热采锅炉燃油乳化技术研究

针对热采锅炉重质燃料油普遍燃烧不充分、烟道气温度高、热损失大、大气污染等问题,在燃油乳化原理、乳化过程及节能减排等技术原理分析基础上,开展了燃油乳化技术研究.现场实施取得较好的节能减排效果,表明燃油乳化技术在热采锅炉中具有较好的应用前景.     

耐温防乳驱油体系辅助稠油热采研究与应用

稠油热采过程中,蒸汽冷凝水易于稠油乳化而形成油包水乳状液,造成地层乳化堵塞、产出液处理困难等问题,使热采驱油效果变差。针对以上问题,对一种耐高温防乳驱油体系的静态性能(耐温性能,防乳、破乳性能,降黏效果和界面性能)和动态驱油效果进行了室内评价。实验结果表明:该体系280℃老化4 h后,地层温度下的防乳化率为83%,降黏率67%;溶液与稠油之间的界面张力为0.051 mN/m;润湿角为8°,可使岩石表面润湿性由油湿转变为水湿;破乳率为89%,有助于后续产出液的处理;体系可使稠油热采驱油效率提高11.6百分点;优化后的体系溶液最佳注入质量分数为0.5%。该体系在渤海某稠油油田热采过程中共实施3井次,取得了良好的应用效果。     

NB35-2油田“两井同注+化学调堵”治理气窜技术研究与应用

渤海NB35-2油田南区为稠油热采多元热流体先导试验区,受油藏及热流体性质、井网模式等影响,注热期间气窜现象较为严重,影响了热采的周期生产效果,且气窜程度逐周期增强。为了缓解气窜,在分析气窜原因和统计区块热采堵调措施效果的基础上,优选温敏可逆凝胶作为主体调堵体系,增加水溶性自扩散前置保护段塞,优选高温防乳化增效剂以进一步提高驱替效率。现场试验结果表明,"两井同注+化学调堵"复合防治技术在一定程度上缓解气窜,提高了热采井周期生产效果。     

热采蒸汽发生器燃油乳化工艺试验

通过在热采蒸汽发生器的燃料油中加入适量的水形成的油—水乳化燃料，可以提高燃烧效率、降低燃料油的消耗；能够有效地控制结焦，降低ＮＯｘ和ＳＯｘ及烟尘对大气的污染。由此得出了合理掺水率与助燃风的控制界限，提出了热采蒸汽发生器燃油乳化工艺的改进与发展方向，促进了稠油热采技术的发展。     

多元热流体吞吐初期井间窜流复合防治

渤海油田开展多元热流体吞吐热采现场技术示范以来,取得了较好的开发效果。然而,受油藏及热流体物性、井网模式等因素影响,注热期间井间气窜现象较为严重,单井吞吐周期内产油量下降30%,热采效果变差。为了缓解气窜,在分析产生气窜原因的基础上,采用数值模拟方法,结合化学调堵工艺,在吞吐初期阶段提出“面积注热+高温调堵+防乳增效”的复合防治措施,即多井同时注入多元热流体,优选温敏可逆凝胶暂堵大孔道,优选高温防乳化增效剂提高热采效率。现场试验结果表明,热采施工期间,邻井均能正常生产,未发生明显气窜现象,且与措施前相比,注热井日增油提高1.5倍,整体上取得了良好的应用效果,为后续海上热采井间窜流防治及提质增效提供了有效的技术支持。     

永平油田稠油自发乳化降粘剂的筛选及驱油效果评价

针对永平油田稠油粘度大、油层厚度薄、原始含油饱和度低及热采投产后产油量低的现状,筛选出一种能使稠油在地层中发生自发乳化的降粘剂,使稠油以较低粘度的乳状液被采出,从而提高稠油的采收率。针对不同乳化降粘剂对永平油田稠油的乳化效果评价结果表明,自发乳化降粘剂NS在质量分数为2%、温度为45℃的条件下,可将油水界面张力降至10-3mN/m数量级以下,并可完全自发乳化等体积的永平油田稠油,降粘率达99.74%。NS自发乳化驱油实验结果表明,经过后续水驱后,自发乳化驱的采收率在水驱基础上提高了38.18%。     

