Microbiological and biochemical studies on Gergoush fermentation

According to the results obtained, three steps in Gergoush fermentation were identified. Step one is the primary starter preparation and comprises a 12-15 h propagation of the natural thermotolerant bacterial flora of the legume ingredient of Gergoush using the legume and boiled milk as a propagation medium. This primary starter is then used in step two to inoculate a wheat flour dough to produce the adapted starter in a 1-2-h fermentation time. The adapted starter is finally used in step three to raise the main Gergoush dough. In all of the three steps of Gergoush fermentation, three genera of bacteria dominated. They were tentatively identified as lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. Their counts reached a maximum in the primary starter stage of 2.2 x 10(7), 2.8 x 10(8) and 7.3 x 10(7) CFU/g, respectively. These bacteria produced lactic, acetic and butyric acids. The concentrations of the acids were maximum in the primary starter and reached values of 0.6%, 0.4% and 0.5%, respectively, and the pH decreased from 6.1 to 4.1. Baked Gergoush has a pH of about 5 and contains about 59% starch, 16% protein, 18% fat, 6.5% water and 0.5% ash.     

固态发酵食醋生产过程中主要微生物及风味生成的探讨

实验研究了不同时间、不同醋醅层次的微生物分布和数量变化规律,探索影响风味形成的因素。结果表明,发酵前5 d,酵母菌和乳酸菌迅速增殖,第5天酵母菌数达到最高3.4×107 CFU/g,乳酸菌最高为3.2×107 CFU/g,以乳酸为主的不挥发酸同时也生成较快;醋酸菌前3 d增长迅速,之后缓慢增长并以生成挥发性的醋酸为主,第11天醋酸菌数量达到峰值为4.0×107 CFU/g,13 d以后逐渐消亡。醋酸发酵初期,pH值迅速下降,不挥发酸迅速增加,不挥发酸占总酸的比值最大在第7天,为87.22%;总酸在发酵中期的7～13 d增幅最大。乳酸菌的消长影响着不挥发酸的生成,醋酸菌的消长影响着总酸的生成,醋酸发酵过程中控制合适的发酵条件,使两者的相互协调生长,有利于产品口感风味的调和。     

Improvement of organoleptic quality of retted cassava products by alkali pretreatment of roots and addition of sodium nitrate during retting

Alkali pretreatment of cassava roots before retting and addition of sodium nitrate during retting were used to manipulate the metabolism of microorganisms involved in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) retting, as a method for removing the characteristic offensive odour of retted cassava products. Odour was assessed by organoleptic methods. The characteristics of fermentation of cassava by the traditional method (control) were as follows; aerobic mesophilic count (APC) on nutrient agar (NA) at 30 degrees C/48 h, attained a maximum of 2.3 x 10(7)/ml retting juice while counts on de Man Rogosa and Sharpe agar (MRS) at 30 degrees C/48 h were 1.6 x 10(8)/ml. Maximum titrable acidity was 0.062% lactic acid by weight of retting juice. Cassava was retted in 3 days and the product exhibited characteristic offensive odour. Addition of NaNO3 into retting water effectively removed odour at a concentration of 0.3 g/l. Maximum APC on NA/30 degrees C/48 h was 6.8 x 10(6)/ml. Counts on MRS/30 degrees C/48 h exceeded 2.4 x 10(9)/ml. Retting was complete in 3 days with a final titrable acidity of 0.068% of retting juice. Removal of odour likely resulted from selection of homo-fermentative lactic acid bacteria, thus producing mostly odourless lactic acid. Alkali pretreatment of roots before retting was efficacious in removing odour at a concentration of 10 g/l for 30 min. This fermentation was characterized by APC on NA/30 degrees C/48 h of 5.4 x 10(6)/ml; MRS/30 degrees C/48 h reached a maximum of only 10 x 10(4)/ml and correspondingly low titrable acidity of 0.003%. Low counts of lactic acid bacteria correlate well with the absence of odour in this sample. Both treatments did not adversely affect the detoxification process, yielding "foo-foo" with HCN levels lower than 10 mg/kg. Residual nitrates and nitrites of 30 mg/kg in the sodium nitrate-treated sample were also within the safe limits of 156 mg/kg allowed in many countries. Organoleptically improved samples were acceptable to the public.     

