婴儿配方乳粉脂质母乳化的研究进展

人乳脂肪是最复杂的天然脂质混合物之一,具有独特的脂肪酸组成、分布和许多复杂脂质。乳脂肪几乎提供着新生婴儿所需的一半能量,同时还会影响婴儿日后的代谢方式和整体发育。因此,随着对母乳脂肪及婴儿生长需求研究的深入,以母乳脂质组成为模板,对婴儿配方乳粉脂质进行母乳化模拟,可以缩小母乳与婴儿配方乳粉喂养婴儿之间的差异。目前,婴儿配方乳粉脂质母乳化主要集中在脂肪酸组成模拟、sn-2棕榈酸结构脂的应用以及乳脂肪球膜成分的添加方面。另外,利用乳脂肪球膜包裹脂滴实现脂肪球结构模拟的相关研究也在逐步开展。本文着重对这几个方面的研究进展进行总结,在关注婴儿营养需求的同时,为婴儿配方乳粉的研发提供理论依据。     

不同脂肪来源婴儿配方乳粉与母乳脂质组成的差异分析

研究4 种不同脂肪来源的婴儿配方乳粉与母乳在总脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸及甘油三酯上的脂质组成差异。结果表明,从样品中共检测出27 种脂肪酸及87 种甘油三酯,与母乳相比,4 种婴儿配方乳粉含有更多的饱和脂肪酸,较少的多不饱和脂肪酸,且母乳中超过70%的饱和脂肪酸酯化在甘油三酯的sn-2位,而4 种婴儿配方乳粉甘油三酯sn-2位更多的被不饱和脂肪酸占据,尤其是植物油基IF1和IF2,sn-2位不饱和脂肪酸高达80%。在甘油三酯组成方面,母乳中1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯、1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯及一些中长链甘油三酯显著高于4 种婴儿配方乳粉（P＜0.05）,而婴儿配方乳粉含有更多的三油酸甘油三酯、1-油酸-2,3-二亚油酸甘油三酯及一些中链甘油三酯（P＜0.05）,并且脂肪来源的不同会显著影响婴儿配方乳粉的脂质组成,同为植物油基的IF1和IF2具有更相似的甘油三酯、脂肪酸组成及分布,并与添加了乳脂成分的IF3和IF4形成明显区分,且牛乳/植物油混合基婴儿配方乳粉在整体脂质组成上更加接近母乳。最后,基于多变量分析,发现共有16 种甘油三酯可用于区分人乳和婴儿配方奶粉。本研究结果有助于研发更接近人乳的婴儿配方乳粉。     

几种常用植物油在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用研究

以几种常用植物油为主要研究对象,对植物油和牛乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成进行检测。依据国标对婴儿配方乳粉中脂肪含量的规定并参考母乳脂肪含量,对牛乳脂肪和植物油中的油酸、亚油酸、亚油酸与α-亚麻酸的比值、饱和脂肪酸的含量等进行了详细分析。根据这些脂肪酸的特点将植物油进行了分类,从脂肪酸含量入手对几种常用植物油在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用进行了研究。     

羊奶营养研究进展及羊乳基婴儿配方奶粉开发

牛奶和羊奶都可以作为婴儿配方奶粉的乳基来源,但二者的营养素构成和维生素和矿物质含量存在明显的差异。羊奶比牛奶含有较少的αs1酪蛋白和较多的β酪蛋白,非蛋白氮含量也高于牛奶。羊奶中的脂肪球要显著小于牛奶,小直径的脂肪球分布明显高于牛奶,脂肪球总表面积明显大于牛奶,山羊奶中还含有很高比例的短链和中链脂肪酸、共轭亚油酸和长链多不饱和脂肪酸,而且ω-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量高于牛奶。羊奶中的低聚寡糖含量比牛奶中的更多,且种类和结构也更接近于人乳寡糖。羊奶作为乳基的婴儿配方奶粉较之牛乳基配方奶粉具有特有的营养特性和潜在的健康益处。     

婴儿配方乳粉蛋白质的人乳化研究进展

从营养代谢和生物活性两方面,分析和比较了人乳和婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质的主要差异,发现总蛋白质含量偏高、缺乏生物活性蛋白是当前婴儿配方乳粉存在的主要问题,并明确指出生物活性是新一代婴儿配方乳粉研发的主方向。此综述为婴儿配方乳粉的基础研究和产品开发提供参考。     