稠油油藏热-碱复合驱物理模拟和数值模拟研究

针对胜利稠油油藏条件,考察了几种碱对孤岛三区原油的乳化性能,其中Na OH乳化效果最好。通过界面张力评价结果,优选出质量分数为0.5%的Na OH;在150℃下,进行热-碱复合驱物理模拟实验,结果表明,复合驱采收率比单一热采采收率提高10%~12%。利用CMGSTARS数值模拟软件对采收率曲线进行模拟,结果表明,计算值和实验值具有一致性。     

特稠油乳化降黏室内评价研究

特稠油原油黏度高、流动性差,采用常规方法开采难度大。针对这一问题,作者提出了一种乳化降黏的开采方法。该方法利用表面活性剂,借助超声波的振动、空化和热作用,使特稠油乳化形成O/W型乳状液,有效降低了油层特稠油黏度,改善了原油的低温流动性。文中还对形成O/W型乳状液影响因素进行了室内评价,并进一步借助超声波增强乳化效果进行了驱油技术实验。结果表明,该技术的实施不会对原油脱水造成影响,其经济性优于热采。该项研究为特稠油油藏开采开辟了新途径。     

乳化作用对弱碱三元复合驱增油效果的影响

近年来,石油科技工作者加强了三元复合驱驱油机理和提高驱油效果措施研究,认为乳化作用是提高复合驱增油效果的主要机理之一.依据矿场技术需求,以大庆油田A区弱碱三元复合驱矿场试验油井采出液和开采曲线为研究对象,开展了乳化作用对弱碱三元复合驱增油效果影响研究.结果表明:弱碱三元复合体系中表面活性剂可与原油发生乳化作用,生成油水乳状液,乳状液在岩心多孔介质中运移所产生的"贾敏效应"导致渗流阻力增加,提高注入压力,扩大波及体积效果变好,乳化作用还会引起采出液剩余压力即流压减小;采出液含水率对乳化类型影响较大,W/O型乳状液向O/W型乳状液转型的临界含水率在60％左右;采出液油水相中都溶解了部分表面活性剂,原油中表面活性剂能够增强乳化作用和提高乳状液稳定性.对矿场生产数据分析表明,储层内油水乳化作用愈强,乳状液稳定性愈好,弱碱三元复合驱增油降水效果愈好.     

适合中深层稠油油藏的两亲性稠油乳化降黏剂的制备及性能评价

为了有效降低稠油黏度，进一步提高稠油油藏热采开发后的采收率，以甲基丙烯酰胺MAA、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵DMDAAC和有机硅表面活性单体T-Si为原料，制备了一种适合稠油油藏化学降黏开采用的MDT-1型两亲性稠油乳化降黏剂，并对其结构进行了表征，评价其综合性能。结果表明：当MDT-1型乳化降黏剂质量浓度为5 g/L时，对目标稠油样品的降黏率可以达到99.22%；对目标稠油的静态洗油率可以达到68.9%；注入1 PV质量浓度为5 g/L的MDT-1型乳化降黏剂后，油藏采收率可比水驱阶段提高37.08百分点；MDT-1型乳化降黏剂与稠油所形成的油水乳状液稳定性较差（120 min脱水率大于80%），乳化降黏后不会增加破乳脱水的工作难度。MDT-1型乳化降黏剂具有良好的界面活性、润湿性、降黏性、驱油性，且洗油效果较好，能够进一步提高稠油油藏热采采收率。研究成果对中深层稠油油藏的高效开发具有一定的指导意义。     

含蜡原油热处理过程中若干组分的作用

本文研究了大庆、南阳原油中的胶质—沥青质,石蜡—正构烷烃和微晶等组分在含蜡原油热处理过程中的作用,从而指出:(1)只有当原油中含有石蜡和适量的胶质—沥青质时,才具备用热处理方法来改善其低温流动性能的可能性。(2)胶质—沥青质在含蜡原油中具有非常显著的分散作用增粘作用。它们通过吸附、共晶等作用改变原池中石蜡的结晶习性、形态及结构强度,从而取得降凝、降粘等效果。(3)各种原油中胶与正构烷烃之比在0.43～5.2之间,经过最佳条件热处理就可显示出热处理效果。胶—正烷烃比在0.6～3.0之间热处理效果最佳。(4)微晶蜡在含蜡原油热处理过程中,其本身不能显示热处理效果,当加热温度高达微晶蜡能在原油中大量溶解的温度时,在降温重结晶过程中,微晶蜡的析出将恶化热处理效果。     

The influence of steam injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) on the quality of crude oil

Currently, due to reduction of oil reservoirs and the increasing need for oil as the main source for world energy, the need for production of heavy oil reservoirs is inevitable. The main purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of some operational and reservoir parameters and their impact on thermal and productive efficiency of thermal process of steam injection and quality of crude oil. In order to model the process, Eclipse-300 simulator was employed. Detection of these parameters, in addition to determining the best production scenario, can lead to the use of this method with better economic conditions. Hence, the results obtained from this study show that the optimal values obtained for operational parameters of stream injection such as steam quality, steam injection pressure, injection rate and well completion injection depth. The simulation results show that the use of optimal values of steam injection parameters can enhance efficiency of steam injection method and can make this method considered as third EOR method in heavy oil reservoirs than previously known in the petroleum industry.     

