硫酰氟熏杀锈赤扁谷盗实仓应用

使用硫酰氟对高抗性害虫锈赤扁谷盗进行实仓熏蒸杀虫处理,在12 h内可以灭杀成虫及卵,表明硫酰氟在熏蒸过程中具有粮堆穿透性强、杀虫时间短、杀虫效果好等优点。     

硫酰氟对锈赤扁谷盗熏杀应用实验

采用硫酰氟以21 g/m~3的剂量,对7 818 t散存小麦进行熏蒸杀虫,探索硫酰氟对储粮害虫锈赤扁谷盗的熏杀效果,结果表明:其杀虫效果明显好于磷化氢,且密闭时间短。     

小麦仓多点施药环流硫酰氟浓度变化及对锈赤扁谷盗的致死效果

在高大平房仓采用硫酰氟20 g/m3的剂量对仓温27～30℃、中部上层粮温26～28℃、中部中下层粮温16～19℃、东北部上中下层粮温26～29℃的8 000 t小麦粮堆利用环流系统施药口和粮面多点施药并环流,测定粮面、粮面下1.5和4.5 m深处的硫酰氟浓度,以及对室内培养的锈赤扁谷盗成虫、蛹、幼虫、卵和粮堆中采集的锈赤扁谷盗成虫的致死效果。在环流条件下粮面和粮堆下4.5m深处在施药完毕硫酰氟浓度即达到或接近峰值,粮堆下1.5 m深处浓度较低。熏蒸3至12 h时各部位层点浓度均在20g/m3以上,分布较为均匀。12h时,粮堆中硫酰氟浓度总体较高,此时间后随时间延长浓度下降趋势明显。在24 h时停止环流后,各检测点硫酰氟浓度下降较快,粮温较高的东北角部位检测点浓度下降速率大于粮温较低的粮堆中部的浓度下降速率,粮温高的部位硫酰氟浓度下降比粮温低的部位明显较快。粮堆中硫酰氟浓度在降到2 g/m3(约13 d)以后衰减速率变小,从2 g/m3衰减至0 g/m3的时间约10 d。粮面硫酰氟浓度27～24 g/m3熏蒸3 h可完全杀死锈赤扁谷盗成虫和幼虫,浓度27～22 g/m3经6 h可完全杀死锈赤扁谷盗蛹,27～19 g/m3经24 h可完全杀死锈赤扁谷盗的卵。锈赤扁谷盗各虫态对硫酰氟的耐受力大小为:卵蛹成虫≈幼虫。在粮堆表层和周边粮温26～29℃、内部粮温16～19℃的粮堆中,锈赤扁谷盗4个虫态经硫酰氟浓度24 g/m3上下开始到23 d后的0 g/m3的过程均可全部被杀死。     

苦皮藤素乳油对三种储粮害虫的熏蒸作用

采用密闭熏蒸法研究了苦皮藤素乳油对储粮害虫的熏蒸作用。研究结果表明,处理24h后,苦皮藤素乳油对玉米象、赤拟谷盗和锯谷盗的LD50分别为3.606 97、2.773 78和2.048 87μg/ml;玉米象、赤拟谷盗和锯谷盗的回归方程分别为Y=3.972 64 X+2.786 68、Y=4.319 64 X+3.086 09和Y=4.095 70 X+3.724 13。三种储粮害虫对苦皮藤素乳油的敏感度由强到弱依次为锯谷盗、赤拟谷盗、玉米象。     