人乳短链脂肪酸的组成、检测方法与消化代谢研究进展

短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)是指碳链长度在4~8的有机脂肪酸,也称为挥发性脂肪酸,在哺乳动物乳和胃肠道系统中含量较高。人类日常饮食的短链脂肪酸主要来自于牛羊乳。人乳中含有的短链脂肪酸可调节婴儿脂质代谢、降低肥胖风险,对于婴儿的生长发育具有重要作用。对人乳短链脂肪酸的组成、检测方法及其消化代谢进行综述,为人乳营养价值的研究和婴儿配方奶粉的开发研制提供参考。     

婴儿配方奶粉中的油脂配料

综述了婴儿配方奶粉中的油脂配料由脂肪酸组成接近向脂肪结构接近转变的发展历程,包括脂肪对于婴儿生长发育的重要性,母乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成和结构的特殊性,目前婴儿配方奶粉中油脂配料的脂肪酸组成,婴儿对于不同类型油脂吸收的差异以及母乳脂肪替代物的制备方法.     

母乳及市售婴儿配方奶粉中脂肪酸结构分析

目的:了解市售婴儿配方奶粉脂肪酸组成与脂肪酸的位置分布,与人乳进行对比,为婴儿配方奶粉的开发和改善提供一定的依据。选择足月分娩的健康产妇,采集其初乳和成熟乳,测定母乳及婴儿配方奶粉中脂肪酸组成和sn-2位脂肪酸分布。结果表明:母乳总脂肪酸中,比例最高的是油酸31.344%,其次是棕榈酸21.373%和亚油酸18.781%;sn-2位脂肪酸组成占总脂肪酸的比例最高的是棕榈酸18.682%,其次是油酸3.824%和亚油酸3.575%。目前市售婴儿配方奶粉总脂肪酸中油酸比例最高为37.406%～52.863%,棕榈酸和亚油酸分为8. 163%～23.918%和17.043%～22.954%;sn-2位脂肪酸组成占总脂肪酸比例各品牌产品差异较大,油酸为10.274%～18.806%,亚油酸为8.091%～9.716%,棕榈酸为0.696%～11.086%。目前市售的婴儿配方奶粉脂肪酸组成及sn-2位脂肪酸分布特点与母乳还有一定的差距,有些品牌完全没有考虑脂肪酸位置分布。今后在研制婴儿配方奶粉时还需将脂肪酸位置分布作为"母乳化"方向的重点。     

我国市售婴儿配方乳粉油脂配料使用情况分析

目的:了解我国市售婴儿配方乳粉的油脂配料使用情况及脂肪酸提供情况,为提升婴儿配方乳粉的营养水平及制定产品相关标准提供参考。方法:多渠道收集婴儿配方乳粉标签信息,统计分析油脂配料的种类、组合、最高添加量构成比及标识含量,比较全脂乳产品与脱脂乳产品、牛乳基产品与羊乳基产品、高必需脂肪酸产品与全部产品间的差异。均数和率的比较分别采用t检验和卡方检验。结果:共纳入269个婴儿配方乳粉。配料表分析显示,85%的产品使用了4种及以上的油脂配料,葵花籽油和椰子油在全部产品中的添加率最高,分别为88%、76%。牛、羊乳基配方粉的油脂配料使用情况存在差异,牛乳基配方粉中脂肪、亚油酸及α-亚麻酸的标识含量略高于羊乳基配方粉(P<0.05)。脱脂乳配方粉中,棕榈油添加率为32%,显著高于全脂乳产品(P<0.05)。44例使用了棕榈油的产品中仅有4例强化了1,3-二油酸2-棕榈酸甘油三酯。结论:牛、羊乳基配方粉中的必需脂肪酸标识含量基本一致。现市售婴儿配方乳粉以多种油脂组合使用的方式,以尽可能模拟母乳脂肪酸模式,但有些油脂类原料使用的科学性还有待进一步研究。     

人乳脂肪球的研究进展

人乳是婴儿最理想的食物,人乳脂肪是人乳中的重要组成,不仅是婴儿生长发育所需能量的主要来源,也提供了各种脂溶性营养物质。人乳脂肪在乳清相中并非呈完全均匀地分散,而是以人乳脂肪球的形态稳定存在。人乳脂肪球是由一个三层的膜结构包裹住中心层状排列的甘油三酯组成,这种结构不仅维持了乳液本身的稳定性,还为婴儿的生长发育提供了特有的营养学功能。近年来,这种天然而特殊的物理形态引起了学者们的广泛关注。对国内外人乳脂肪球的相关文献进行综述,主要包括人乳脂肪球的形成、组成、营养学意义以及其在加工过程中的变化,并对今后研究的方向和重点进行了展望。     

