淀粉对磷酸化的虾蛄肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

将马铃薯、木薯和玉米淀粉分别添加到磷酸化的虾蛄肌原纤维蛋白中,探讨在不同淀粉添加量、不同三聚磷酸钠添加量及不同温度下对磷酸化蛋白所形成凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：随着三聚磷酸钠添加量的增加,3 种淀粉形成的复合蛋白凝胶强度和保水性均提高;随着淀粉添加量的增加,马铃薯、木薯淀粉对复合蛋白的凝胶特性有显著影响（P＜0.05）,玉米淀粉对蛋白凝胶特性没有显著影响（P＞0.05）;随着温度的升高,3 种淀粉均能使蛋白的凝胶强度升高,但保水性下降。本研究结果为进一步研究虾蛄中肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性以及淀粉的利用提供了一定的基础。     

木薯变性淀粉对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶质构、流变及热力学特性的影响

本实验研究了不同比例的木薯变性淀粉对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白(MP)凝胶特性的影响。分析了凝胶质构、静态流变和热力学特性的变化。结果显示:添加10%的木薯变性淀粉增加了蛋白凝胶的弹性,而凝胶的硬度、强度、内聚性、咀嚼性和胶黏性相对适中,从而改善凝胶的质构特性;通过差示扫描量热仪(Differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)分析发现木薯变性淀粉添加量为10%时,降低了蛋白的热相变温度和焓值,促进蛋白变性;另外,木薯变性淀粉的添加也改变了凝胶的表观粘度及触变环面积。当木薯淀粉添加量为10%时,凝胶的表观粘度和触变环面积最小,改善了凝胶的塑性能力及流变稳定性。     

转谷氨酰胺酶和淀粉复配对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

将转谷氨酰胺酶(0.1%,0.3%,0.5%和0.7%)和马铃薯淀粉(1%,2%,3%和4%)复配并添加到鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白溶液中,在80℃条件下诱导凝胶,通过测定肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的硬度、弹性、白度值、保水性、水分子T2弛豫特性指标,研究添加成分对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响。随着转谷氨酰胺酶与马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加,肌原纤维蛋白溶液的凝胶硬度和弹性逐渐增加(P0.05),凝胶的白度值与保水性也有不同程度的增加,差异不显著(P0.05)。当转谷氨酰胺酶与马铃薯淀粉添加量分别为0.5%,3%时,凝胶硬度和弹性达到最大值分别为51.37g和0.86;在转谷氨酰胺酶与马铃薯淀粉添加量分别为0.5%,4%时凝胶的保水性最高为96.31%。低场核磁工作(NMR)T2弛豫测定结果表明:添加成分对凝胶中的T22影响较大,随着转谷氨酰胺酶与马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加,对应的T22弛豫时间向慢弛豫方向移动,峰面积逐渐增加,凝胶体系中的不易流动水和自由水的含量增加。     

改性花生分离蛋白对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

采用p H偏移法改性花生分离蛋白,研究添加不同比例(0.25%,0.50%和0.75%)改性花生分离蛋白(AH-PPI)和天然花生分离蛋白(N-PPI)对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白(MP)凝胶性能的影响。结果表明,与单独MP凝胶相比,添加N-PPI-MP凝胶体系的凝胶强度和保水性无显著变化,储能模量G’降低,而添加AH-PPI则显著改善MP凝胶体系的凝胶强度和储能模量G’(p<0.05),当添加量为0.75%时,MP凝胶强度和储能模量G’最大;离心法测试表明,添加AHPPI提高MP凝胶保水性;低场核磁分析显示,添加AH-PPI的MP凝胶体系中T23自由水比例下降,不易流动水比例升高,从而提高MP凝胶的保水性。结果表明,AH-PPI能明显改善猪肉肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶性能,为改性花生分离蛋白在肉类产品加工中的应用提供指导。     

超高压对添加变性淀粉的鸭肉肌原纤维蛋白的影响

以鸭胸肉为材料,提取鸭肉中的肌原纤维蛋白,研究超高压对肌原纤维蛋白的溶解性,以及添加4%的木薯变性淀粉的蛋白复合物加热成胶后的保水性、质构、白度的影响,研究的压力水平范围为0～600 MPa,保压时间为0～40 min。研究结果表明:复合物的保水性在400 MPa,20 min时最好;质构在保压10 min时最好;白度则随着压力和保压时间的增加,呈现先减后增的趋势     