Inoculant effects on alfalfa silage: fermentation products and nutritive value

The effect of 14 microbial inoculants on the fermentation and nutritive value of alfalfa silages was studied under laboratory conditions. The first cut (477 g of dry matter/kg) and second cut (393 g of dry matter/kg) of a second-year alfalfa stand were ensiled in 2 trials. In both trials alfalfa was harvested with standard field equipment. All inoculants were applied at 1.0 × 10⁶ cfu/g of crop. Uninoculated silages served as controls. After inoculants were added, the chopped forages were ensiled in 1.0- and 0.5-L anaerobic glass jars, respectively, at a density of 500 g/L. Each trial had 15 treatments (uninoculated control and 14 inoculants), with 4 silos per treatment. Silos were stored for a minimum of 30 d at room temperature (∼22°C). In first-cut silage, all inoculants but one reduced pH relative to the uninoculated control, and all but 2 of the homofermentative strains shifted fermentation toward lactic acid. In second-cut silage, the epiphytic lactic acid bacterial population was 2.7 × 10⁷ cfu/g, and only commercial inoculants produced significant shifts in fermentation. Overall, microbial inoculants generally had a positive effect on alfalfa silage characteristics in terms of lower pH and shifting fermentation toward lactic acid with homofermentative lactic acid bacteria or toward acetic acid with heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus buchneri. These effects were stronger in the commercial products tested. In spite of the positive effects on silage fermentation, 48-h in vitro true DM digestibility was not improved by inoculation with lactic acid bacteria.     

Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of kefir during storage

Changes in certain microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory parameters of kefir were studied during refrigerated storage. Kefir batches were prepared using 1% and 5% added kefir grains, and samples for analysis were taken 24 h after inoculation and then after 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of storage at 5 ± 1 °C. After fermentation for 24 h after inoculation, lactobacilli and lactococci were present at levels of 10⁸ cfu/ml, and yeasts and acetic acid bacteria were present at levels of 10⁵ and 10⁶ cfu/ml, respectively. The lactic acid flora decreased by about 1.5 log units between days 7 and 14 and then stabilized at that level. Yeast and acetic acid bacterial counts, lactose, and pH all remained constant over the storage period, while the total fat content and dry matter decreased. The percentage inoculate did exert an influence, and the sample batches made using 1% added kefir grains had higher lactic acid bacterial counts, lactose, and pH, while the sample batches made using 5% added kefir grains had higher yeast and acetic acid bacterial counts and viscosity. The total fat and dry matter contents were similar in both sample batches. Sensory analysis of the kefir samples revealed maximum acceptability levels in the first 2 days of storage.     

Characterisation of the microflora of attiéké, a fermented cassava product, during traditional small-scale preparation

Attiéké is a fermented cassava product consumed mainly in Cote d'Ivoire. The aim of this study was to characterise the attiéké fermentation by examining products from 15 small-scale production sites at various stages of its preparation. For the preparation of attiéké, fresh cassava is grated to a pulp and inoculated with 10% of a spontaneous traditional inoculum. The inocula contained aerobic mesophiles at mean numbers of 8.2 x 10(7) cfu/g and lactic and acetic acids at mean concentrations of 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. The mean pH was 5.0. Lactic acid bacteria were the dominant microorganisms in cassava pulp throughout fermentation with the mean numbers being 1.2 x 10(9) cfu/g after 15 h. The identification to the species level of microorganisms from one representative attiéké production of good quality showed that, at the start of fermentation, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides was present in the highest numbers, accounting for 20% of all lactic acid bacteria. As the fermentation proceeded, this species was replaced by homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii, present at 20% and 16%, respectively, and obligate heterofermentatives, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus confusus at 12% and 10%, respectively, of total lactic acid bacteria in the flora at the end of fermentation. High numbers of acid-sensitive microorganisms, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus lentus, Enterobacter sakazakii, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, were transferred to the pulp in the inocula, but acidification to a mean pH of 4.4 with mean lactic and acetic acid concentrations of 0.59% and 0.2%, respectively, prevented their growth and reduced their numbers to less than 10(2) cfu/g at the end of fermentation. The mean numbers of Candida tropicalis, the main yeast present, remained relatively constant at about 10(5) cfu/g throughout attiéké production. The mean numbers of aerobic mesophiles decreased to below 10(2) cfu/g as a result of the steaming process. The finished attiéké had a mean pH of 4.4 and mean lactic and acetic acid concentrations of 0.6% and 0.1%, respectively.     