大型面粉加工车间硫酰氟整体熏蒸杀虫效果评估

研究了我国华南地区广州岭南穗粮谷物股份有限公司一面粉加工车间B区、C区,长为108 m,宽为25 m,高为35.2 m,总体积为95 040 m3,有效熏蒸体积为53842 m3的空间,采用硫酰氟剂量为40 g/m3、密闭时间为48 h的整体性结构熏蒸。在不补充硫酰氟熏蒸剂的条件下,熏蒸过程浓度随时间变化的规律,建立了熏蒸剂的日损失率Ld和浓度半数衰减时间HLT,分析了各楼层硫酰氟浓度变化规律和熏蒸剂泄漏程度,评估了杀虫效果。熏蒸剂的日损失率符合模型：（e,自然常数;b,衰减常数）,浓度半数衰减时间HLT符合模型：熏蒸剂日损失率的变化随着衰减常数的增大而增大,浓度半数衰减时间HLT的变化随着衰减常数的增大而减小。单次熏蒸时衰减常数为固定值,熏蒸剂日损失率、浓度半数衰减时间HLT为恒定变化。经模型评估,6、7、8楼的日损失率Ld和半数衰减时间介于56.7 %~71.3 %和0.56~0.83 d。3、4楼区域损失率Ld和半数衰减时间介于85.0 %~92.6 %和0.27~0.37 d;除8楼硫酰氟熏蒸剂浓度半数衰减时间HLT超过15 h,其余楼层均未超过15 h。熏蒸后22 d,取样检测发现面粉加工车间设备和管道中均发现赤拟谷盗幼虫活虫。采用硫酰氟进行建筑物结构40 g/m3剂量、密闭时间48 h方式熏蒸,可将车间空间区域害虫各虫态以及管道和设备中成虫杀死,存在于设备和管道内的卵可能存活且发育成新幼虫或蛹。     

储藏小麦粉中害虫发生与温湿度变化的关系研究

研究了不同初始虫口密度(0、2、15头/kg小麦粉)的不同储粮害虫(锈赤扁谷盗成虫、赤拟谷盗成虫、赤拟谷盗成虫与锈赤扁谷盗成虫混合)发生对储藏小麦粉温度及环境湿度变化的影响。结果表明,在全部实验观察期间,随着实验时间延长,害虫为害引起小麦粉温度升高,初始感染害虫虫口密度越高小麦粉温度也越高;不同起始虫口密度的不同虫种害虫为害的小麦粉温度均表现出上升趋势,相互之间差异不显著。在全部实验观察期间,未受害虫感染的小麦粉温度变化在22.27～28.70℃,感染2头/kg赤拟谷盗的小麦粉温度变化在22.23～29.53℃,感染15头/kg赤拟谷盗的小麦粉温度变化在22.03～29.55℃。感染2头/kg锈赤扁谷盗的小麦粉温度变化在21.67～29.43℃,感染15头/kg锈赤扁谷盗的小麦粉温度变化在22.13～29.63℃。感染2头/kg混合虫种的小麦粉温度变化在22.30～29.63℃,感染15头/kg混合虫种的小麦粉环境变化在22.20～29.37℃。在实验观察期间,不同虫种、不同起始虫口密度害虫为害对小麦粉环境湿度变化影响差异不显著。     

辣根素对3种仓储害虫的熏蒸作用

在28℃环境温度下,利用三角瓶熏蒸法,测定了辣根素对3种仓储害虫的熏蒸毒力。结果表明,熏蒸48 h后,辣根素Ⅰ和辣根素Ⅱ对赤拟谷盗、谷蠹和玉米象成虫均具有明显的熏蒸效果。辣根素Ⅱ对3种仓储害虫的熏蒸效果均更好。辣根素Ⅰ熏蒸处理48 h后,对赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、玉米象成虫的毒力回归方程和LC50分别为:赤拟谷盗Y=-3.94+4.77X,6.68μL/L;谷蠹Y=-4.73+11.11X,2.67μL/L;玉米象Y=-4.22+7.47X,3.68μL/L。辣根素Ⅱ熏蒸处理48 h后,对赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、玉米象成虫的毒力回归方程和LC50分别为:赤拟谷盗Y=-4.17+5.65X,5.47μL/L;谷蠹Y=-1.82+5.39X,1.95μL/L;玉米象Y=-2.90+6.04X,3.02μL/L。     

花椒提取物的杀虫活性研究

以花椒果皮为研究对象,赤拟谷盗为供试虫源,采用点滴法、饲喂法、三角瓶密闭熏蒸法和培养皿滤纸涂药法检测不同花椒果皮提取物对赤拟谷盗的的触杀、胃毒、熏蒸及趋避作用。实验结果显示,正丁醇萃取部分对赤拟谷盗的触杀活性最高,其LC50值为1.086 463 g/m L,石油醚提取部分对赤拟谷盗趋避活性最高,其趋避率可达到93.617%,花椒果皮不同极性段的提取物均有一定的杀虫活性。     

紫外线诱捕灯防治锈赤扁谷盗技术浅析

锈赤扁谷盗等储粮害虫抗药性很强,通过一次常规用药剂量熏蒸很难将其彻底杀灭,我库采用紫外灯诱捕结合磷化氢熏蒸防治锈赤扁谷盗取得良好效果,可以减少磷化氢熏蒸次数、节约费用、降低储粮成本。     

