Acid modification of proteins from soymilk residue (okara)

Protein was extracted from soy residue (okara) at alkaline pH, and was modified by mild acid treatments. The degree of deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis ranged from 10 to 70% and 6 to 15%, respectively. Size exclusion gel filtration chromatography revealed that there was a progressive degradation of the okara protein. Solubility was increased markedly by the modification, while other functional properties such as emulsifying and foaming properties were also improved. The okara protein products have good essential amino acid profiles, and acid modification also increased the in vitro digestability and available lysine content of okara protein. The results indicate that changes in functional properties of okara protein by acid modification were attributed to changes in physicochemical properties such as decreases in molecular size, higher net titratable charge and surface hydrophobicity. The low solubility of okara protein makes it difficult to be incorporated into many food systems. Improved solubility and other functional properties by acid modification will enhance the utilization okara protein as food ingredient.     

Effect of components extracted from okara on the physicochemical properties of soymilk and tofu texture

ABSTRACT:  The physicochemical properties of soymilk and the texture of tofu were compared with regard to 2 kinds of soymilk, one of which was prepared by squeezing homogenates before heating and the other was prepared by squeezing after heating raw soymilk with okara, residue of soymilk production. Relative particulate protein content and viscosity were higher and pH was lower in the soymilk prepared by the latter method, in which liberated lipid bodies were decreased and more lipids were precipitated with protein after centrifugation, suggesting a change in the interaction between proteins and lipids. A difference in the distribution of proteins and lipids was also implied by analysis with a laser particle size analyzer. The breaking stress of tofu made with 0.30% glucono-delta-lactone increased in accordance with an increase in particulate protein. The calcium and magnesium contents increased in soymilk prepared by squeezing after heating with okara. Viscosity was slightly increased and pH decreased by adding calcium to the soymilk, but the particulate protein content and breaking stress of tofu did not increase significantly. To examine the effect of macromolecules, okara was extracted by boiling and dialyzed. Viscosity and particulate protein content in soymilk increased as the dialyzed extracts of the okara were added. The breaking stress of tofu was increased by adding the dialyzed extracts but excessive amounts of the extracts resulted in softer tofu. Spectra of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and electrophoresis-separated patterns of proteins indicated that the dialyzed extracts contained mainly polysaccharides and the Basic 7S globulin protein.     

Functionality of soymilk powder and its components in fresh soy bread

ABSTRACT:  The physicochemical changes upon addition of soymilk powder (SMP) to soy bread were investigated. Two-pound loaves of soy bread were produced with components (soluble fiber [SF], insoluble fiber [ISF], soy protein) that mimic those levels contributed by SMP. Soy flour and soy flour/SMP soy breads served as controls. The following were determined for all breads produced: physical properties (loaf volume, crust, and crumb color); chemical compositions (SF and ISF contents, protein and ash contents); and physicochemical properties (water activity, total moisture content by thermogravimetric analysis [TGA], "freezable" water [FW], "unfreezable" water [UFW] content by DSC, stiffness at 25 °C by dynamic mechanical analysis [DMA], and firmness with Instron testing machine). SMP contained significant amounts of SF aside from the ISF fraction and mostly denatured soy protein. SMP addition to soy bread formulation significantly decreased loaf volume with respect to control soy bread, which can be attributed to the ISF and SPI contents of this ingredient. Other effects of SMP were found to be lighter and yellowish crumb color, darker crust color, and increase in firmness, as well as no change in moisture content, FW and UFW contents, water activity, and stiffness parameters.     