一株强化发酵甜瓣子的乳酸片球菌特性及应用效果评价

甜瓣子是以蚕豆制曲后加盐水发酵而成的,是郫县豆瓣风味形成的关键阶段。筛选适用于强化甜瓣子发酵的专用乳酸菌,以期应用于强化甜瓣子发酵。以甜瓣子为原料筛选生长速度快、产酸能力强的高效乳酸菌,研究其生长特性。利用筛选得到的高效乳酸菌制备菌剂并用于强化甜瓣子发酵,分析甜瓣子品质。该研究筛选得到1株乳酸片球菌ND1,37℃培养6 h、OD610达1.375,培养24 h发酵液中乳酸含量达到1.296 g/100 g。ND1在4~50℃条件生长良好,高温更利于其生长,在37~45℃生长速度最快;能耐受10%的盐,在盐含量(质量分数)为0%~8%的条件生长良好;在pH 3.5~6生长速度快。利用菌株ND1发酵得到的乳酸菌剂活菌数可达1.07×10^12CFU/g,利用该菌剂发酵甜瓣子,可有效提高甜瓣子中有机酸(尤其是乙酸、苹果酸、乳酸)含量,强化甜瓣子风味。该研究筛选的乳酸片球菌ND1具有良好的温度、酸度、盐度适应性,能改善甜瓣子中有机酸含量,有望被用作强化甜瓣子发酵增香的乳酸菌,改善郫县豆瓣品质。     

Inhibitory activity of cheese whey fermented with kefir grains

We investigated the chemical and microbiological compositions of three types of whey to be used for kefir fermentation as well as the inhibitory capacity of their subsequent fermentation products against 100 Salmonella sp. and 100 Escherichia coli pathogenic isolates. All the wheys after fermentation with 10% (wt/vol) kefir grains showed inhibition against all 200 isolates. The content of lactic acid bacteria in fermented whey ranged from 1.04 × 10(7) to 1.17 × 10(7) CFU/ml and the level of yeasts from 2.05 × 10(6) to 4.23 × 10(6) CFU/ml. The main changes in the chemical composition during fermentation were a decrease in lactose content by 41 to 48% along with a corresponding lactic acid production to a final level of 0.84 to 1.20% of the total reaction products. The MIC was a 30% dilution of the fermentation products for most of the isolates, while the MBC varied between 40 and 70%, depending on the isolate. The pathogenic isolates Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis 2713 and E. coli 2710 in the fermented whey lost their viability after 2 to 7 h of incubation. When pathogens were deliberately inoculated into whey before fermentation, the CFU were reduced by 2 log cycles for E. coli and 4 log cycles for Salmonella sp. after 24 h of incubation. The inhibition was mainly related to lactic acid production. This work demonstrated the possibility of using kefir grains to ferment an industrial by-product in order to obtain a natural acidic preparation with strong bacterial inhibitory properties that also contains potentially probiotic microorganisms.     

泡菜生产的微生物区系分析

通过对泡菜水的微生物区系分析,证明了泡菜发酵是一种特殊的混菌共酵。发酵初期,各类微生物相互竞争,大量繁殖,数量增加较快,渐而乳酸菌、醋酸菌成为优势菌群,泡菜液的pH值开始明显下降,其他微生物受到抑制。在发酵2~3d,微生物数量达到高峰,之后所有微生物数量开始下降,并逐渐平稳。整个泡菜发酵周期确定为7d,在泡菜发酵第7天,乳酸菌群数量245.0×105~404.6×105CFU/mL;醋酸菌群数量13.1×104~14.0×104CFU/mL;丁酸菌群数量2.5×103~3.2×103CFU/mL;酵母菌群数量4.0×102~5.1×102CFU/mL。微生物的数量变化说明了泡菜的发酵过程,在生产中注意把握微生物的变化动态,有利于控制产品质量。     

The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a chemical preservative on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage

Several microorganisms and one chemical preservative were tested for their effects on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. Whole-plant corn (one-half milk line, 31.3% dry matter) was ensiled in quadruplicate 20-L laboratory silos untreated or after the following treatments: Lactobacillus buchneri at 1 x 10(5) and 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of fresh forage; two different strains of L. plantarum, each at 1 x 10(6) cfu/g; and a buffered propionic acid-based product at 0.1% of fresh forage weight. After 100 d of ensiling, silage treated with L. buchneri (1 x 10(6) cfu/g) had a lower concentration of lactic acid compared with the untreated silage, but was similar to other treated silages. The silage treated with the high (1 x 10(6) cfu/g), but not the moderate rate (1 x 10(5) cfu/g) of L. buchneri also had a greater concentration of acetic acid (3.60%) and less yeasts (2.01 log cfu/g) when compared with other treatments (average of 1.88% acetic acid and 5.85 log cfu of yeasts/g). Silages treated with L. plantarums, the moderate rate of L. buchneri, and the chemical preservative took longer to heat than untreated silage when exposed to air, but improvements were numerically small (6.3 to 10.5 h). In contrast, silage treated with the high rate of L. buchneri never heated throughout a 900-h period of monitoring. Inoculating corn silage with 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of L. buchneri resulted in a more heterolactic fermentation and dramatically improved the aerobic stability of corn silage.     

荸荠加工废弃物混合发酵法制备水产益生菌的工艺优化

本研究通过筛选合适发酵菌种,以荸荠的废渣和废水为发酵基料,以发酵后的活乳酸菌数和酵母菌数为指标,考察不同发酵条件对发酵液中活菌数的影响,通过单因素实验和L₉(34)正交试验确定荸荠加工废弃物制备水产益生菌的工艺方法。结果表明:植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum BL191)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC187)为合适的发酵菌种;最佳混合发酵工艺条件是:荸荠渣、荸荠废水混合比例1:2 (g/mL),BL191和SC187混合比例3:7 (g/g),接种量12%,发酵温度34 ℃,发酵时间48 h,制备得到的水产益生菌中BL191菌数为33.9×108 CFU/g,SC187菌数为15.9×108 CFU/g,含有丰富的营养物质,其氨基酸总量较发酵前提高了1.8倍,8种必需氨基酸均增加了48%以上。本研究有助于解决荸荠加工过程产生废弃物对环境造成的污染,也为水产养殖减少抗生素滥用等方面提供理论基础。     

温度对白菜废弃物青贮发酵品质的影响及微生物多样性分析

为探索废弃白菜在不同季节温度时的青贮可行性,模拟兰州地区气候条件,探讨了不同温度下废弃白菜的青贮品质,并结合MiSeq高通量测序对青贮过程的微生物菌群进行分析。设置OA(低)、RA(中)和HA(高)3个温度处理组,青贮发酵30 d后从感官质量、干物质及有机组分含量、发酵品质等角度分析发酵品质,并通过Illumina MiSeq平台解析温度对微生物菌群的影响差异。结果表明,青贮发酵30 d时3个处理组均未发霉或腐烂,感官质量尚好或优等。中温青贮发酵能产生乳酸和乙酸等有机酸,使pH下降至3.95,氨氮含量仅为3.45 g/100 g(总氮),中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维分别降至21.51 g/100 g DM和18.36 g/100 g DM,粗蛋白含量能够达到18.04 g/100 g DM。微生物多样性分析表明,中温青贮发酵时的OTUs数量最高为87,微生物丰富度和多样性较好,厚壁菌(相对丰度87.27%)、乳酸杆菌(相对丰度80.07%)分别为门、属水平优势菌,中温时乳酸细菌总相对丰度高达87%以上,保持了良好的乳酸发酵强度。总之,白菜废弃物在中温(18±1)℃条件青贮能获得良好品质,有机组分的变化有助于提高饲用价值。     

The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and other additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage

Whole-plant barley (39.4% dry matter) was treated with various chemical and biological additives to assess their effects on silage fermentation and aerobic stability. Treatments were untreated forage, forage treated with several amounts of Lactobacillus buchneri and enzymes (L. buchneri at 1 x 10(5), 5 x 10(5), and 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of fresh forage), forage treated with an inoculant containing (Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, and enzymes), or forage treated with a buffered propionic acid-based additive (0.2% of fresh weight). Sixty-nine d after ensiling, silages treated with L. buchneri and enzymes had lower pH, but had higher concentrations of acetic and propionic acids and higher concentrations of ethanol when compared with untreated silage. Silage treated with the multistrain inoculant containing L. plantarum had lower pH and higher concentrations of lactic acid, but lower concentrations of ammonia-N, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber than did untreated silage. The addition of the buffered propionic acid additive resulted in silage with higher concentrations of lactic and acetic acid compared with untreated silage. Numbers of yeasts in all silages were low at silo opening (less than 3.0 log cfu/g) and were numerically the lowest in silages treated with L. buchneri but only treatment with the intermediate and high level of L. buchneri improved the aerobic stability of silage. Because of the altered fermentation pattern, inoculation with L. buchneri, when applied at equal to or more than 5 x 10(5) cfu/g, and enzymes improved the aerobic stability of barley silage.     

