Frequency and behavior of Salmonella and Escherichia coli on whole and sliced jalapeño and serrano peppers

The frequencies of coliform bacteria (CB), thermotolerant coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli, and Salmonella were determined for jalape?o and serrano peppers. In addition, the behavior of four serotypes of Salmonella and three E. coli strains on whole and sliced jalape?o and serrano peppers as well as in blended sauce at 25 ± 2°C and 3 to 5°C was investigated. Chili peppers were collected from markets in the city of Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. CB, TC, E. coli, and Salmonella were detected on serrano peppers in 100, 90, 50, and 10 % of the samples, and on jalape?o peppers in 100, 86, 32, and 12 % of the samples. Concentrations of CB ranged from 3.8 to 7.9 log CFU per serrano sample and from 5.3 to 8.2 log CFU per jalape?o sample, whereas concentrations of TC and E. coli were between < 3 and 1,100 most probable number per serrano and jalape?o samples. On whole serrano and jalape?o peppers stored at 25 ± 2°C or 3 to 5°C, no growth was observed for rifampin-resistant strains of Salmonella and E. coli. After 6 days at 25 ± 2°C, the tested Salmonella serotypes and E. coli strains had decreased from an initial inoculum level of 5 log CFU to 1 and 2.5 log on serrano and jalape?o peppers, respectively, and at 3 to 5°C they decreased to approximately 1.8 and 1.2 log, respectively, on serrano and jalape?o. Both the Salmonella serotypes and E. coli grew on sliced chili peppers and in blended sauce; after 24 h at 25 ± 2°C, both bacteria types had grown to approximately 4 and 5 log CFU on pepper slices and in sauce, respectively. At 3 to 5°C the bacterial growth was inhibited.     

Synthesis and structure–activity relationships and effects of phenylpropanoid amides of octopamine and dopamine on tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidation

Phenylpropanoid amides of octopamine (OA) 1a–1e and dopamine (DA) 2a–2e were synthesised and the structure–activity relationships (SARs) for antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activities were analysed. Among synthesised compounds, 2c, which contains two catechol moieties, exhibited the most DPPH radical-scavenging activity (EC₅₀ = 16.2 ± 2.4 μM), and 1d exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 5.3 ± 1.8 μM). Interestingly, with the same acid moiety, OA derivatives showed more inhibitory effect on tyrosinase than did compounds derived from DA, whereas DA derivatives were found to have higher antioxidant activity than compounds derived from OA. The relationship between their structures and their potencies, demonstrated in the current study, will be useful for the design of optimal agents.     

Knitting and Embroidery

ITMA ASIA Hall 4 Stand No. B76OTEMAS Hall 5 booth 5001At the 7th otemas the textile machinery manufacturer KarlMayer, together with Nippon Mayer Ltd, will be exhibitingthe latest tricot, Raschel and warping machines at a 360 m～2large exhibition stand in,included will be the HKS 4 EL high-performance tricot machine in a max. working width of 4,572 mm (180″) and gauge E 28. This machine works withelectronic EL ghde bar control system so that a pattern changecan be catried out in a …     

Dyeing and Finishing

Santex -GroupITMA ASIA Hall 5 Stand No. A43The Santex-Group prepares a joint booth:·Santex AG, Tobel/Switzerland, specialized in machines andknow-how for finishing of knitted fabrics·SperottoRimar S.p.A.. Malo/Italy, with machines and plantsfor woven fabrics. especially also for wool·Santex Nonwoven,Tobel/Switzerland, with plant technol-ogy for thermobonding and nonwoven manufacturing·Cavitec AG, Munchwilen/Switzerland, specialized in ma-chines and plants for industrial textil…     

Antibody and cell-mediated immune responses and survival between Holstein and Norwegian Red × Holstein Canadian calves

As an extension of a former study, the objectives of this study were to evaluate purebred Holstein (HO; n = 140) and crossbred Norwegian Red × Holstein (NRFX; n = 142) calves for antibody (AMIR) and cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR) as well as survival. Blood was collected on d 0, 14, and 21, and calves were immunized on d 0 and 14 with type 1 (Candida albicans) and type 2 (hen egg white lysozyme) antigens, which have been shown to induce CMIR and AMIR, respectively. Day 21 background skin-fold measurements of either side of the tail-fold were taken and intradermal injections of test (type 1 antigen) and control (phosphate saline buffer) were administered. Day 23 final skin-fold measurements were taken to assess delayed type hypersensitivity as an indicator of CMIR. Survival data were obtained from CanWest Dairy Herd Improvement. Statistical Analysis System general linear models were used to analyze all immune response and survival data and to determine statistical significance between breeds. Results showed that NRFX had greater primary IgM, IgG, IgG1, and secondary IgG1 antibody response, as well as greater primary IgG1:IgG2 ratio to the type 2 antigen compared with HO. The NRFX also had greater primary IgG1 and IgG2, and secondary IgG2 antibody response as well as greater primary IgG1:IgG2 ratio to the type 1 antigen. The NRFX calves had a tendency toward greater survival from age at immune response testing to calving. No difference was observed between breeds for other secondary antibody response traits or delayed type hypersensitivity. Results indicate NRFX have greater AMIR and therefore may have enhanced defense against extracellular pathogens. This may contribute to increased survival compared with HO. Both breeds, however, likely have similar defense against intracellular pathogens, because no differences in CMIR were observed. In general, these results may suggest that crossbreeding could improve resistance to certain diseases in dairy calves, resulting in decreased input costs to producers for crossbred calves compared with purebred calves. However, more research with larger sample sizes and different breeds should be conducted to confirm these results and obtain a complete picture of the benefits of crossbreeding on immune response traits in calves.     