土荆芥挥发油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性

研究土荆芥挥发油的化学成分及对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性。用水蒸气蒸馏的方法提取土荆芥挥发油,气相-质谱法分析挥发油的化学成分;用密闭熏蒸法、点滴法与滤纸扩散法对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性进行了测定。从土荆芥挥发油中共检出96种化合物,相对含量较高的有：（+）-4-蒈烯（36.136%）、2-蒈烯（23.897%）、邻伞花烃（10.992%）、驱蛔素环氧化物（9.047%）,驱蛔素（4.882%）等。土荆芥挥发油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗熏蒸活性LC50 值分别为1.35 mg/L和2.83 mg/L;对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的触杀活性LD50值分别为16.80 μg/头和29.35 μg/头;当浓度为58.975 ??g/cm2时,处理2 h和4 h,土荆芥挥发油对玉米象的驱避率分别为45%和47%,对赤拟谷盗的驱避率分别为76 %和80 %。土荆芥挥发油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗两种仓储害虫均有良好的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性,可望从土荆芥挥发油中发现对两种仓储害虫具有良好生物活性的化合物。     

硫酰氟熏蒸在砖圆仓应用效果评价研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

为探索砖圆仓硫酰氟熏蒸杀虫和防护效果,分别在3个不同气密性仓房,分别采用整仓不环流熏蒸和环流熏蒸,以及采用不同的熏蒸药剂浓度,通过分析比较气体均匀性,浓度保持时间和杀虫防护效果进行评价。试验结果表明,硫酰氟气体可在4 h内自然扩散穿透10 m粮堆,并在24 h内达到整仓气体均匀。环流熏蒸由于环流管道老化造成药剂损失,气体浓度保持时间短。5 g/m3的药剂浓度即可实现较好的快速杀灭4种主要储粮害虫的效果。     

硫酰氟气体在不同品种粮堆扩散规律比较研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

为了解硫酰氟在小麦、稻谷和大豆3种粮堆中的扩散和分布规律,通过6个实仓熏蒸的数据采集,对熏蒸气体在不同粮堆内的扩散速度、均匀性、以及衰减速度等参数进行比较分析。试验结果表明,硫酰氟气体在不同粮种中的扩散速度是大豆>稻谷>小麦;大豆粮堆最快在熏蒸后8 h后,可实现整仓气体均匀;平均气体浓度半衰期分别是大豆>小麦>稻谷;在5.0~12.7 g/m3的熏蒸药剂浓度下实现6个月无虫期的防护效果。     

A comparison between the impact of sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide fumigations on stored-product insect populations in UK flour mills

The impact of sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide fumigations upon populations of flour beetles (Tribolium spp.) and of Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), was evaluated in UK flour mills. Two mills were selected for fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride and two mills for fumigation with methyl bromide. Traps baited with aggregation pheromone lure and an oil-based food attractant were used to monitor populations of rust red flour beetle and confused flour beetle. For the monitoring of Mediterranean flour moth, sticky traps baited with a pheromone lure were used. Traps were placed inside the mill buildings within the areas selected for fumigation. Infestation levels of the insects were monitored for 1–2 weeks prior to fumigation and for a total of 12 weeks post-fumigation. From the calculated percentage reduction in insects trapped per day during the post-fumigation monitoring period it was clear that sulfuryl fluoride fumigations had good efficacy against infestations of Tribolium confusum and E. kuehniella, and compared very favourably with the efficacy of methyl bromide. The absence of T. castaneum in traps pre-fumigation meant that the efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride against this species could not be assessed in this investigation. Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, was also detected in some mills but only post-fumigation.     

不同施药方式硫酰氟熏蒸高大平房仓效果比较研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

通过比较分析3种不同实仓施药方式硫酰氟熏蒸高大平房仓的穿透力、均匀性和杀虫效果,探索硫酰氟在实仓熏蒸的最佳工艺。结果表明,硫酰氟气体可在2.5 h内自然扩散穿透粮堆,24 h左右达到整仓基本均匀。环流熏蒸可以加速气体均匀,但此次实验环流过程中导致了一定药剂损失。在整仓熏蒸、膜下上行环流和膜下下行环流的3种熏蒸方式中,整仓熏蒸操作最为简便,可用于快速杀灭成虫;膜下上行环流方式,药剂损耗量较大;膜下下行环流,浓度均匀速度快,用药量较整仓小,药剂浓度保持时间长,杀虫效果好。     

Sulfuryl fluoride fumigation of red oak logs eradicates the oak wilt fungus

Preliminary field trials using red oak logs from trees dying from oak wilt disease were successful in eliminating the oak wilt fungus from sapwood after fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride for 72 h under tarp. These results support earlier laboratory data on the fungitoxicity of sulfuryl fluoride as a potential replacement for methyl bromide treatment of exported red oak veneer logs. However, not all other microorganisms were completely eradicated from oak sapwood at the treatment levels used in this trial.

