2011~2018年吉林省食品中沙门氏菌的污染监测及血清型别分布

目的： 了解吉林省食品中沙门氏菌的污染状况,为预防食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法： 采集 2011~2018年吉林省16类共13507份食品样品,对沙门氏菌进行监测分析。结果： 13507份样品中检出沙门氏菌75株,总检出率为0.56%。其中2016年检出率最高,为1.02%;9个地区中白城市检出率最高(2.63%);不同食品类别中生肉及生肉制品检出率最高,为2.29%;75株沙门菌主要以肠炎沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌为主,分别占总数的37.33%和13.33%。结论：吉林省食品中存在沙门氏菌污染,具有潜在的食源性疾病风险,应加强食品安全风险监测,预防食源性疾病暴发。     

沙门氏菌和单增李斯特菌诱导性耐酸响应机制的研究进展

沙门氏菌和单增李斯特菌被认为是肉制品中最重要的食源性致病菌。它们在弱酸环境下会发生强烈的诱导性耐酸响应,同时诱导产生高毒、耐酸、耐渗透压的高危菌株,是影响消费者健康安全的重大隐患。本文主要从沙门氏菌和单增李斯特菌产生诱导耐酸的发现过程、诱导耐酸响应的危害、产生诱导耐酸的影响因素方面进行概述,进一步从pH值稳态系统、应激蛋白分子的调控及细胞膜组成和流动性调控的角度分析了产生诱导耐酸响应的分子机制。     

Antimicrobial Resistance on Farms: A Review Including Biosecurity and the Potential Role of Disinfectants in Resistance Selection

Resistance to therapeutic antimicrobial agents is recognized as a growing problem for both human and veterinary medicine, and the need to address the issue in both of these linked domains is a current priority in public policy. Efforts to limit antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on farms have so far focused on control of the supply and use of antimicrobial drugs, plus husbandry measures to reduce infectious disease. In the United Kingdom and some other countries, substantial progress has been made recently against targets on agricultural antimicrobial drug use. However, evidence suggests that resistant pathogenic and commensal bacteria can persist and spread within and between premises despite declining or zero antimicrobial drug use. Reasons for this are likely complex and varied but may include: bacterial adaptations to ameliorate fitness costs associated with maintenance and replication of resistance genes and associated proteins, horizontal transmission of genetic resistance determinants between bacteria, physical transfer of bacteria via movement (of animals, workers, and equipment), ineffective cleaning and disinfection, and co‐selection of resistance to certain drugs by use of other antimicrobials, heavy metals, or biocides. Areas of particular concern for public health include extended‐spectrum cephalosporinases and fluoroquinolone resistance among Enterobacteriaceae, livestock‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and the emergence of transmissible colistin resistance. Aspects of biosecurity have repeatedly been identified as risk factors for the presence of AMR on farm premises, but there are large gaps in our understanding of the most important risk factors and the most effective interventions. The present review aims to summarize the present state of knowledge in this area, from a European perspective.     

沙门氏菌在食品中的生存策略及其防控的研究进展

沙门氏菌（Salmonella）污染是威胁食品安全和人体健康的主要因素之一,控制沙门氏菌污染是食品研究领域普遍关注的问题。本文综合阐述了沙门氏菌利用其生物膜的形成、耐酸耐热的特性、食品基质的差异以确保自身生存与繁殖的生存策略,并详细介绍了防控沙门氏菌的物理、化学和生物方法,以期为进一步定向调控沙门氏菌的危害、提高食品安全性提供理论指导。     

影响肉品安全的主要因素和控制措施

肉品安全俨然已成为当今社会关注的焦点,肉品安全在未来将面临巨大挑战。本文综述影响肉品安全的主要因素,主要包括农药残留、兽药残留、病原微生物等,以及保证肉品安全的控制措施。     

中国水产品质量安全现状及改善和控制措施

随着中国经济的迅速发展,我国的渔业和水产品加工业也进入了新的阶段。 然而随着水产业的发展,从养殖、加工、流通到消费各个环节发生的一些水产品的安全问题也日渐凸显。通过对我国水产品安全现状与发展的文献进行回顾,归纳分析“从渔场到餐桌”的各个环节出现的主要安全问题,提出改善水产品质量的严格控制措施：加强水产品的养殖环境的管理;严格规范养殖管理;在加工、贮运、销售过程中引入严格的质量管理与检测体系;改善及提倡健康的水产品消费模式;加强政府、教育机构、媒体及相关机构对水产品安全的监督管理和控制。     