Review of techniques to manufacture micro-hydrogel particles for the food industry and their applications

Microgels are ‘soft’ microscopic cross-linked polymeric particles that are being increasingly exploited in a variety of industries for rheology control, encapsulation and targeted delivery. They are valued because of the ability to tune their functionality to address specific applications in oil recovery, coatings, drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care and foods. Food microgels are typically biopolymer hydrogels in the form of microspheres, nanospheres (also called nanogels), spheroids and fibres. The utilisation of engineered microgels in foods has so far been limited, despite their great potential to address several needs in the food industry, including: satiety control, encapsulation of phytonutrients and prebiotics, texture control for healthier food formulations (e.g. reduced fat products), and targeting delivery to specific areas in the digestive tract. We review the scientific and patent literature on the utilisation and manufacturing methods for producing microgels with an emphasis on micro-hydrogels for food applications.     

12—A CRITIQUE OF SOME HYPOTHESES RELATING TO THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE HIGH-SULPHUR PROTEINS OF WOOL

Joubert and Burns prepared a large number of fractions from the high-sulphur proteins of wool and estimated their molecular weights and amino-acid compositions. Their data have been re-examined in order to look for statistically significant interrelations between amino acids and between the proportion of various amino acids and molecular weight. Statistical analysis of the data is also used to examine the credibility of some hypotheses concerning the mechanism of keratin biosynthesis and to provide further evidence for the existence of families of proteins within the high-sulphur fractions of wool.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of     

The Latest Data about Development of Chinese Printing Industry in 2013

In the 2014 China（Shanghai）International Printing Week,Director Wang Yanbin released the latest data about development of Chinese printing industry in 2013.According to statistics,in 2013,the total output value of Chinese printing industry exceeded 1trillion Yuan for the first time,reaching 1.03985 trillion Yuan.There were 105,000 printing enterprises in China,employees were 3.415 million.The total asset was 1.06247 trillion Yuan;     

The State Council Issued "Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"

正On December 2nd,2013,the State Council issued the notification of"Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"(hereafter referred to as"notification").It is pointed out in the"notification"that in order to further deepen reforms in investment systems and administrative examination and approval systems,simplify administrative procedures and delegate powers to lower levels,earnestly     

Top Ten News of China's Paper Industry 2013

On December 24th, 2013, the meeting on the selection of top 10 news of China＇s paper industry 2013 sponsored by 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 was held in Beijing. The yearly selection of the top l0 news, which began in 2000, has become a brand activity widely recognized in the industry thanks to the support from the authorities at all levels and public participation.     

National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the "13~(th) Five-Year Plan"

In Apri Commi major p Plan＂ （h 2014, the National Development and Reform ssion issued an announcement for selection of reliminary research projects for the ＂13th Five-Year ereafter referred to as ＂The Announcement＂）     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the latest scientific     

China textile machinery: taking off in progress

正Among the 1600 exhibitors who take apart in the ITMA ASIA+CITME2014 2/3 are Chinese manufactures.If the numerous figures failed to attract your attention,the increase of quality should draw your focus.To adopt the demand of developing textile machine market,domestic textile machinery enterprises now follow the slogan of"technology drives development"to enhance product competitiveness.Our domestic sellers will showcase product ranging from spinning,weaving,dyeing and printing,     

Anti-mutagenic compounds from corn

In previous studies with aflatoxin-contaminated corn an uncharacteristic response for AFB₁ in the Salmonella/microsomal mutagenicity assay (Ames test) was observed and the presence of anti-aflatoxin factors in the corn was suggested. In the current study, corn was extracted and fractionated using thin layer chromatography (TLC) using different developing solvent systems and the Ames test was used to monitor for anti-mutagenic activity in the corn fractions. Both Salmonella tester strains TA98 and TA100 with metabolic activation (S9) were used. Several corn fractions, at different stages in the isolation and purification process, showed anti-mutagenic dose-responses when exposed to pure AFB₁. Corn extracts were non-toxic to the tester strains and TLC fractions that showed the best anti-mutagenic dose-responses were selected for further partial characterization analyses.