航天香醋发酵工艺研究

采用搭载后的大曲,曲霉、乳酸菌等均有所增加。通过正交试验研究和模糊综合评价表明,在稀醪与酒精发酵时,活性干酵母添加量0．2％、航天大曲添加量1．2％、醋酸菌添加量0．7％,发酵温度32℃;固态发酵时以醋醅含水量60％、翻醅次数为10次、醅温控制在38℃,固态发酵15d,生产的航天香醋酸味柔和、丰厚、营养丰富,具有航天大曲特有香气。     

The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of high moisture corn in laboratory silos

The production of antifungal compounds during fermentation could be a useful mechanism to improve the aerobic stability of fermented feeds when they are exposed to air. High moisture corn (26% moisture) was ground and inoculated with various amounts of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788, a heterolactic acid bacteria, and ensiled in laboratory silos. Inoculation with L. buchneri 40788 from 1 x 10(5) to 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of corn had minor effects on the end products of fermentation during the early stage of ensiling (< or = 14 d). However, after 49, 92, and 166 d of ensiling, increasing the application rate of L. buchneri 40788 applied to corn increased the concentration of acetic acid when compared to untreated corn. Addition of L. buchneri 40788 had few other effects on the end products of fermentation. Dry matter recovery and aerobic stability were measured after 92 and 166 d of ensiling. At these times, dry matter recovery was not different among treatments, and numbers of yeasts and molds tended to decrease as the application rate of L. buchneri 40788 increased. Aerobic stability (number of h prior to a 2 degrees C rise in temperature after exposure to air) was markedly improved by the addition > or = 5 x 10(5) cfu/g of L. buchneri 40788. Combining L. buchneri 40788 with L. plantarum did not impart better aerobic stability than when L. buchneri 40788 was applied alone to corn. Addition of L. buchneri 40788 did not affect the rate of fermentation in high moisture corn, but after prolonged storage higher application rates increased production of acetic acid and markedly improved aerobic stability.     

山西老陈醋醋醅中产酸菌的分离、鉴定及醇酸耐受分析

以山西老陈醋醋醅为研究对象,从中筛选得到耐醇耐酸的产酸菌。结果表明,从山西老陈醋醋醅中筛选得到7株产酸菌,经鉴定,菌株SAV-1、SAV-2、SAV-5和SAV-9为醋酸菌,菌株SAV-6、SAV-7和SAV-8为乳酸菌。筛选获得3株具有高产酸、高醇酸耐受性的优良菌株,分别为巴氏醋杆菌（Acetobacter pasteurianus）SAV-1、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）SAV-7和SAV-8。其中菌株SAV-1摇瓶发酵96 h后产酸水平为3.06 g/100 mL,且能够耐受体积分数为13%的乙醇和体积分数为3%的乙酸;菌株SAV-7和SAV-8菌株摇瓶发酵96 h后产酸水平分别为2.05 g/100 mL、1.73 g/100 mL,且均能够耐受9%的乙醇和2%的乙酸,是潜在的食醋生产优良菌株。     

Non-conventional fermentation at laboratory scale of cocoa beans: Using probiotic microorganisms and substitution of mucilage by fruit pulps

In a non-conventional lab-scale fermentation of cocoa beans using probiotic microorganisms and substituting the cocoa pulp for fruit pulp, physicochemical, microbiological and quality parameters were investigated. Two hundred grams of beans were fermented in a controlled environmental chamber (temperature ramp rate of 25°C for 48 h; 35°C for 48 h and 45°C for 48 h; and 65% HR). pH, titratable acid, citric, lactic and acetic acids, as well as sugars and ethanol were measured. A cut test was also performed on the cocoa beans fermented 5 and 6 days. As the fermentation time progressed, citric acid concentration decreased until 0.53 g kg⁻¹, whereas both lactic and acetic acids increased until 0.44 and 16.58 g kg⁻¹, respectively. Sucrose content decreased from 12.26 g kg⁻¹ (in fresh) to 6.54 g kg⁻¹ on the 6th day. Fructose and glucose contents increased in the cotyledons from day five, reaching a maximum concentration of 1.14 and 1.01 g kg⁻¹, respectively, on day six. Yeasts were the main microorganisms during the first 24–48 h (8.4 log CFU g⁻¹), while bacterial counts reached its highest number (7.8 log CFU g⁻¹) on day four. Beans fermented 5 and 6 days resulted in more fermented beans (>81%) and less violet ones (<18.4%) than the control.     