2017年我国沙门菌定性检验及血清学分型质量控制考核结果研判

目的 评估我国食品安全风险监测体系各检验机构(简称检验机构)食源性沙门菌的定性检测能力,并全面了解各级检验机构实验室沙门菌血清学分型能力概况,确保沙门菌检验结果准确可靠,提升监测质量。方法 批量制备菌球样品(含6种我国常见血清型沙门菌和阴性对照)和样品基质,经稳定性等测试后发放至435家检验机构进行考核,使用点分数法对上报结果进行评价,Pearson卡方检验进行率的比较。结果 431家检验机构上报检验结果,初测所有指标完全正确率为72.6%(313/431),总体满意率为92.6%(399/431),结果不满意的主要类别为阴性样品假阳性(7.4%,32/431),区县级检验机构满意率(80.0%,52/65)低于省级(100.0%,32/32)和地市级(94.3%,315/334)。血清学分型考核完全正确比例为80.7%(348/431),不同级别检验机构间血清群正确率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但地市级检验机构血清型正确率低于省级甚至区县级。结论 本次考核提示各级检验机构的沙门菌定性检验能力基本能够满足监测任务需求,但部分实验室仍需要加强质量控制以提升沙门菌检验水平,省级以下实验室血清型鉴定水平仍需进一步提高,本次质量控制考核为开展针对性的监测培训提供了数据支持。     

消费者对HACCP认证的支付意愿:基于北京市乳制品市场的调查

调查了北京地区消费者对HACCP认证的认知程度、支付意愿(WTP)以及相关问题,并采用算术平均法和计量方法分别估算了消费者对奶制品的HACCP认证的WTP。调查发现消费者对HACCP认证的认知和信任不足。另外,通过对信息强化前后的比较可知,经过信息强化后,使用算术平均法测算出消费者对HACCP认证的平均WTP为0.13元(占市场价格的8.46%),比信息强化前提高了0.04元。计量结果显示,消费者对该认证的平均WTP为0.11元(占市场价格的7.15%)。可见,加强HACCP认证的宣传能提高消费者对HACCP的认知和接受度。     

2009—2011年上海市旺兹沃斯沙门菌的耐药分析及分子分型

目的 了解上海市2009-2011年旺兹沃斯沙门菌的耐药及分子分型特点.方法 采用WHO推荐的改良K-B纸片法,对6株旺兹沃斯沙门菌进行10种抗生素敏感性试验,采用CLSI 2010年版标准判断结果;运用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法对6株旺兹沃斯沙门菌进行分子分型分析.结果 6株旺兹沃斯沙门菌中只有1株对环丙沙星中度敏感,对甲氧苄啶和四环素耐药,其他菌株对这10种抗生素均敏感;6株旺兹沃斯沙门菌共产生5种PFGE带型,其中2株表现为同一PFGE型别.结论 2009-2011年旺兹沃斯沙门菌对抗生素的敏感性较高;部分菌株之间有较高的同源性.     

Effect of Antimicrobial Use in Agricultural Animals on Drug-resistant Foodborne Campylobacteriosis in Humans: A Systematic Literature Review

Controversy continues concerning antimicrobial use in food animals and its relationship to drug-resistant infections in humans. We systematically reviewed published literature for evidence of a relationship between antimicrobial use in agricultural animals and drug-resistant foodborne campylobacteriosis in humans. Based on publications from the United States (U.S.), Canada and Denmark from 2010 to July 2014, 195 articles were retained for abstract review, 50 met study criteria for full article review with 36 retained for which data are presented. Two publications reported increase in macrolide resistance of Campylobacter coli isolated from feces of swine receiving macrolides in feed, and one of these described similar findings for tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. A study in growing turkeys demonstrated increased macrolide resistance associated with therapeutic dosing with Tylan® in drinking water. One publication linked tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni clone SA in raw cow's milk to a foodborne outbreak in humans. No studies that identified farm antimicrobial use also traced antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter from farm to fork. Recent literature confirms that on farm antibiotic selection pressure can increase colonization of animals with drug-resistant Campylobacter spp. but is inadequately detailed to establish a causal relationship between use of antimicrobials in agricultural animals and prevalence of drug-resistant foodborne campylobacteriosis in humans.     

大肠杆菌生物膜形成特性及控制措施的研究进展

大肠杆菌既是人体内正常菌群的一部分,也是能够引起较高发病率和死亡率的重要病原体。大肠杆菌可以在生物或非生物表面形成生物膜,从而增强其在不利环境下的生存率（特别是对各种消毒剂、洗涤剂和抗生素的耐受力）。本文主要综述了目前对大肠杆菌形成生物膜研究所取得的重要进展,包括大肠杆菌形成生物膜的主要过程、特征、影响因素、分子调控机制、控制措施,并提出了今后可能的研究方向,为大肠杆菌生物膜的防控提供依据。     