When and where do dairy cows defecate and urinate?

The accumulation of urine and feces can be responsible for many cow and environmental problems. Despite this, little is known about the factors affecting defecation and urination. In the first experiment, the occurrence of defecation and urination behaviors of 48 lactating Holstein cows was observed [days in milk (DIM) = 144.7 ± 38.0 d, body weight (BW) = 667.1 ± 72.0 kg, parity = 2.8 ± 2.3] in freestalls over 48 h. In the second experiment, defecation and urination by 29 lactating Holstein dairy cows were observed (DIM = 62 ± 22.1 d, BW = 590 ± 70.0 kg, parity = 2 ± 1.3) in another freestall barn over a period of 5 d and related to cow activity and feeding behavior. In both experiments, based on total occurrence of eliminative behaviors, cows mainly defecated (experiment 1: 33.4 ± 2.0%; experiment 2: 42.3 ± 3.1%) and urinated (experiment 1: 28.2 ± 2.5%; experiment 2: 42.7 ± 4.0%) in the feed alley and while occupying a stall (defecation: experiment 1: 28.5 ± 1.0%; experiment 2: 26.2 ± 3.0%; urination: experiment 1: 42.2 ± 1.5%; experiment 2: 39.9 ± 3.8%). Occupying a stall included lying, standing in the stall, or standing with 2 feet in the stall and 2 feet in the alley. In both experiments, differences were found between cows in frequency of defecation (experiment 1: 9.8 ± 4.2/d, range = 3 to 20; experiment 2: 15.4 ± 4.3/d, range = 6 to 36) and in frequency of urination (experiment 1: 7.0 ± 3.1/d, range = 2 to 18; experiment 2: 9.3 ± 2.8/d, range = 3 to 19). Large differences between cows were observed in the frequency of defecation and urination, but these were not correlated with parity, milk production, BW, DIM, or dry matter intake.     

al or potential harm, and that methods and meas

sizes more on the regulation of authentication and trade mark, pays more attention to methods of food eating, and concerns the differences among eaters more. Also, they differ rather obviously in public administration.“ Food quality”, a definition of“ degree”, means the degree of food quality, including both high-class food and low-grade food. Bu“tfood safety”is an“ absolute” definition, meaning that there is no acute or chronic danger in the food.“ Food sanitary” is also an“ absolute” definition. The opinion h     

Has the burden and distribution of PCBs and PBDEs changed in European background soils between 1998 and 2008? Implications for sources and processes

Background soils were collected from 70 locations on a latitudinal transect in the United Kingdom and Norway in 2008, ten years after they had first been sampled in 1998. The soils were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCs), to see whether there had been any change in the loadings or distributions of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The same transect has also been used to sample air between the mid-1990s and the present, so the air and soil spatial and temporal trends provide information on air-soil transfers, source-receptor relationships, long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), and recycling phenomena. Comparisons of the 2008 and 1998 data sets show a general decline for PBDEs in surface soil, and a smaller averaged net decline of PCBs. Changes between the years were observed for total POP concentrations in soil and also for correlations with site and sample characteristics assumed to affect those concentrations. POP concentrations were correlated to distance and strength of possible sources, a relationship that became weaker in the 2008 data. Fractionation, a commonly discussed process for the global cycling of POPs was also lost in the 2008 data. As in 1998, soil organic matter content continues to have a strong influence on the loadings of POPs in surface soils, but changes in the PCB loads were noted. These factors indicate an approach to air-surface soil equilibrium and a lessening of the influence of primary sources on POP concentrations in soil between 1998 and 2008.     

