蔬菜抗氧化活性研究进展

综述了蔬菜抗氧化作用的可能机理和蔬菜抗氧化作用的评价方法;重点介绍了体外和体内抗氧化作用的研究进展及其所取得的研究结果.不同类型不同品种的蔬菜抗氧化活性差异较大,其机理可分为:(1)清除活性氧自由基;(2)增强抗氧化酶活性;(3)阻断脂质过氧化链式反应;(4)减少DNA损伤.果蔬抗氧化作用的物质基础除维生素C、维生素E、β-胡萝卜素和微量元素外,还与茄红素、黄酮、花青素、儿茶素等黄酮类化合物密切相关;其抗氧化特性可能是多种营养成分和活性物质综合作用的结果.指出有必要加强在同一条件下用不同的测定方法对同一来源的蔬菜进行抗氧化活性比较的研究,为进一步开发和利用蔬菜中抗氧化活性物质提供依据.     

谷物抗氧化活性研究进展

谷物抗氧化是目前食品科学与工程技术领域的研究热点之一。本文将谷物体外抗氧化与体内抗氧化活性相联系,介绍谷物中植物性化学物质的抗氧化特性及谷物的体外抗氧化能力。从谷物的生物利用率和消化对抗氧化特性的影响,动物实验,人工介入,流行病学研究等几方面较系统地介绍谷物的体内抗氧化特性,以期为谷物抗氧化活性研究和相关功能性食品开发提供参考。     

灵芝深层发酵产物抗氧化活性物质与抗氧化能力分析

以不同灵芝菌株液体发酵产物作为研究材料,测定抗氧化活性物质含量,并利用多种抗氧化测定方法,分析不同菌株的体外抗氧化能力,评价活性物质含量间、抗氧化方法间及抗氧化方法与含量间的相关性。结果表明,供试菌株活性物质含量间的差异较大,紫芝13、德昌1号黄酮含量最高,而京大灵芝多糖、三萜、多酚含量显著高于其余菌株(p0.05),且四种活性物质含量间相关性不大;不同灵芝菌株抗氧化活性不同,其中京大灵芝具有较高的还原力,白灵芝、金地灵芝、有柄树舌2949 DPPH自由基清除能力较高,通江灵芝、紫芝101羟自由基清除能力较强,韩芝有较高的超阴离子自由基清除能力,且不同方法间存在较大差异,显著性不明显;四种活性物质含量与各抗氧化测定方法间相关系数低,表明灵芝的抗氧化能力贡献并不完全来自这四类物质。     

桉叶多酚提取物体内外抗氧化活性评价

桉叶资源丰富且生物活性高,但少有研究对桉叶多酚提取物进行系统的抗氧化活性评价。本实验旨在研究纯化后桉叶多酚提取物体内外抗氧化活性。以化学法、RAW264.7巨噬细胞模型、秀丽隐杆线虫（以下简称线虫）模型为评价方法,以自由基清除率、抗氧化酶活力及线虫寿命等为指标,评价桉叶多酚提取物的抗氧化能力。结果表明,桉叶多酚提取物具有良好的自由基清除能力和还原能力,在一定质量浓度下效果接近抗坏血酸。桉叶多酚提取物能显著提高氧化损伤RAW264.7巨噬细胞内抗氧化酶（超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶）活力和谷胱甘肽含量,并显著降低丙二醛含量（P＜0.05）,呈量效关系。此外,桉叶多酚提取物显著降低常规培养和氧化损伤条件下线虫体内活性氧积累量（P＜0.05）,提高线虫抗氧化能力,起到延长线虫寿命的作用。桉叶多酚提取物在体内外均表现出良好的抗氧化活性,具备开发食品抗氧化剂或功能食品的潜力。     

山楂果胶的抗氧化活性

目的：研究山楂果胶的体内外抗氧化活性。方法：离体条件测定山楂果胶对O2-·、DPPH自由基和·OH的清除能力;利用高脂小鼠模型考察山楂果胶在生物体内的总抗氧化能力。结果：山楂果胶离体条件对O2-·、DPPH自由基和·OH表现出显著的清除作用。山楂果胶能显著提高小鼠肝脏谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）的含量和抗氧化酶类谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）的活性,并可显著降低小鼠肝脏丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）的含量。结论：山楂果胶具有显著的体内外抗氧化活性,在功能食品等领域具有良好的应用前景。     