食品安全卫生与植物卫生特别贸易关注分析与推动解决的建议

目的分析世界贸易组织(WTO)食品安全相关卫生与植物卫生(SPS)特别贸易关注,为推进关注解决提供建议。方法翻译分析1995—2016年WTO/SPS信息管理系统中具体的特别贸易关注资料、历年SPS特别贸易关注报告、SPS措施通报以及WTO关于SPS会议的报道,从关注数量、涉及成员、关注热点领域等方面,对WTO食品安全SPS特别贸易关注进行统计和描述分析。结果历年食品安全SPS特别贸易关注数量呈不规律变化;虽然发达和发展中成员均注重特别贸易关注机制的运用,但关注成员仍具有高度集中特点;农产品是关注的重点大类产品,进口限制、限量要求和动植物检验检疫措施是关注热点措施;SPS措施与国际标准的协调性及其科学性是争议焦点。结论特别贸易关注是解决国际贸易摩擦的有效机制之一。鉴于国际标准组织的地位以及关注解决实践,加强国际标准化建设,提升国际标准化组织活动话语权,争取多边合作,保持特别贸易关注的热度对于推动关注的解决具有重要意义。     

肉及肉制品中沙门氏菌活细胞的PCR检测研究

将荧光染料叠氮溴化丙锭(propidium monoazide,PMA)与普通聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)结合,通过对PMA的曝光时间、浓度进行优化,确定PMA-PCR区别死活细胞的最佳条件,并制作活细胞定量标准曲线,建立肉及肉制品中沙门氏菌活细胞的PMA-PCR检测方法。结果表明：使插入死细胞DNA中的PMA活化并且光解溶液中游离PMA的最佳曝光时间为15min;不抑制沙门氏菌活细胞DNA扩增的最大PMA质量浓度为10μg/mL;完全抑制热致死细胞DNA扩增的最小PMA质量浓度为4μg/mL。经PMA处理,含有不同比例的沙门氏菌热致死细胞和活细胞的混合液中活的沙门氏菌能够通过PCR被选择性的检测,最小检测限为20CFU/PCR。而且,经研究发现在20～2×105CFU/PCR范围内,电泳条带相对荧光强度与活细胞数的对数具有线性关系。采集30份肉及肉制品样品,利用PMA-PCR方法检测出两份生肉样品中存在沙门氏菌,经过6h的富集培养后的活菌浓度分别为2.5×103CFU/mL和3.4×103CFU/mL。     

食品安全有害成分蒸馏机理及控制措施研究进展

蒸馏工艺是蒸馏酒生产的重要工序之一,同时也是对蒸馏酒进行食品安全质量控制的关键环节。近年来,食品安全问题已成为人们关注的焦点,如何有效控制白酒生产过程中有害成分的研究已迫在眉睫。综述了甲醇、杂醇油和农药残留等在蒸馏过程中的变化机理以及控制措施,以期为酒行业安全生产研究提供参考。     

基于ttr基因的mini-MPN-qLAMP法快速定量检测食品中沙门氏菌

该研究通过3管型微量MPN计数法（Mini Most Probable Number,mini-MPN）建立了一种快速定量检测食源性沙门氏菌的荧光定量环介导等温扩增（Quantitative Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification,qLAMP）方法。依据沙门菌属ttr基因设计了qLAMP和荧光定量PCR（Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,qPCR）引物,结合5 h BPW增菌和MPN计数法建立了mini-MPN-qLAMP沙门氏菌快速定量检测方法;使用两种人工污染样品对mini-MPN-qLAMP法进行验证,使用Bland-Altman分析比较不同检测方法检测结果的一致性。结果表明,建立的qLAMP法与qPCR法反应特异性均良好,纯培养时qLAMP法检出限为500 CFU/mL。通过Bland-Altman分析表明所建立的mini-MPN-qLAMP法在速冻乌米饭中检测结果与mini-MPN-qPCR、mini-MPN计数法、平板计数法相比均具有较高的一致性,r2≥0.994,检出限为-0.44 lg MPN/mL;而在速冻鸡胸肉中该法检测结果与mini-MPN-qPCR结果一致性最佳,r2=0.990,检出限为-0.64 lg MPN/mL。肉制品中腐败杂菌会影响mini-MPN计数和平板计数结果,mini-MPN-qLAMP可排除肉制品中腐败杂菌对检测结果的影响。该研究所建立的mini-MPN-qLAMP法简单易行,准确度高,可用于食品中沙门氏菌的快速定量检测。     

Review: Assessing and managing risk due to consumption of seafood contaminated with micro-organisms, parasites, and natural toxins in the US