Gasoline- and diesel-like products from heavy oils via catalytic pyrolysis

Heavy oil is less expensive than light crude oil, but heavy oil is more expensive to obtain light oil products. Conventional light crude oil resources are decreasing, therefore heavy oil resources will be needed more in the future. There are huge differences from field to field for heavy oil deposits. In terms of final productive use, heavy oil is considered as an unconventional resource. Heavy oil upgrading depends on four important factors: catalyst selection, heavy oil classification, process design, and production economics. Heavy and extra-heavy oils are unconventional reservoirs of oil. Globally, 21.3% of total oil reserves are heavy oil. Heavy oil is composed of long chain organic molecules called heavy hydrocarbons. The thermal degradation of the heavy hydrocarbons in heavy oil generates liquid and gaseous products. All kinds of heavy oils contain asphaltenes, and therefore are considered to be very dense material. The most similar technologies for upgrading of heavy oils are pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis, thermal and catalytic cracking, and hydrocracking. The amount of liquid products obtained from pyrolysis of heavy oil was dependent on the temperature and the catalyst. Pyrolytic oil contains highly valuable light hydrocarbons as gasoline and diesel components range. The constant increase in the use of crude oils has raised prices of the most common commercial conventional products and consequently seeking for new alternative petroleum resources, like some unconventional oil resources, becomes an interesting issue. The mass contents of gasoline, diesel, and heavy oil in the crude oil are 44.6%, 38.3%, and 17.1%, respectively. The gasoline yield from the heavy oil catalytic (Na₂CO₃) pyrolysis is higher than the diesel efficiency for all conditions. The yield of gasoline products increases with increasing pyrolysis temperature (from 230°C to 350°C) and percentage of catalyst (from 5% to 10%). The yields of gasoline-like product are from 21.5% to 39.1% in 5% catalytic run and from 32.5% to 42.5% in 10% catalytic run. The yields of diesel-like product are from 9.3% to 29.8% in 5% catalytic run and from 15.5% to 33.7% in 10% catalytic run.     

海上射流泵井井筒温度场模型

稠油的开采方式主要是降低原油黏度,增加其流动性。由于原油的黏度对于温度极其敏感,热采开采方式备受关注。以渤海油田A区的实验井为例,介绍了射流泵井以多元热流体为动力液在同心管井筒的传热特点,研究了热流体在井筒各部分的传热过程,建立了综合传热系数的计算方法以及井筒温度场模型,根据相应的温度场求解流程,编制软件,并以实际射流泵生产井为例进行计算。实际测量结果与软件计算结果存在8.87%的误差,可以为后续海上稠油油田射流泵井工况诊断和参数优化提供保障。     

SP二元复合驱提高重质原油驱油效率室内实验研究

针对NB35—2块重质原油油藏特点、开发现状及油品性质,开展了聚合物／表面活性剂（SP）二元复合驱提高驱油效率、改善水驱开发效果室内实验研究。对不同类型表面活性剂与水的配伍性、与原油问的界面活性、抗盐性、长期热稳定性和驱油效果进行了考察,结果表明,筛选的SP二元复合驱油体系为：0．10％聚合物＋0．36％表面活性剂17^#,溶液黏度19．7mPa·s,与原油间界面张力达10^-3mN／m数量级以下;注入0．3PV可提高驱油效率32．35％。     

Alteration of asphaltic crude rheology with electromagnetic and ultrasonic irradiation