Identification and characterization of yak α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin

α-Lactalbumin (α-LA) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) were isolated from yak milk and identified by mass spectrometry. The variant of α-LA (L8IIC8) in yak milk had 123 amino acids, and the sequence differed from α-LA from bovine milk. The amino acid at site 71 was Asn (N) in domestic yak milk, but Asp (D) in bovine and wild yak milk sequences. Yak β-LG had 2 variants, β-LG A (P02754) and β-LG E (L8J1Z0). Both domestic yak and wild yak milk contained β-LG E, but it was absent in bovine milk. The amino acid at site 158 of β-Lg E was Gly (G) in yak but Glu (E) in bovine. The yak α-LA and β-LG secondary structures were slightly different from those in bovine milk. The denaturation temperatures of yak α-LA and β-LG were 52.1°C and 80.9°C, respectively. This study provides insights relevant to food functionality, food safety control, and the biological properties of yak milk products.     

Degradation and isomerization of chlorophyll a and β-carotene as affected by various heating and illumination treatments

The degradation and isomerization of β-carotene and chlorophyll a as affected by oven-heating, reflux-heating, iodine-catalysed illumination, and non-iodine-catalysed illumination, were studied. Results showed that the degradations of both total β-carotene and chlorophyll a may fit the first-order model under either heating or illumination treatment. 13-cis-β-Carotene and 13,15-di-cis-β-carotene were the major cis isomers of β-carotene formed during oven heating, while 13-cis-β-carotene was favoured during reflux heating. For illumination with or without iodine as catalyst, 13,15-di-cis-β-carotene was the major cis isomer of β-carotene formed. The formation of 13,15-di-cis-β-carotene may be due to conversion of either 13-cis- or 15-cis-β-carotene. No epimerization of chlorophyll a was observed as a result of illumination.     

Word Formation and Beyond

Whether in technical texts or in vocabulary tests, students will certainly come across words that they do not know. Of course, they can look them up in a dictionary, but that would be both tiring and time-consuming. Besides, it would seriously interrupt their understanding. So how to help them extend vocabulary and hence to develop a proficient reading ability has become a crucial problem in EST teaching. Here, we'd like to deal with     

Testing and Quality Control

Mahlo GmbHITMA ASIA Hall 5 Stand No. B126Mahlo GmbH & Co. KG will have on show its most recentline in monitoring and control systems for the textile industry.The display will feature Orthomat RFMC-104A/MFRC-104ACombi-Weft-control System, Colorscan CIS-10A Colour In-spechon System, Optipac VMC-10A Process-control System,Qualiscan QMS- 10A Quality-control System, Pattern-controlSystem PCS-10A, Textometer DMB-10 Portable moisturemeter and temperature gauge, Colorguide C…     

Localization and speciation of arsenic in soil and desert plant Parkinsonia florida using μXRF and μXANES

Parkinsonia florida is a plant species native to the semidesert regions of North America. The cultivation characteristics of this shrub/tree suggest that it could be used for phytoremediation purposes in semiarid regions. This work describes, through the use of synchrotron μXRF and μXANES techniques and ICP-OES, the arsenic (As) accumulation and distribution in P. florida plants grown in two soils spiked with As at 20 mg kg(-1). Plants grown in a sandy soil accumulated at least twice more As in the roots compared to plants grown in a loamy soil. The lower As accumulation in plants grown in the loamy soil corresponded to a lower concentration of As in the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of this soil. LC-ICP-MS speciation analysis showed only As(V) in the WSF from all treatments. In contrast, linear combination XANES speciation analysis from the root tissues showed As mainly present in the reduced As(III) form. Moreover, a fraction of the reduced As was found coordinating to S in a form consistent with As-Cys(3). The percentage of As coordinated to sulfur was smaller for plants grown in the loamy soil when compared to the sandy soil.     

Aluminium and Its Complexes in Teas and Fruity Brew Samples,Speciation and Ions Determination by Ion Chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Fluorescence Analytical Methods

The paper presents results of aluminium determination in samples of black and fruit teas. Total aluminium concentration was determined along with the concentration of aluminium in a cup of tea in tea samples in two price groups (>1€ and <1€). Based on the conducted study, no differences were found in aluminium concentration in black and fruit teas depending on the price group. Developed ion chromatography method was applied to determine inorganic and organic ions in tea samples, especially those which may form complexes with aluminium: fluoride, sulphate, oxalate and citrate ions. Analysis by this method using ion chromatography allowed for the determination of 12 anions: F^?, HCOO^?, CH₃COO^?, NO₂ ^?, Br^?, NO₃ ^?; Cl^?, CH₂(COO)₂ ^2?, SO₄ ^2?, C₂O₄ ^2?, PO₄ ^3? and C₃H₅O(COO)₃ ^3? in the time of 40 min. Speciation analysis of aluminium was performed in optimised HPLC-fluorescence analytical system (with Lumogallion as a post-column reagent). It was observed that organic aluminium complexes are quickly degraded to form Al³⁺ which is the reason why speciation analysis in tea samples does not provide the full image of speciation distribution. Nevertheless, this developed method was successfully used in the determination of aluminium complexes with fluorides in tea samples.