While most seafoods consumed in the US are wholesome, a variety of infectious agents and toxins have been implicated in disease aetiology. The major risk of acute illness is associated with consumption of raw molluscan shellfish. Most reported seafood-associated illness (55%) have unknown aetiologies; they are believed to be due mainly to Norwalk, Norwalk-like, or human enteric virus infection, with a smaller proportion caused by Vibrio bacteria. Parasites are less common than microbiological infections, with anisakids and cestodes having the greatest risks. People consuming tropically-caught fish have a risk of acquiring ciguatera poisoning. Other common natural intoxications (mainly scombroid and to a lesser extent paralytic poisonings) occur due to consumption of finfish and shellfish, respectively.
Reduction of risks from the consumption of raw molluscs and other fishery products can be achieved by the following means: research to develop valid human enteric virus indicators, implementing and maintaining proper treatment and disposal of sewage, efforts aimed at identifying and limiting the number of pathogenic Vibrio species in shellfish, developing new diagnostic methods and improved processing technologies, applying risk-based control measures for potential microbial pathogens in raw shellfish, cooking of seafoods, and proper application of a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system to processing and preparation operations of fishery products.     

白酒中塑化剂对人体的危害及可能来源和控制措施

白酒塑化剂事件引发了全社会对白酒行业食品安全的普遍关注,尽管白酒塑化剂风波所引发的负面影响已逐渐消退,但依旧存在各种隐患,介绍了白酒中主要塑化剂成分对人们的危害,白酒中塑化剂的可能来源及控制措施.     

Ugly but tasty: A systematic review of possible human and animal health risks related to entomophagy

Background: According to many recent studies, the use of insects as food seems to be convenient, sustainable, economical and healthy. The objective of this study is to analyze the possible effects of insect consumption on human and animal health. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed using the PubMed, Scopus and CAB databases. Results: Of the 6026 items initially retrieved, 70 were eligible for inclusion; 40 studies analyzed the use of insects in human foods or drugs, while 30 analyzed the use of insects in animal feed. In humans, the most commonly analyzed risks are nutrient malabsorption, growth alteration, chemical and microbiological contamination and allergy risk. Studies of animals focus on growth alteration, nutrient malabsorption and hematic and qualitative meat alteration. Conclusion: In recent years, researchers have shifted their focus from the possible use of edible insects in animal feed to their use as possible nutrient sources for humans. The results suggest that, if properly treated and preserved, products derived from insects are safe and efficient sources of nutrients for animals. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible effects of prolonged insect consumption on human health.     

Probiotic bacteria are antagonistic to Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni and influence host lymphocyte responses in human microbiota‐associated immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice

A defined human microbiota‐associated (HMA) mouse model in BALB/c and immunodeficient Tgε26 mice was used to assess the ability of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria to enhance colonization resistance to gastrointestinal (GI) tract pathogens. Probiotic bacteria (1×10⁸ colony forming unit (CFU)/mL) successfully excluded Campylobacter jejuni from both strains of mice 7 days after challenge. The probiotic bacteria also reduced the number of Salmonella in the large intestines of both mouse strains. The nylon wool fractionated spleen lymphocyte populations were incubated with Salmonella or C. jejuni antigens. The probiotic treatments did not affect lymphocyte proliferation to C. jejuni antigens, but significantly increased proliferation of lymphocytes to Salmonella antigens by 68 and 55%, respectively, over untreated mice. Caspase 3/7 activation was significantly reduced 33 and 38% in the T and B lymphocyte fractions, respectively, of probiotic‐treated, Salmonella‐challenged HMA BALB/c mice, suggesting that lymphocyte rescue from apoptosis was occurring as a result of probiotic bacteria activity. These results revealed an immunosuppressive activity by Salmonella that was inhibited by the presence of probiotic bacteria. In summary, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria competitively excluded C. jejuni from immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice and antagonized an observable Salmonella‐induced immunosuppression in immunocompetent mice.     

SD-PMA-qPCR快速检测冷冻肉制品中活性沙门氏菌的研究

为实现冷冻肉制品中活性沙门氏菌的快速检测与控制,本文利用PMA（叠氮溴化丙锭）和SD（脱氧胆酸钠）消除死菌和损伤菌的影响,建立了运用SD-PMA-qPCR法检测活性沙门氏菌的反应体系和反应条件,并进行人工染菌样品检测试验。SD的最佳浓度确定为0.1%,最佳孵育时间为20 min。对-20 ℃低温冷冻处理3~4 d的沙门氏菌处理液,使用平板计数法、qPCR、PMA-qPCR和SD-PMA-qPCR进行计数,结果发现qPCR与PMA-qPCR二者检测值接近且明显高于平板计数值,而SD-PMA-qPCR检测值与平板计数值相近,这表明SD和PMA的联合使用能有效的消除死菌和损伤菌的影响。人工染菌样品试验表明,沙门氏菌检出限在102 CFU/g,同时106 CFU/g大肠杆菌O157:H7的存在不会影响检测结果。本研究所建立的SD-PMA-qPCR检测方法特异性好、灵敏度高,有望成为快速检测冷冻肉制品中活性沙门氏菌的新方法,具有很好的研究价值和应用前景。