发酵程度不同的茶浸提液抗氧化能力比较及茶多酚细胞抗氧化活性研究

为研究发酵程度对茶浸提液体外抗氧化活性的影响,明确茶叶中主要的抗氧化活性成分,采用DPPH法和ORAC法对4种不同发酵类型茶浸提液的体外抗氧化活性进行测定,并对茶叶中功能性成分含量与抗氧化活性的相关性进行分析,同时还以HepG2人肝癌细胞为研究对象,对主要抗氧化活性物质的细胞抗氧化能力(CAA)进行分析。研究结果表明,2种抗氧化活性测定方法均得到相同的抗氧化活性规律:未发酵茶半发酵茶全发酵茶后发酵茶;相关性分析显示:茶叶中主要的抗氧化活性物质是茶多酚(P0.01),氨基酸含量对其抗氧化活性也有一定影响(P0.05);茶多酚显示出很强的细胞抗氧化能力,其CAA值相当于44.2±1.24μmol槲皮素/100μmol。     

蜂蜜抗氧化活性研究进展

蜂蜜是一种药食两用的天然甜味食品,具有抑菌、抗炎、治疗烫烧伤及儿童咳嗽等多种功能。这些功能均与蜂蜜中含有抗氧化活性物质有关,该文从体外和体内两方面综述了蜂蜜的抗氧化活性。     

诃子有效部位在体外模拟体内消化道环境抗氧化活性变化

为了研究诃子有效部位在体外模拟体内主要消化道环境中抗氧化活性的变化趋势与规律,本文对诃子有效部位经体外模拟体内主要消化道环境(口腔、胃、小肠)中处理后抗氧化活性(总多酚、总还原力、FRAP法抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基清除能力及总抗氧化能力)的变化进行了研究。结果表明,经人工模拟口腔环境处理后,诃子有效部位抗氧化活性显著降低(总多酚、总还原力、FRAP法抗氧化能力和DPPH自由基清除能力p0.01,总抗氧化能力p0.05);经人工模拟胃环境处理后,其抗氧化活性显著提高(p0.01);经人工模拟小肠环境处理后,其抗氧化活性显著降低(总多酚、总还原力、FRAP法抗氧化能力和DPPH自由基清除能力p0.01,总抗氧化能力p0.05)。本文为后续在体内环境进行功能食品实验提供参考。     

常见生物模型抗氧化活性评价方法的研究进展

机体的各种衰老和疾病的发生与体内自由基代谢、氧化平衡被打破有很大的关系。天然产物当中广泛存在着高效、无毒的天然抗氧化剂,其对于维持这种平衡,减少氧化对细胞内蛋白质、脂类、核酸等生物大分子的化学结构的破坏起到有效的防御作用。如何建立简捷、快速、有效的抗氧化模型,进而准确评价受试物的抗氧化活性,对其在食品、医药以及日化等领域的开发应用具有显著的指导意义。本文详细归纳总结了利用细胞、大鼠、小鼠、果蝇和秀丽隐杆线虫等生物体建立抗氧化模型方法的实验原理、建立方法以及各自生物抗氧化模型的种类、特点特性和相关的研究进展。通过分析各类生物模型抗氧化活性评价方法的优缺点,对抗氧化活性评价方法的发展趋势进行了分析展望。     

薏苡仁抗氧化活性研究进展

人体内过量的自由基加速人体衰老,并引发多种疾病,需要外来的抗氧化剂清除多余的自由基,从而达到体内的平衡。但是由于化学类抗氧化剂存在潜在的危险,天然的抗氧化剂成为研究的重点工作。薏苡仁可以治疗多种疾病,具有抗氧化作用。薏苡仁营养丰富,主要活性成分有薏苡仁油、薏苡仁多糖、薏苡仁油多肽等等。对薏苡仁的抗氧化活性研究表明,薏苡仁的活性成分可以清除自由基,修复细胞损伤。本文综述了目前研究中的薏苡仁油、薏苡仁多糖、薏苡仁油多肽的提取方法和应用,并指出目前研究的不足之处,为开发薏苡仁抗氧化产品提供指导。     

天然抗氧化植物化学物的研究进展

近年来大量研究发现,许多水果、蔬菜和中草药中富含具有抗氧化能力的植物化学物,它们能够保护机体,抵抗各种各样的疾病。因此,含有这些植物化学物的食品引起了消费者的关注,同时也成为科研工作者研究开发的热点。阐述近年来国内外对抗氧化植物化学物方面的一些研究进展,包括植物化学物抗氧化活性的评估、植物化学物的提取和分离。     

乳酸菌抗氧化调控体系研究进展

乳酸菌的抗氧化活性已经在多种体内外实验中被证实,其通过螯合金属离子、清除自由基、调控氧化还原 系统、调控相关信号通路等途径发挥作用。利用抗氧化活性乳酸菌开发天然抗氧化剂和抗衰老药品成为各领域研究 的热点。本文根据国内外乳酸菌抗氧化活性研究现状,论述了乳酸菌抗氧化作用的调控体系、评价体系及其在食品 中的应用现状,并对其发展趋势进行展望。     