马铃薯淀粉对鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

将马铃薯淀粉(1%,2%,3%和4%)添加到鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白溶液中,并诱导形成凝胶,通过测定不同温度条件下肌原纤维蛋白的浊度、乳化性、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、凝胶的硬度、弹性、白度值、保水性等指标,研究马铃薯对肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响。随着马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加浊度变化差异性显著(p0.05)。在马铃薯淀粉添加量为2%时肌纤维蛋白的乳化活性达到最大值为25.66 m2/g,当马铃薯淀粉添加量为1%时,肌原纤维蛋白的乳化稳定性达到最大值90.67%,并与其它处理组有显著性差异(p0.05);不同添加量的马铃薯淀粉的蛋白溶液样品中的电泳条带有不同的变化,在马铃薯淀粉添加量为3%,4%时各条带颜色都有所减弱;肌原纤维蛋白溶液的凝胶硬度、弹性和保水性逐渐增加(p0.05),凝胶的白度值随着马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加逐渐降低。     

不同种类淀粉对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

为了改善淡水鱼鱼糜制品的品质,以冷冻罗非鱼鱼糜为原料,分别添加4%木薯原淀粉、3种木薯变性淀粉（磷酸酯淀粉、羟丙基淀粉和乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯）及复配木薯变性淀粉（乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯与羟丙基淀粉质量比为3∶2）,考察淀粉添加对鱼糜凝胶质构、流变学特性、持水性及水分分布和微观结构等的影响,探讨不同种类淀粉对鱼糜凝胶品质的改善。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加5种淀粉均会显著降低罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度（P<0.05）,但其凝胶强度、硬度和咀嚼性显著增大,凝胶持水性显著提高（P<0.05）,蒸煮损失率显著下降（P<0.05）,结合水含量显著增加（P<0.05）,凝胶微观结构更加均匀致密,且添加了复配木薯变性淀粉的凝胶质构特性最好,持水性最高。低场核磁共振成像和光学显微镜观察结果显示,不同种类的淀粉均能有效锁住鱼糜凝胶基质中的水分;升温过程中淀粉吸水膨胀,在鱼糜凝胶网络结构中起浓缩和填充作用;添加了复配木薯变性淀粉的鱼糜凝胶结构最致密均匀。因此,添加复配木薯变性淀粉可以有效改善罗非鱼鱼糜制品的品质,为淡水鱼鱼糜制品的开发提供了理论支撑。     

不同蜡制玉米淀粉对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

将蜡制玉米淀粉、酯化蜡制玉米淀粉和交联酯化蜡制玉米淀粉以添加量分别为0%、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%添加到肌原纤维蛋白中,形成蛋白淀粉复合物,研究3?种淀粉对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶保水性、质构特性、白度值、表面疏水性、流变特性和微观结构的影响。结果表明,相比纯肌原纤维蛋白,淀粉均能显著提高复合凝胶的保水性、硬度和弹性（P＜0.05）,且随添加量的增加而显著增加（P＜0.05）,但在添加量为10%时,各指标上升不显著（P＞0.05）,其中交联酯化蜡制玉米淀粉效果最好;3?种淀粉均能增加复合凝胶的白度值,但交联酯化蜡制玉米淀粉的添加会使复合凝胶的白度值过大（P＜0.05）,对色泽不利;同时,淀粉能显著提高复合蛋白的表面疏水性和凝胶的弹性模量（P＜0.05）,且随着添加量的增加而显著增加（P＜0.05）,与肌原纤维蛋白凝胶相比,复合凝胶结构趋于致密均匀。在实验的3?种淀粉中,除色泽因素外,交联酯化蜡制玉米淀粉提高凝胶性能的效果要优于其他两种淀粉。?     

多酚对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化和凝胶特性的影响

采用羟自由基氧化体系研究添加不同质量分数多酚化合物--鞣酸（tannic acid,TA）、没食子酸（gallicacid,GA）对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化和凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,添加0.05% TA和0.25% GA可显著抑制肌原纤维蛋白中羰基和二聚酪氨酸含量的增加（P＜0.05）,提高肌原纤维蛋白的最大热变性温度和凝胶保水性（P＜0.05）。扫描电子显微镜观察表明,不同酚类化合物对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶微观结构影响有显著差异,添加0.05%氧化TA后形成的肌原纤维蛋白凝胶结构更加致密。结论：多酚的添加抑制了肌原纤维蛋白氧化,改善了肌原纤维蛋白的热稳定性、凝胶保水性和凝胶强度。     

