豆腐渣对面团和面包品质特性的影响研究

豆渣是加工豆腐、豆浆等的副产物,它来源广泛、成本低廉、纤维含量高,是一种优良的膳食纤维资源。采用豆渣粉替代部分小麦粉制作面团和面包,研究了豆渣粉粒度和添加量对面团流变特性、质构特性、微观结构以及面包品质的影响。研究结果表明,添加豆渣粉后,面团吸水率增高,形成时间和稳定时间延长。添加10%~15%豆渣粉的面团显示出较好的质构和拉伸特性,而且大粒度(80目φ200目)豆渣粉较中、小粒度(φ80目和φ200目)豆渣粉的面团特性好。添加豆渣粉后,面包比容变小,口感变差。综合考虑面包品质和膳食纤维补充,添加10%大粒度豆渣粉制作面包较为适宜,通过添加谷朊粉、魔芋胶、酶制剂、乳化剂等改良剂能够使豆渣面包的比容、口感等品质得到较大改善。     

添加豆渣膳食纤维对不同小麦粉糊化特性、热力学性质及面团质构的影响

通过RVA、DSC和TPA分析了添加豆渣膳食纤维后不同小麦粉的性质,RVA结果分析表明,添加少量豆渣膳食纤维可使高筋粉和中筋粉糊化参数略有增加,而添加量增加到一定程度时,由于体系中淀粉分子数量减少,使小麦粉的黏度参数降低。DSC结果分析表明,豆渣膳食纤维的添加可以增大高筋粉和低筋粉的糊化温度,降低中筋粉的糊化温度,并且由于淀粉含量的减少,使三种小麦粉的糊化焓值均降低。TPA结果分析表明,添加膳食纤维对高筋粉来说,面团弹性、黏性和回复性略有降低,对低筋粉来说,面团弹性、黏性和回复性略有升高,而对中筋粉来说,面团弹性和回复性均升高,而黏性略有降低。     

豆渣粉对小麦面团、馒头质构特性及馒头品质的影响

为了解豆渣粉对面团及馒头特性的影响,每100 g面粉中分别添加0、5、10、15、20 g豆渣粉,利用质构仪测定分析豆渣粉添加量对面团及馒头质构特性的影响,然后对馒头感官品质进行评价。结果表明：随着豆渣粉添加量的增加,面团及馒头的硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性及黏附性显著增加（P＜0.05）;面团的内聚性、弹性变化不显著;馒头的内聚性、弹性呈显著降低趋势;馒头的感官品质变差。因此,豆渣粉的添加,改变了面团和馒头的质构特性及馒头的感官品质。     

豆渣混合粉面团特性及馒头品质的影响研究

研究了豆渣粉粗细度、添加量对豆渣混合粉面团的特性及馒头制品品质的影响。结果表明:80目的豆渣粉可有效保留豆渣馒头中豆渣原有的色泽特征;豆渣粉添加量对混和粉的面筋含量、粉质指数、面团的弱化度有显著改变,添加量不宜超过10%;经蒸制特性分析,豆渣馒头粉中豆渣粉的最适添加量为8%,馒头的色泽、外形及感官最好。     

豆渣粉对面团特性及面团微观结构的影响

为了探索豆渣粉对小麦面团特性及面团微观结构的影响,每100g面粉中分别添加0、5、10、15、20g微粉后的豆渣粉。采用拉伸仪法和粉质仪法及扫描电镜技术(SEM)研究面团特性及面团微观结构的变化。结果表明,随着豆渣粉含量的增加,面团的吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间均呈增加趋势;面团的延伸性、拉伸能量、湿面筋含量降低,拉伸比增加;面筋的网络结构连续性变差,网络发生断裂。因此,豆渣粉的添加,破坏了面筋的网络结构。     

