洋河大曲中抗胁迫酵母菌的筛选及生物特性初探

以洋河酒厂高温大曲为研究对象,分离得到20株酵母菌,经筛选得到2株耐性较强的酵母菌J-9和J-10,并对其生理生化特性和发酵情况进行研究。结果表明,高浓度的糖、酒精和盐均抑制2株酵母菌的生长,J-10无论在糖的抑制浓度、高盐浓度或发酵性能指标都相对优于J-9;2株菌的较适发酵温度为30℃,pH值为3.0～4.5时生长良好;产酒精能力分别为5.6%vol和6.3%vol。     

酱香型白酒糟醅中耐高温酵母菌的特性研究

从酱香型白酒堆积发酵醅中筛选得到1株在45℃生长良好的耐高温酵母菌,对其耐乙醇、耐酸、耐糖能力及发酵力进行了研究。结果表明,该菌耐乙醇能力为6%vol,最适pH值为5.0,耐糖能力为25%,发酵力为6.628 g/50 mL,生长耐受最高温度为45℃。     

Research on the Properties of High-temperature Resistant Yeast Strains in Distiller＇s Grains of Maotai-flavor Liquor

从酱香型白酒堆积发酵醅中筛选得到1株在45℃生长良好的耐高温酵母菌,对其耐乙醇、耐酸、耐糖能力及发酵力进行了研究。结果表明,该菌耐乙醇能力为6%vol,最适pH值为5.0,耐糖能力为25%,发酵力为6.628 g/50 mL,生长耐受最高温度为45℃。     

柑橘酒酿造酵母的筛选及特性研究

从柑橘自然发酵液中分离得到的酵母为出发菌,通过初筛及发酵瓶复筛,筛选得酵母菌株GJ-17,该酵母的最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH生长范围为3.2～4.2,耐酒精能力较高,可达到16%Vol.在柑橘汁发酵中发酵能力强,产生酒度较高,残糖较低,产香较好,完全可以作为独立的发酵菌株使用.     

青海东部野生酵母菌株抗性及发酵特性研究

以分离自青海的97株野生酵母菌株为材料,通过杜氏管发酵法初筛出35株发酵力强、有香味的酵母菌株,对其抗性和发酵特性进行研究.结果表明,35株酵母菌对SO2具有高度的抗性,大部分菌株在SO2浓度为600 mg/L时仍可正常生长并发酵;有7株耐NaCl高达120.0g/L,菌株QXN2在160.0 g/L的浓度下仍可正常生长并发酵;但大多数菌株的酒精耐受力弱,仅有6株可耐12%vol的乙醇,但已不能发酵产气;部分酵母菌株的耐温性较高,如菌株QHL4、QXS1、QJD12可耐受55℃高温;pH耐受范围在2.5～12.0之间,大部分菌株可在600 g/L的葡萄糖溶液中生长,其中9株仍可发酵产气.这9株发酵力较好且产香酵母的酒精发酵结果表明,4株产酒精度为0,具有浓郁的芳香;4株产酒度在2.1%vol～2.4%vol之间,且残糖较低,有浓郁果香.优良酵母菌株有望应用于面包生产、无醇饮料的开发、工业废水处理等领域.     

选育耐高温酒精酵母的研究

通过采用耐热、耐乙醇等处理方法对酒精酵母KJ进行驯化、筛选，分离得到一株于38—40℃具有良好发酵特性的耐高温酒精酵母菌KJ—1，并通过正更试验获得了优化的发酵条件。     

高效酒精酵母菌的选育及鉴定

从各种腐败水果、葡萄园里土壤等不同基质中筛选分离得到144株酵母菌,采用耐热、耐酒精处理方法,结合TTC法初筛和复筛试验得到一株酒精发酵的高产酵母菌株,编号为TJ-18。研究结果表明,该菌糖利用率较高,且发酵力突出,40℃培养72 h,CO2失重为10.4 g,酒精产率最高可达5.9%(体积分数)。对其形态及特征做了常规鉴定实验,根据生理生化试验结果,并对照《TheYeast》对酵母的描述,确定TJ-18为酵母属的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)。     

高效酒精酵母菌选育及其特性研究

从来源不同的基质中采用耐热、耐酒精处理方法,结合氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)法筛选得到1株酒精发酵的高产酵母菌株TJ-18.对该菌株进行紫外线和亚硝酸复合诱变处理,得到1株稳定高产突变株UV-N-5,其产酒精度达8.25％vol,比出发菌株提高39.83％;同时对其生理特性进行研究发现,该菌可在pH值为3.0～9.0的范围内正常生长,在糖浓度达到40％时,温度40℃时仍保持出很好的耐受性.且在12％vol和8％vol的酒精浓度时,UV-N-5的死亡率分别是34％和11％,对酒精耐受性突出.这些特点都符合现代酒精发酵酵母的要求.     

耐高温酒精酵母菌株的筛选及发酵能力比较

采用酵母菌富集培养方法和选择性培养基从中国传统大曲酒等基质中共分离得到58株具有一定的酒精发酵能力的酵母菌株。经过初筛和复筛,从中筛选获得1株能在33℃～42℃生长良好,并具有良好酒精发酵性能的酵母菌株XG-1,经分类鉴定为酿酒酵母菌（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）。40℃液体摇瓶培养条件下,XG-1菌株活菌数占总菌数的比率较安琪耐高温酿酒高活性干酵母（TRADY）高15％。将其与TRADY菌株进行木薯酒精发酵比较,33R2条件下两者的酒精发酵能力相当,但在42℃时进行酒精发酵,XG-1菌株的酒精度比TRADY菌株高20％。     

一株马克斯克鲁维酵母菌的生长及酒精发酵特性分析

该文对一株耐高温的马克斯克鲁维酵母菌株HY32的生长及酒精发酵特性进行了研究.与耐高温酿酒活性干酵母TRADY相比,菌株HY32表现出了极好的耐热能力和较好的耐酒精能力.在37℃、42℃、45℃摇瓶培养10h后,菌株HY32的活菌数分别为2.45× 108个/mL、1.76× 108个/mL和0.92× 108个/mL.将菌株TRADY和HY32按相同的接种量转接到添加了4％vol乙醇的液体培养基中,37℃摇瓶培养6h后,菌株HY32的OD600值是菌株TRADY的1.6倍.随着温度的升高和培养基中乙醇浓度的增加,菌株HY32较TRADY的相对耐酒精能力更好.菌株HY32在高温下仍具有一定的产酒能力.采用葡萄糖酒精发酵培养基进行酒精发酵,菌株HY32在42℃和45℃时发酵72h,酒精产率分别为5.25％vol和4.02％vol.木薯酒精发酵实验结果分析表明,菌株HY32的乙酸乙酯产量是酿酒酵母TRADY的10倍左右,而正丙醇和乳酸乙酯等含量较低.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.