血浆蛋白对调理猪排品质特性的影响

本文以大豆分离蛋白、鸡蛋白为对照,探讨血浆蛋白对调理猪排品质特性的影响,对-18℃冷冻调理猪排解冻损失、压榨损失、质构特性、凝胶强度、流变特性、水分迁移和微观结构进行分析。结果表明:2.5%血浆蛋白可以改善调理猪排的品质特性,有效降低猪排的解冻损失和压榨损失(P<0.05),提高不易流动水含量和蛋白凝胶强度(P<0.05),促使微观结构更加致密。与3.0%大豆分离蛋白相比,添加2.5%血浆蛋白的猪排硬度、弹性、咀嚼性更高;与2.5%鸡蛋白相比,血浆蛋白可明显提高肌原纤维蛋白的储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G″),延迟肌原纤维蛋白的变性温度(50~65℃);蛋白种类对猪排色泽无明显影响。因此,血浆蛋白在猪排保水性、凝胶特性、质构特性、流变特性方面展现出极大优势,为血浆蛋白在肉质品中的应用提供理论基础。     

Influence of modified starches on properties of gluten-free dough and bread. Part II: Quality and staling of gluten-free bread

The aim of the study was to check the quality of gluten-free bread produced basing on the recipes, in which part of native starch was replaced with high amylose corn starch (HACS), acetylated distarch adipate (ADA), and hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (HDP). The application 10 or 15% of chemically modified starches (HDP, ADA) caused the increase in volume of the obtained gluten-free loaves. The changes were accompanied by a decrease of average cell size, and an increase in their number. Due to the addition of modified starch crumb structure became more elastic, which was revealed in the results of stress relaxation. A slight decrease in hardness and chewiness of the crumb was also observed on the day of baking, and its extent depended on the level of modified starch, and was a little more pronounced in case of starch adipate. In comparison to the chemically modified starches, HACS deteriorated structural and mechanical properties of the crumb, which is probably related to their resistance to pasting and divergence in retrogradation pattern, where amylose component is more important than amylopectin.     

Effect of Modified Starches on Rheological Properties of Ketchup

The aim of this work was to study the effect of commercial modified starches of different origin on rheological properties of ketchup. The following starches were used to produce the ketchup samples: chemically modified potato (acetylated distarch adipate from potato starch), waxy maize (acetylated distarch adipate from waxy maize starch and hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate from waxy maize starch), and cassava (acetylated distarch adipate from cassava starch) starches and physically modified cassava and waxy maize starches (physically modified cassava starch and physically modified waxy maize starch). The SEM microphotographs revealed that swollen or disrupted starch granules were present in the ketchup samples. As was evaluated by particle size distribution analysis, two peaks characteristic for different starch granule sizes were observed, the first peak at about 100 μm for ketchup thickened with potato starch and the second one at about 50 μm for the rest of the samples. Ketchups showed non-Newtonian, shear-thinning flow with tendency to yield stress. Values of the rheological parameters describing the flow curves significantly correlated with Bostwick consistency. Ketchup samples exhibited different susceptibility for temperature changes, while values of flow activation energy were from 4.18 to 9.00 kJ/mol. On the basis of mechanical spectra, it is noted that values of G′ were higher than these of G″ showing that elastic properties dominated over the viscous ones. Ketchup samples exhibited properties of weak gels which were estimated from the values of G′ and G″ moduli and their relation and from values of tangent of phase angle (tan δ = 0.14???0.37). Principal component analysis revealed both similarities and differences in rheological behavior of the examined ketchup samples thickened with different modified starches.     

Using Image Analysis to Identify Acetylated Distarch Adipate in a Mixture

The NIS‐Elements image analysis system, together with microscopic observation, was used to measure the particle size of acetylated distarch adipate (ADA) in three suspensions; a commercial mixture containing other additives and two pure commercial ADA starches. From these data, the particle size distribution was calculated. The starch in the mixture was identified as wheat ADA, and the normality of the size distribution for volume fraction tested. Image analysis can be recommended as a simple and rapid method for identifying the origin of modified starches in commercial powder mixtures.     