豆渣对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

利用粉质仪、拉伸仪、快速黏度仪、物性测试仪研究了豆渣对面团特性及馒头品质的影响。结果表明,随着豆渣添加量的增加,面团吸水率和粉质指数增大、形成时间和稳定时间延长、弱化度减小;面团的最低黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值和峰值时间不断减少,糊化温度先升后降,峰值黏度先降后升,在7.5%出现峰值。随着发酵程度的增大,各面团中淀粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、回升值、糊化温度都增大,衰减值减小。添加7.5%豆渣可使相同发酵程度下淀粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度都有所降低。添加豆渣后,馒头比容变小,含水量呈增大趋势;馒头硬度、感官评分随着豆渣添加量的增加先降低后增加,在添加量为7.5%时出现峰值。添加豆渣可延长馒头货架期。     

基于营养角度添加食品辅料对小麦粉及其面团品质特性的影响研究

分析小麦粉及其面团吸水量、灰分、白度、降落数值、流变学特性、蛋白质与湿面筋含量6项指标,介绍大豆渣、冬瓜粉、甘草粉、黑豆粉、芡实粉、酸改性麦麸粉、小米粉、油莎豆粉、紫薯粉和马铃薯粉等10种辅料的营养特性,阐述在小麦粉中分别添加这10种辅料对小麦粉及其面团品质特性的影响。结果证明,在小麦粉中适当添加大豆渣等食品辅料,可使面制食品的营养更加均衡,能增加花色品种并改善口感。     

酸改性麦麸粉对面粉粉质特性及面团质构特性的影响

研究超声波-酸解改性的麦麸粉不同添加量对面粉粉质特性、面团拉伸特性、面粉糊化特性以及面团质构特性的影响。结果表明：随着酸改性麦麸粉添加量的增加，面团的吸水率、形成时间呈上升趋势，稳定时间和粉质指数则先上升后下降；面团的最大拉伸阻力、拉伸阻力、拉力比数随酸改性麦麸粉添加量的增加呈上升趋势，而延伸性和拉伸面积呈下降趋势，对面团的拉伸特性具有正、反两方面的作用；峰值黏度、最低黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度及峰值时间均呈先上升后下降的趋势；质构特性结果表明，面团的硬度、弹性、黏附性、咀嚼性、内聚性和回复性随着添加量的增加呈先增加后减少趋势。综合得出，酸改性麦麸粉添加范围6%～9%可以改善面粉粉质及质构特性。     

膨化豆渣对面团特性及面包品质影响研究

研究分析了膨化豆渣不同添加量对面团特性、面包烘焙特性及面包货架期的影响。结果表明:豆渣经挤压膨化后,脂肪、淀粉含量略有下降,不溶性膳食纤维含量明显下降,可溶性膳食纤维含量显著提高,蛋白质含量几乎没有发生变化,可溶性成分增多,豆渣的营养组分发生变化;添加适量的膨化豆渣,可改善面团特性、面包的焙烤品质,增加面包的体积,提高面包的含水量,减少面包的硬度,延长面包的货架期;在本试验条件下膨化豆渣的添加量不宜超过12%。     

豆渣膳食纤维面条烹煮品质特性研究

将豆渣膳食纤维添加到面条中，研究豆渣膳食纤维颗粒度、豆渣膳食纤维添加量、海藻酸钠添加量、食盐添加量对豆渣膳食纤维保健面条烹煮品质特性的影响。结果表明，豆渣膳食纤维颗粒度为100目、用量g％，海藻酸钠添加量为0．25％，食盐添加量为4．0％时，豆渣膳食纤维保健面条具有良好的烹煮品质。     

The effect of enzymic modification on the foaming, water absorption and baking quality of defatted soya flour

Defatted soya flour slurries were treated for 0,5,10,15 and 30 min with papain at 50°C and tested for whipability, water absorption and baking quality at replacement levels in wheat flour of 10,20 and 30% (w/w). When whipped, all modified suspensions showed volume increases exceeding 250% with lower stability ratings than the unmodified samples. The 30 min enzyme treated product exhibited excellent water absorption. Use in bread resulted in a depression of loaf volume, development of a granular texture, off-colour and flavour. As was expected, all favourable characteristics decreased upon increasing the percentage of soya product in the dough formulation. Loaf volumes of breads containing 10% modified soya flour (MSF) ranged from 444 to 527 cc; with 20% MSF between 374 and 428 cc, and with 30% MSF between 383 and 409 cc. Loaf volume of all wheat flour bread was 861cc. Hunter colour difference meter readings indicated samples at all replacement levels, regardless of the enzyme modification time, exhibited higher levels of visual lightness than all wheat flour bread. All experimental breads exhibited a higher level of yellow tones and lower level of green tones compared to the all wheat flour bread.     