Phenolic Antioxidant Biosynthesis in Plants for Functional Food Application: Integration of Systems Biology and Biotechnological Approaches

We are applying a dynamic systems biology approach to the development of several phenolic phytochemicals in food-grade plants as ingredients for functional food applications. Phenolic antioxidant phytochemicals from food-grade plants will be an important part of a healthy diet in a global population that is projected to reach 9 billion in the next 50 years. Such phytochemicals are being targeted for designing conventional foods with added health benefits (functional foods). Such value-added foods are needed for dietary support to manage major oxidation-linked diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, cognition diseases and cancer. Plants produce phenolic metabolites as a part of growth, developmental and stress-adaptation response. These stress and developmental-modulated phenolic phytochemicals can be targeted for the design of functional foods. In order to design consistent food-grade phytochemical profiles for safety and clinical relevancy, novel tissue culture and bioprocessing technologies have been developed. The strategy for designing these phenolic phytochemicals is based on the model that phenolic metabolites in plants are efficiently produced through an alternative mode of metabolism that links proline synthesis to activity of the pentose-phosphate pathway. Using the proline-linked pentose-phosphate pathway model, techniques have been developed to isolate high phenolic clonal lines of food-grade plants from single heterozygous seeds. Further, using the same model, elicitation concepts and techniques have been applied to over-produce phenolic metabolites in seeds and sprouts. In both clonal and seed sprout systems, exogenous treatment of phenolic phytochemicals from a non-target species elicited endogenous stimulation of phenolic synthesis and, potentially, an antioxidant response. From these investigations, a hypothetical model has been proposed in which the proline-linked pentose-phosphate pathway is critical for modulating protective antioxidant response pathways in diverse biological systems, including humans. This model, when confirmed precisely, may provide a mechanism for understanding the mode of action of phenolic phytochemicals in modulating antioxidant pathways in relation to human health. An understanding of the interconnection of the proline-linked pentose-phosphate pathway and antioxidant response pathway can provide dietary and nutritional mechanisms as well as new strategies to manage oxidation-linked diseases through improvement of host physiological response. In this review we have focused on clonal herbs, fava bean sprouts and cranberry bioprocessing as 3 model systems for understanding biosynthesis of phenolic metabolites for functional food application.     

Phenolic Antioxidant Biosynthesis in Plants for Functional Food Application: Integration of Systems Biology and Biotechnological Approaches

We are applying a dynamic systems biology approach to the development of several phenolic phytochemicals in food-grade plants as ingredients for functional food applications. Phenolic antioxidant phytochemicals from food-grade plants will be an important part of a healthy diet in a global population that is projected to reach 9 billion in the next 50 years. Such phytochemicals are being targeted for designing conventional foods with added health benefits (functional foods). Such value-added foods are needed for dietary support to manage major oxidation-linked diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, cognition diseases and cancer. Plants produce phenolic metabolites as a part of growth, developmental and stress-adaptation response. These stress and developmental-modulated phenolic phytochemicals can be targeted for the design of functional foods. In order to design consistent food-grade phytochemical profiles for safety and clinical relevancy, novel tissue culture and bioprocessing technologies have been developed. The strategy for designing these phenolic phytochemicals is based on the model that phenolic metabolites in plants are efficiently produced through an alternative mode of metabolism that links proline synthesis to activity of the pentose–phosphate pathway. Using the proline-linked pentose–phosphate pathway model, techniques have been developed to isolate high phenolic clonal lines of food-grade plants from single heterozygous seeds. Further, using the same model, elicitation concepts and techniques have been applied to over-produce phenolic metabolites in seeds and sprouts. In both clonal and seed sprout systems, exogenous treatment of phenolic phytochemicals from a non-target species elicited endogenous stimulation of phenolic synthesis and, potentially, an antioxidant response. From these investigations, a hypothetical model has been proposed in which the proline-linked pentose–phosphate pathway is critical for modulating protective antioxidant response pathways in diverse biological systems, including humans. This model, when confirmed precisely, may provide a mechanism for understanding the mode of action of phenolic phytochemicals in modulating antioxidant pathways in relation to human health. An understanding of the interconnection of the proline-linked pentose–phosphate pathway and antioxidant response pathway can provide dietary and nutritional mechanisms as well as new strategies to manage oxidation-linked diseases through improvement of host physiological response. In this review we have focused on clonal herbs, fava bean sprouts and cranberry bioprocessing as 3 model systems for understanding biosynthesis of phenolic metabolites for functional food application.     