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硫酰氟气体浓度衰减与仓房气密性相关性研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

为了解不同气密性仓房硫酰氟熏蒸过程中的浓度衰减规律,选取5个不同气密性储粮仓房,通过熏蒸过程中的硫酰氟浓度监测,分析和比较气体浓度衰减半衰期和仓房气密性的相关性。结果显示,当仓房气密性为143 s时,最长浓度半衰期为8.5 d;当仓房气密性为53、46 s时,最高浓度半衰期分别为2.7、4.6 d。无法检测出气密性的仓房气体浓度半衰期约在2~3 d。硫酰氟气体浓度越高,衰减速度越快,但研究并未发现气体浓度衰减与仓房气密性呈现明显规律。     

Effects of weather conditions on sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide leakage during structural fumigation in a flour mill

A validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of structural fumigation was used to perform 54 fumigation simulations (half with sulfuryl fluoride, SF, and half with methyl bromide, MB) using recorded hourly average weather data for 4 July and 1 September at Indianapolis International Airport for the years 1996-2006. These weather data were used as the simulation boundary conditions. Although the fumigations were simulated for the same time periods, the results indicated substantial variations in the fumigant leakage rates. The 11-year averages of wind speeds on 4 July and 1 September were 3.8 and 2.4 m/s, respectively, resulting in half-loss time (HLT) differences between the fumigations on the two days. On average, the HLT was 4 h lower on 4 July than on 1 September. When comparing the results between individual fumigations, substantial differences in the fumigant leakage were observed, regardless of the fumigant type and whether or not the fumigations were performed at the same time period. This implied that using past fumigation data as the primary means for evaluating the structural sealing quality of a current fumigation is not adequate. Predictions of fumigant leakage rate and fumigation performance should incorporate quantifiable sealing effectiveness and weather information for the planned fumigation period. Comparisons between SF and MB fumigations indicated that under exactly the same weather conditions and fumigation practices the leakage characteristics of SF and MB do not differ. In practical situations where the dosage requirements for SF and MB are typically not the same, however, the leakage rates of SF and MB fumigations could be different due to the buoyancy effect. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the difference may or may not be significant depending on other factors such as sealing quality, wind speed and direction, and ambient temperature. The effects of these factors should be further quantified.     

二级缓释熏蒸在六面密闭粮堆中的应用

通过对六面密闭麻袋包装小麦粮堆分别采用二级缓释熏蒸、常缓熏蒸和缓释熏蒸的施药方法进行对比试验。结果表明,采用二级缓释熏蒸保持 PH_3有效浓度时间最长、Ct值最大,熏蒸效果最理想。采用5.3g/m~3剂量,全年只熏蒸1次即可保持粮堆全年无害虫。     

Sulfuryl fluoride fumigation effects on the safety,volatile composition,and sensory quality of dry cured ham

A randomized complete block design with three replications was utilized to evaluate the effects (P < 0.05) of various fumigation concentrations of sulfuryl fluoride (SF) (0, 12, 24, 36 and 72 mg/L) on the fluoride, sulfuryl fluoride, and volatile flavor compound concentrations in dry cured ham. Fluoride and SF concentrations increased (P < 0.05) in dry cured hams as SF fumigation concentration increased, but all samples contained fluoride and SF concentrations below the legal limits of 20 and 0.01 ppm, respectively. Minimal differences existed (P > 0.05) in the presence and concentration of aroma active compounds, but oxidation compounds were slightly more prevalent (P < 0.05) in the 72 mg/ml treatment when compared to the control. A triangle test (n = 54) indicated that consumers could not discern (P > 0.75) between hams that were fumigated with SF at 0 and 36 mg/ml. This study revealed that there were minimal aroma/flavor differences among the ham treatments between 0 and 36 mg/ml, and that dry cured ham that was fumigated with SF was safe and met legal requirements for consumption.