7株野生葡萄酒酵母对‘桂葡3号’干白葡萄酒香气成分的影响

对筛选自我国广西毛葡萄产区的汉逊酵母属的Hanseniaspora thailandica(MSF1-4、MG4、MG6、MSF6-2)、伊萨酵母属的Issatchenkia terricola(MG3-1)、酿酒酵母属的Saccharomyas cerevisiae(MSF8-1)和毕赤酵母属的Pichia pastoris(MG1)共7株酵母酿造‘桂葡3号’干白葡萄酒,分析探讨其理化指标及挥发性香气物质,并以商业酵母K1发酵酒样为对照。结果表明:7株菌发酵酒各理化指标均符合GB 15037—2006《葡萄酒》要求;共检测到68种香气物质,实验组香气总量均大于对照组K1;其中辛酸乙酯在乙酯类总含量中高达46.05%,而对照组K1中辛酸乙酯占乙酯总含量的7.12%;MG3-1、MG1、MSF6-2特征香气物质为乙酸苯乙酯、壬醛、4-萜烯醇、芳樟醇、1-辛醇、1-癸醇,MG6的特征香气物质为乙酸异戊酯、香茅醇,MSF8-1、K1、MG4特征香气物质为乙酸乙酯,MSF1-4的香气特征物质为玫瑰醚、月桂酸乙酯、辛酸、癸酸、癸酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸甲酯;其中K1、MG4发酵实验组香气特征最为接近,MG6、MSF1-4发酵实验组香气特征差异最大。上述结果分析得出7株野生酵母菌具有较强的产辛酸乙酯的能力,MG1、MSF1-4产香能力最好,适合进一步研究开发。     

Flavone compounds in male and female asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) plants

Biochemical differences between male and female asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L) plants have been investigated. A compound termed ‘male sex factor’ (MSF) was found only in male shoots during flowering whereas a closely related ‘sex-like factor’ (SLF) occurred in plants of both sexes. SLF was tentatively identified as 4′-hydroxy-5: 7-dimethoxyflavone (5: 7-dimethoxy-apigenin). The possible role of MSF in asparagus breeding and cultivation is considered.     

Antioxidant capacity of the extracts from pulp of Osmanthus fragrans and its components

In this study, a significant inhibitory effect (EC₅₀ = 50.29 μg/ml) on the ABTS free radicals was detected in the crude ethanol extracts (CEE) of Osmanthus fragrans' pulp. Then, CEE was separated into methanol soluble fraction (MSF) and a methanol insoluble fraction (MISF), and their scavenging activities on the ABTS free radicals ascended in the order: MSF > CEE > MISF, respectively. Accordingly, the total phenolic (TP) contents of MSF, CEE and MISF were 40.53 ± 0.27, 35.37 ± 0.18 and 29.62 ± 0.23 mg/g (dry weight), respectively. Furthermore, salidroside (tyrosol 8-O-β-glucopyranoside), which showed powerful antioxidant activities in all test system was isolated from MSF. The antioxidant activity of salidroside (81.54 μg/ml) on DPPH free radicals was found to be nearly twice of that of MSF (144.78 μg/ml), and its total antioxidant activity is superior to that of the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In conclusion, our results suggested that O. fragrans' pulp, which was often considered as agricultural wastes, could be a promising source of natural antioxidants, and that MSF and salidroside may be good candidates for further development as natural antioxidants.     