烘烤大豆制备发酵豆乳流变学特性的研究

以烘烤大豆为原料,经瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus,LH-B02)和干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei,L.casei-01)组合发酵制备发酵豆乳,研究了发酵豆乳的流变特性和物理性质。结果表明,大豆经过烘烤处理后,发酵豆乳表现出较弱的粘弹性和剪切稀化特性,酸乳的凝胶体系更加疏松,感官上表现为口感更加柔软;与未经烘烤的大豆发酵豆乳相比,烘烤处理后大豆发酵豆乳的持水力和亮度都显著下降,颜色趋于绿色和黄色;烘烤赋予发酵豆乳淡淡的烘烤香气,豆腥味降低,风味得到明显的改善。     

Modification of Proteins from Soymilk Residue (Okara) by Trypsin

Okara protein isolates were hydrolyzed by trypsin to about 5% to 14%. Solubility was increased more than twofold by the modification, and water hydration capacity and emulsification activity index were also improved. The okara protein products had good essential amino acid profiles and the trypsin-hydrolysates also had increased in vitro digestibility and available lysine content. The low solubility of okara protein makes it difficult to incorporate it into many food systems. Okara protein hydrolysates, with improved solubility and other functional properties, could be used as a low-cost protein ingredient in processed foods.     

Okara flours from chickpea and soy are thickeners: increased dough viscosity and moisture content in gluten-free bread

The by-product of plant-based beverages, okara, can be dried in a nutritious flour, but it generates dense bakery products due to high water absorption. Gluten-free bread often tastes dry, so the objective of this work was evaluating okara flour as thickener for mouthfeel enhancement. Proximate analysis revealed that chickpea okara contained more starch than soy (35.3 vs. 3.41 g/100 g), less insoluble fibre (43.3 vs. 57.0 g/100 g) and protein (9.51 vs. 18.1 g/100 g). Water absorption capacity was higher in okara than flour and for soy (8.29 vs. 6.01 g g⁻¹, respectively). When added to a gluten-free batter, both okara flours significantly increased viscosity. Upon addition of either okara to gluten-free bread (2% w/w) moisture content increased from 31.6 to 33.5 and 36.5 g/100 g, while crumb hardness increased by up to 45% and specific loaf volume decreased by up to 42%. Soy okara flour enhanced moistness of gluten-free bread.     

Production of okara and soy protein concentrates using membrane technology

Microfiltration (MF) membranes with pore sizes of 200 and 450 nm and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with molecular weight cut off of 50, 100, and 500 kDa were assessed for their ability to eliminate nonprotein substances from okara protein extract in a laboratory cross-flow membrane system. Both MF and UF improved the protein content of okara extract to a similar extent from approximately 68% to approximately 81% owing to the presence of protein in the feed leading to the formation of dynamic layer controlling the performance rather than the actual pore size of membranes. Although normalized flux in MF-450 (117 LMH/MPa) was close to UF-500 (118 LMH/MPa), the latter was selected based on higher average flux (47 LMH) offering the advantage of reduced processing time. Membrane processing of soy extract improved the protein content from 62% to 85% much closer to the target value. However, the final protein content in okara (approximately 80%) did not reach the target value (90%) owing to the greater presence of soluble fibers that were retained by the membrane. Solubility curve of membrane okara protein concentrate (MOPC) showed lower solubility than soy protein concentrate and a commercial isolate in the entire pH range. However, water absorption and fat-binding capacities of MOPC were either superior or comparable while emulsifying properties were in accordance with its solubility. The results of this study showed that okara protein concentrate (80%) could be produced using membrane technology without loss of any true proteins, thus offering value addition to okara, hitherto underutilized. Practical Application: Okara, a byproduct obtained during processing soybean for soymilk, is either underutilized or unutilized in spite of the fact that its protein quality is as good as that of soy milk and tofu. Membrane-processed protein products have been shown to possess superior functional properties compared to conventionally produced protein products. However, the potential of membrane technology has not been exploited for the recovery of okara protein. Our study showed that protein content of okara extract could be improved from approximately 68% to approximately 81% without losing any true proteins in the process.     

鲜湿豆渣湿法粉碎技术研究

分析了豆渣物料特性及其纤维的断裂粉碎机理，研究了目前已有的湿法粉碎设备（胶体磨、高压均质机、高剪切均质机、高速切割粉碎机）的粉碎机理，并比较了各种湿法粉碎设备对鲜湿豆渣粉碎的效果，重点探究了各种湿法粉碎设备在工业化处理鲜湿豆渣中的可能性。结果表明，高速切割粉碎机在豆渣处理中的优势最明显，单机处理鲜湿豆渣（含水量约85％...