豆类淀粉对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

本文研究了豌豆淀粉、绿豆淀粉和马铃薯淀粉对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。分析了添加不同含量淀粉时,鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性、蒸煮损失、横向弛豫时间(T2)和微观结构的变化规律。结果表明,添加8%,10%的马铃薯淀粉或绿豆淀粉均可以显著增加鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性,同时明显降低蒸煮损失。低场核磁共振显示,淀粉对鱼糜凝胶的横向弛豫时间T21和T22影响较小,对T23和T24的影响较大,尤其添加10%的马铃薯淀粉或绿豆淀粉均可以显著降低凝胶的T23和T24,减弱凝胶中不易移动水的流动性。与马铃薯淀粉和绿豆淀粉相比,豌豆淀粉在添加量为4%时便可以显著增强鱼糜制品的凝胶强度和持水性,同时明显降低其蒸煮损失、横向弛豫时间T23和T24。添加马铃薯淀粉(10%)、绿豆淀粉(10%)或者豌豆淀粉(4%)后的鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶均可以形成相当均匀、致密的空间凝胶网络结构。     

Influence of modified starches on properties of gluten-free dough and bread. Part I: Rheological and thermal properties of gluten-free dough

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of chemically modified starches (HDP and ADA) and high amylose corn starch (HACS) on the rheological and thermal properties of gluten-free dough based on corn and potato starches with pectin and guar gum. The results indicate that the dough with the addition of modified starch behaves as weak gel, the value of storage modulus G′ significantly depends on the frequency and the values of tan δ = G″/G′ range from 0.32 to 0.49. Significant influence of hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate (HDP) on the viscoelastic properties of dough was observed. The share of modified starch in the system caused a decrease of the instantaneous and viscoelastic compliance. It also influenced the retardation time and zero shear viscosity. The application of modified starches (HDP and ADA) for dough preparation did not have much impact on the pasting characteristics. However, significant reduction of the onset and end viscosities were found for high amylose starch (HACS). Thermograms obtained for individual dough systems were characterized by the presence of two peaks, associated with the existence of two different starches in the system. No significant effect of modified starch on the onset temperature (T_O) and only a slight effect of HACS starch on gelatinization enthalpy were observed. However, the level of addition of individual starch affected peak and end (T_E) temperatures, depending on the type of preparation.     

FLOW CURVES, STRESS RELAXATION AND CREEP MEASUREMENTS OF STARCH GELS

Flow curves, stress relaxation, and creep compliance were measured for various types of corn starch gel that underwent different degrees of modification. The four starches were native corn starch, medium hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate, highly hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate, and distarch phosphate. All the starches exhibited pseudo-yield stress behavior at low shear rates and shear-thinning at higher shear rates. Stress relaxation data at different strains indicated strain-softening phenomenon for all starches. Higher degrees of cross-linking decreased the half relaxation time due to the addition of rigid filler into the matrix. Increasing the concentration increased the relaxation modulus for all starches. Creep compliance and recovery measurements were conducted over the range of 3.2 Pa-320 Pa. In the linear viscoelastic region, the compliance data were not dependent on the magnitude of stress applied. As concentration increases, higher stress magnitude leads to nonlinear behavior. The creep compliance data were fitted into the Ninomiya and Ferry relation from dynamic viscoelastic data and the Maxwell-Voigt model. Ninomiya and Ferry overpredicted the relaxation data while the Maxwell-Voigt model fitted the data reasonably well.     

变性淀粉对卡仕达酱性能的影响及复配配方

本文在比较羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯（HWMDP）、乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯（AWMDP）、乙酰化双淀粉己二酸酯（AWMDA）糊化特性的基础上，将三种变性淀粉应用于卡仕达酱中，通过对比卡仕达酱的质构特性、耐烘烤度、流变特性及感官品质，筛选了合适的变性淀粉，并考察了变性淀粉、玉米淀粉、卡拉胶和刺槐豆胶添加量对卡仕达酱品质的影响。结果表明:HWMDP应用在卡仕达酱后，较添加AWMDP和AWMDA的卡仕达酱硬度大、黏度高，感官特性和耐烘烤性较佳。卡仕达酱增稠剂的适宜添加量为:HWMDP 4%（m/m）、玉米淀粉3%（m/m）、卡拉胶0.45%（m/m）、刺槐豆胶0.45%（m/m）。由该配方制得的卡仕达酱各指标接近对照样。     

添加不同种类淀粉对盐水火腿品质的影响

以猪肉为主要原料,制备盐水火腿,研究不同种类的淀粉对盐水火腿的保水保油性、质构、感官品质的影响.结果表明:在6种添加不同种类淀粉的火腿中,添加玉米原淀粉的盐水火腿保水保油性最差,添加木薯乙酰化双淀粉已二酸酯淀粉和复配淀粉C的盐水火腿保水保油性最好;添加复配淀粉C的盐水火腿质构最好,其次是添加复配淀粉B、木薯乙酰化双淀粉己二酸酯淀粉、复配淀粉A、玉米乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯淀粉的盐水火腿,添加玉米原淀粉的盐水火腿质构最差;添加复配淀粉C的盐水火腿感官评价最好.