中高盐条件下的成胶规律

为适应中高温中高盐的油藏条件,需要研制成胶时间长、稳定性好且成本低的冻胶堵剂。针对水中盐质量浓度分别为10174、41529 mg/L,温度分别为70、90 ℃的条件,考察了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(G3515)与交联剂水溶性酚醛树脂(PR)的成胶规律。结果表明：在G3515质量分数0.4%~1.0%、PR质量分数0.4%~1.0%范围内,70、90 ℃均可形成储能模量3 Pa以上强度的冻胶;当盐质量浓度为10174 mg/L时,70 ℃下冻胶老化180 d稳定性良好,90 ℃下冻胶老化120 d储能模量略有下降,其中PR质量分数低于0.6%的冻胶脱水率偏高;当盐质量浓度为41529 mg/L时,70 ℃冻胶老化180 d储能模量增加,90 ℃下PR质量分数高于0.8%形成的冻胶老化60 d严重脱水收缩、储能模量大幅度升高。对冻胶老化前后进行红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱和冷冻扫描电镜分析。结果表明：盐质量浓度10174 mg/L、PR质量分数低于0.6%形成的冻胶强度降低是由于聚合物的氧化降解;而盐质量浓度41529 mg/L、PR质量分数高于0.8%所形成冻胶脱水收缩,一方面是由于部分伯酰胺与PR反应形成仲酰胺使冻胶亲水性下降,另一方面是伯酰胺水解形成的羧酸根与钙镁离子螯合导致“过交联”。     

A Study of the Effect of the Concentration of Constituents on the Characteristics of a Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide Gel

Abstract

Polymer gels have long been used for water shutoff in petroleum production operations. A polymer gel is prepared by a combination of water, polymer, and cross-linker. The gelation or cross-linking reaction between the polymer and cross-linker results in the formation of a three-dimensional polymer network known as gel, which forms a barrier to water flow. Polyacrylamides along with cross-linkers such as metal ions (Al³⁺, Cr³⁺, Zr⁴⁺, etc.) and organic compounds such as resins, glutaraldehyde, phenol/formaldehyde, etc., have been used by the oil industry for this purpose. Most of these gels have been successfully applied in the field and good results have been obtained. In the present study, polyacrylamide (PAM) was cross-linked with hydroquinone (HQ) and hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA). The gel formed by cross-linking HQ and HMTA with PAM had high mechanical strength and was stable for long periods of time. The kinetic parameters of this system were determined by viscosity measurement at a temperature of 85°C.     

The Synthesis and Characterization of a Clean Hydrofracturing Fluid

Abstract

Surfactant-based fracturing gels are considered as clean gels due to the absence of insoluble residues after hydraulic fracturing of tight reservoir. Conventionally used highly viscous polymer gels damage the formation by blocking the fluid path in a fractured formation. The present work has been accomplished with the purpose of evaluating an anionic surfactant-based gel for hydraulic fracturing. Rheological properties and proppant carrying capacity of the synthesized gel were studied as a function of shear rate, temperature, and pH, which affect the gel behavior at the downhole. Proppant carrying capacity was also reported with varying proppant loadings. Rheological properties and proppant carrying capacity of synthesized gel were compared with conventionally used guar gel.