不同品种膳食纤维影响小鼠糖耐量结果的比较

本文选择多功能大豆纤维（MSF）、小麦纤维、纤维素、果胶和瓜儿胶等5种膳食纤维，对其影响小鼠葡萄糖耐量结果作了比较与分析。结果显示，1.0g/kg MSF、果胶或瓜儿胶可使葡萄糖耐量曲线变得尤为平缓，而同剂量纤维素和小麦纤维的效果并不显著。水溶性、粘性膳食纤维具有明显的稳定餐后血糖的作用，原因可能在于它能增加小肠内容物粘性，增加肠内非搅动层（unstirred layer）的厚度，并能使胃的排空速率降低，从而显著降低葡萄糖吸收速度。     

熟豆豆浆馒头与传统小麦粉馒头的感官品质及营养成分对比

本文以大豆、小麦富强粉为主要原料制成熟豆豆浆馒头,与传统加工工艺制成标准粉馒头和富强粉馒头进行感官评价和营养成分对比。结果表明:在感官品质的对比中,三种馒头感官品质的总得分和气味方面的得分为熟豆豆浆馒头>富强粉馒头>标准粉馒头,在粘牙方面的得分为熟豆豆浆馒头大于标准粉馒头和富强粉馒头,在色泽方面的得分为熟豆豆浆馒头和富强粉馒头大于标准粉馒头,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);在营养成分的对比中,熟豆豆浆馒头的蛋白质、脂肪、水分、灰分、总膳食纤维及大豆异黄酮含量均高于标准粉馒头和富强粉馒头,而熟豆豆浆馒头所含的能量和碳水化合物却低于标准粉馒头和富强粉馒头。     

乳酸菌发酵酸面团对青麦仁面包品质的影响

为研究乳酸菌发酵酸面团对青麦仁面包品质的影响,利用植物乳杆菌发酵制作酸面团,添加到青麦仁面包中,并测定小麦面包、青麦仁面包、青麦仁酸面团面包3种样品的质构、感官评价、慢消化性淀粉含量（SDS）、挥发性风味物质等。结果表明:添加酸面团能显著降低样品的硬度、咀嚼性,增大弹性（P<0.05）;添加酸面团的样品其感官评分接近于小麦面包,与小麦面包不存在显著性差异（P>0.05）;在贮藏过程中,青麦仁酸面团面包的慢消化性淀粉含量低于其他样品,说明酸面团的添加能有效延缓面包的老化;小麦面包、青麦仁面包、青麦仁酸面团面包3种样品中分别检测出32种、42种、46种风味物质,有15种物质共同存在于3种面包中,表明酸面团的添加增加了面包挥发性风味物质种类,改善了面包的口味;综合研究结果表明酸面团的添加能有效改善青麦仁面包的品质。     

麦麸膳食纤维添加对面包和馒头品质影响

将麦麸膳食纤维添加于面粉中制作面包和馒头,通过感官评价来研究麦麸膳食纤维添加量对面包和馒头品质的影响.实验结果表明,在面包或馒头中添加5%麦麸膳食纤维较适宜,不会明显降低面包和馒头的感官性状和内部品质,而且口感细腻.无麸皮干涩味,感官评分最高.     

大豆蛋白在面包中应用的研究

本课题对大豆蛋白在面包中的应用进行了研究,确定了将脱脂豆粉添加于面粉制作大豆蛋白强化面包的配方和工艺条件。所做强化面包体积增大,面包心无粘感,无豆腥味,其蛋白质含量比未强化前提高50％以上,并且面包重量增加、抗老化性提高,各项质量指标均符合我国面包质量标准。     

An investigation of bread-baking process in a pilot-scale electrical heating oven using computational fluid dynamics

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed for bread-baking process in a pilot-scale baking oven to find out the effect of hot air distribution and placement of bread on temperature and starch gelatinization index of bread. In this study, product (bread) simulation was carried out with different placements of bread. Simulation results were validated with experimental measurements of bread temperature. This study showed that nonuniform air flow pattern inside the oven cavity leads to uneven temperature distribution. The study with respect to placement of bread showed that baking of bread in upper trays required shorter baking time and gelatinization index compared to those in the bottom tray. The upper tray bread center reached 100 °C at 1200 s, whereas starch gelatinization completed within 900 s, which was the minimum baking index. Moreover, the heat penetration and starch gelatinization were higher along the sides of the bread as compared to the top and bottom portions of the bread.