融合魏斯氏菌和异常威克汉姆酵母混菌发酵荞麦酸面团馒头的香气物质特征

应用分离自我国酒鬼酒曲中的融合魏斯氏菌和梅兰春酒醅中的异常威克汉姆酵母进行混菌发酵,通过测定菌株生长曲线探索两株菌的共生作用,采用固相微萃取结合气质联用(SPME-GC-MS)和气相电子鼻技术,对比混菌发酵酸面团(MBF)和单菌发酵酸面团及其荞麦馒头风味化合物的差异性。结果表明,在MBF中乳酸菌、酵母菌菌落数分别达到9.38 log CFU/g、8.51 log CFU/g,两株菌具有良好的共生关系。发酵后荞麦酸面团的主要特征风味物质为乙醇、乙酸、乙酸乙酯、乙偶姻和异戊醇。与酵母菌单菌发酵荞麦酸面团馒头相比,混菌发酵馒头中酯类物质相对含量从5.27%提高到9.53%,结合ROAV分析,混菌发酵荞麦馒头的风味强度明显高于单一乳酸发酵和单一酵母发酵,赋予馒头更浓郁的酒香和果香,感官评定证实其整体可接受度高于其他组。     

The microflora of fermented nixtamalized corn

Nixtamalization is a traditional process that improves the nutritional quality of corn. To provide a means of utilizing the nutritional benefits of nixtamalized corn and improve product acceptability, lactic acid fermentation was applied. The objective of the study was to study the microbial profile and establish the important lactobacilli of fermenting nixtamalized corn dough. Two batches of cleaned whole corn were subjected to the process of nixtamalization, using two concentrations of lime (0.5 or 1.0%), milled, made into a dough (50% moisture) and fermented spontaneously for 72 h. A control sample was prepared without alkaline treatment. pH and titratable acidity of the dough were measured. Aerobic mesophiles, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds were enumerated on Plate Count Agar (PCA), deMan, Rogossa and Sharpe (MRS) Agar and Malt Extract Agar (MEA), respectively. The identity of lactobacilli present was established at the species level using API 50 CHL. The pH of all the fermenting systems decreased with fermentation time with concomitant increase in titratable acidity. Lactic acid bacteria in numbers of 1.6 x 10(9), 2.3 x 10(9) and 1.8 x 10(9) cfu/g, respectively yeasts and molds, and numbers of 8.0 x 10(7), 5.0 x 10(5) and 1.7 x 10(5) cfu/g, respectively were observed in the control and the two nixtamalized (0.5% and 1.0% lime) samples after 48 h of fermentation. Lactobacilli identified in the fermenting nixtamalized corn dough were Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus cellobiosus as well as Pediococcus spp. The study demonstrates that nixtamalized corn though alkaline in nature can be subjected to spontaneous fermentation to produce a sour product.     

发酵温度对发酵玉米醪中总酸及主要微生物的影响

测定了15、20、25、30、35℃五个温度下自然发酵玉米醪的pH值、总酸含量、乳酸菌及酵母菌数量的变化,研究比较了发酵温度对玉米醪中总酸含量及主要微生物数量的影响,并以玉米酸煎饼的总酸含量为参照,确定了不同温度下的最适发酵时间,以期为玉米酸煎饼的生产及质量的提高提供依据。结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长,pH值由5.62～6.94降低至3.30～3.80;总酸含量增加,初始范围为3.89～16.14 g/kg,最适的发酵时间分别是72～84 h、72～108 h、48～72 h、21～27 h、24～27 h;乳酸菌、酵母菌相互作用,乳酸菌数量5个温度下变化趋势大致相同,达到最大值后保持稳定并略有减少,酵母菌数量在温度较高时(30℃、35℃)达到最大值后逐渐减少,整个发酵过程中,乳酸菌的数量明显多于酵母菌的数量。