Antioxidant activity of proteins and peptides

Proteins can inhibit lipid oxidation by biologically designed mechanisms (e.g. antioxidant enzymes and iron-binding proteins) or by nonspecific mechanisms. Both of these types of antioxidative proteins contribute to the endogenous antioxidant capacity of foods. Proteins also have excellent potential as antioxidant additives in foods because they can inhibit lipid oxidation through multiple pathways including inactivation of reactive oxygen species, scavenging free radicals, chelation of prooxidative transition metals, reduction of hydroperoxides, and alteration of the physical properties of food systems. A protein's overall antioxidant activity can be increased by disruption of its tertiary structure to increase the solvent accessibility of amino acid residues that can scavenge free radicals and chelate prooxidative metals. The production of peptides through hydrolytic reactions seems to be the most promising technique to form proteinaceous antioxidants since peptides have substantially higher antioxidant activity than intact proteins. While proteins and peptides have excellent potential as food antioxidants, issues such as allergenicity and bitter off-flavors as well as their ability to alter food texture and color need to be addressed.     

碱提桑黄菌丝体多糖的抗氧化活性

为了研究碱提桑黄菌丝体多糖PL-N的抗氧化活性。利用物理、化学方法分析了PL-N的化学组成及基本理化性质,在此基础上,通过体外抗氧化模型、细胞试验和D-半乳糖所致的小鼠亚急性衰老模型综合评价了PL-N对DPPH和羟自由基的清除作用、过氧化氢诱导SH-SY5Y神经细胞的保护作用及体内抗氧化活性。结果表明:PL-N的总糖和糖醛酸含量分别为84.92%和16.92%,不含蛋白质,主要由D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖组成,其分子摩尔比为5.5:7.8:1.8:1。PL-N具有明显的清除自由基能力,且呈剂量依赖关系,在2.0 mg/mL时,PL-N的DPPH和羟自由基清除率分别为72.1%和83.3%。同时,在80 μg/mL时,PL-N预处理对氧化损伤细胞的存活率达到88.7%,揭示其突出的体外抗氧化活性。与模型组相比,灌胃高剂量PL-N的小鼠脏器指数、血清和肝脏中的抗氧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力均极显著增加(P<0.01),丙二醛含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。由此可见,PL-N具有突出的抗氧化活性,可作为功能性食品应用于膳食、理疗中。     

Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds: from in vitro results to in vivo evidence

Over last decade an increasing interest for antioxidants in foods has arisen. The healthy properties of antioxidants related to the prevention of degenerative diseases are the main cause of this boom. An antioxidant prevents the oxidation process, the initial step of development of degenerative diseases, cancer and many others. Literature encompasses analytical methodology development to assess antioxidant properties of foods and beverages. The screening of antioxidant activity of foodstuffs is the subject of a large number of articles. Special interest has been addressed to wine, tea and chocolate. However, the crucial key in the prevention of disease is the action these antioxidants exert after their consumption. Studies involving human subjects are scarce due to the requirements of availability of volunteers and conditions to test are limited. This review summarizes data related to in vitro antioxidant activity of foods, emphasizing the main role of phenolic compounds. A critical comparison is realized between the biological significance of these values and the biological significance of in vivo measurements. In addition, the Plasma Antioxidant Capacity is evaluated and selected as biomarker for in vivo antioxidant status of human organism. In a second part, data collected from different intervention studies performed up to date are compiled and discussed. This review summarized data related to in vitro antioxidant activity of foods, emphasizing the main role of phenolic compounds. A critical comparison is realized between the biological significance of these values and the biological significance of in vivo measurements. In addition, the Plasma Antioxidant Capacity is evaluated and selected as biomarker for in vivo antioxidant status of human organism. In a second part, data collected from different intervention studies performed up to date are compiled and discussed. The original contribution of this work is to compile data of Plasma Antioxidant Capacity after dietetic intervention studies taking into account the portion of food ingested. In addition, we calculated the antioxidant compounds content (phenolic content, ascorbic acid, vitamin E and carotenoids) contained in each food ingested to evaluate better their impact in Plasma Antioxidant Capacity. Intervention studies are grouped by the length of intervention and type of food ingested. Results reported in literature reveal that the increment in Plasma Antioxidant Capacity largely depends on analytical method used.     

覆盆子糖蛋白的抗氧化作用

目的：研究覆盆子糖蛋白的体内外抗氧化作用。方法：通过测定覆盆子糖蛋白粗提物的总还原能力及对羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2 － ·)和DPPH 自由基的清除作用,证明覆盆子糖蛋白粗提物的体外抗氧化作用;并通过测定小鼠血清、肝脏、脑组织中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性的变化,研究覆盆子糖蛋白粗提物对小鼠体内抗氧化性的影响。结果表明：覆盆子糖蛋白粗提物可显著增强小鼠血清、肝脏、脑组织中CAT、SOD、GSH-Px 活性;并有一定的还原能力,并可有效地清除·OH、O2 － ·和DPPH 自由基。结论：覆盆子糖蛋白具有明显的抗氧化作用。