Electromagnetic heating and ultrasonic irradiation have the unique advantage of minimizing heat loss in the pipe or even in the unnecessary sections of the wellbore. In Canada, these processes have received significant attention in the context of heavy oil recovery. In Alaska, where heat loss to the surrounding makes the steam flooding process ineffective, electromagnetic heating is being reviewed as an option to recover heavy oil and gas from hydrates. Electromagnetic heating or ultrasonic irradiation can be effective in carbonate reservoirs as well. However, recently, concerns have been raised regarding irreversible alterations of crude oil properties due to these otherwise non-intrusive processes. This paper investigates the extent of thermal alterations of crude oil properties due to electromagnetic or ultrasonic irradiation. Experiments also involved the determination of thermal conductivity of carbonate rock, United Arab Emirates (UAE) crude and water for various mixtures. This followed the study of the effect of electromagnetic power for a given frequency on the thermal alteration of UAE crude in the presence of carbonate rock. The role of residual water saturation was also studied. Experiments showed that the efficiency of electromagnetic heating is very high and can be used to heat near the wellbore with minimal energy input. However, the presence of asphaltenes led to some irreversible alteration in crude oil rheology. The physics behind this alteration is investigated in this paper. Such alteration was not evident in the presence of ultrasonic treatment, even though the viscosity reduction during ultrasonic treatment was significant.     

河南油田稠油产出液低温脱水技术研究与应用

河南油田稠油开发产出液处理过程中,由于稠油粘度大、胶质含量高等特点,脱水难度大。提高脱水温度等方法,可以满足破乳脱水的要求,但不仅造成了大量的热能损失,同时给系统带来巨大的运行负荷,影响系统安全运行。新型低温破乳剂的研制应用,降低了原油脱水温度,提高了脱水效率,既有明显的节能效果,又提高了系统稳定性。     

稠油热采氮气泡沫调剖研究与应用

氮气泡沫热力驱是一种新的提高稠油油田采收率的方法。利用油田现场提供的起泡剂和原油等资料，从室内实验和现场应用两个方面，研究了氮气泡沫调剖在稠油热采中提高采收率的机理，并通过实验对泡沫剂进行优选和评价。驱替实验表明，最终驱油效率可达81．44％，比水驱提高了34．3％，残余油饱和度达到11．14％。同时，进行了氮气泡沫调剖的矿场设计和应用效果分析，现场应用表明，氮气泡沫调剖能较大幅度降低油田含水，提高采收率。     

中国稠油热采开发技术与发展方向

稠油是重要的石油资源类型,实现稠油资源持续、高效开发,对保障国家能源安全具有重要的现实意义。针对中国热采稠油的主要特征进行了分析和总结:在地质和油藏特征方面,中国稠油油藏类型多、埋藏深、油层薄、储层非均质严重、油水系统复杂;在组成特征方面,胶质和沥青质分子之间相互作用形成空间网状结构导致稠油黏度大;在流变特性方面,稠油存在临界温度,当温度大于临界温度时,稠油流变行为呈现牛顿流体流变特性,当温度小于临界温度时,稠油流变行为呈现具有屈服值的宾汉流体特征;在渗流特征方面,稠油在地下渗流呈现非达西渗流特征,存在启动压力梯度,其受温度、储层渗透率、地层原油黏度及沥青质含量影响。综述了国内外稠油开发技术现状,详细阐述了蒸汽吞吐、蒸汽驱、蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)、火烧油层、热复合开发等技术的主要机理、适用条件、应用实例、存在问题和发展方向,蒸汽吞吐仍是稠油热采的主要方式,蒸汽驱是蒸汽吞吐后有效接替技术之一,SAGD技术在引进吸收中取得重要进展,火烧油层成为大幅度提高采收率的重要技术,热复合开发技术实现难采稠油高效开发。研究结果表明,未来稠油开发需要发展高质高效的热力开发技术,协同采收率和油汽比"双目标"最大化,持续加强油藏描述、动态监测和注采调控,积极探索产热方式转变,从而实现稠油效益开发和绿色低碳发展。     

油煤共炼的理论基础及工艺过程优选

从原料油和煤的主要物化特征入手,描述了其热解和加氢热解的化学过程,在此基础上提出了采用两个反应器的新的工艺流程。油、煤热解过程有大量小分子烃类产生,从过程机理出发,选择合适的煤种,采取适当的措施便可以得到一定产率的轻质燃料油。油和煤的物化结构特征有差别,它们加氢热解生成的轻质燃油的组成不同,油加氢裂化生成的轻质燃油主要是大分子侧链及部分烷烃裂解产物;而来自煤的轻质燃油主要是单环、双环、三环芳烃,链烷烃量较少。油煤加氢共炼需要妥善应对原料油中胶质、沥青质热裂解带来的影响,避免其对煤热解造成负面影响。