污染粮油食品的主要真菌毒素及胶体金免疫层析技术在快速检测中的应用

污染粮油食品的真菌毒素主要有黄曲霉毒素、T-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和伏马菌素B1。胶体金免疫层析技术是20世纪90年代初建立的一种简易、快速的免疫学检测技术,现已广泛应用于残留检测、生物医学等许多领域。本文介绍了污染粮油食品的主要真菌毒素及胶体金免疫层析技术在粮油食品真菌毒素快速检测中的应用,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

A new strategy for the analysis of tetracycline residues in foodstuffs by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor

A new strategy was developed for the establishment of an indirect tetracycline assay using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The principle for the assay is based on the most important resistance mechanism against tetracycline in gram-negative bacteria. Tetracyclines release the 46.6 kDa Tet repressor protein (TetR) from the tet operator (tetO), a biotinylated short double strand DNA sequence bound to a streptavidin biosensor chip. Tetracyclines present in a sample solution bind to the repressor protein, inducing a conformational change accompanied with a reduction of the affinity constant of TetR to tetO. We were able to quantify tetracycline residues in spiked raw milk samples in concentrations corresponding to the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by the European Union. Honey samples could also be analysed but with lower sensitivity. The assay detects seven of the most commonly used tetracyclines in veterinary medicine. Nine antibiotics of five other antibiotic classes were tested and no interference with the SPR assay was found. Thus, the described principle forms the basis for screening assays to routinely test for tetracycline residues in foodstuffs.     

Use of cyclodextrins as modifiers of fluorescence in the detection of mycotoxins

Cyclodextrins, cyclic oligosaccharides composed of amylose subunits, are known to interact with mycotoxins. The interactions may be useful to analytical chemists by altering the properties of the mycotoxin of interest, namely the chromatographic properties, electrophoretic properties, fluorescence, or absorption of these fungal metabolites. Practical applications of these effects have been the incorporation of cyclodextrins into high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods for mycotoxin detection. Specific mycotoxins include those with a native fluorescence such as the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) as well as those that can be rendered fluorescent through derivatization, such as T-2 toxin. The literature describing the applications of cyclodextrins in mycotoxin analysis is reviewed and an attempt to extend the use of cyclodextrins to the detection of labelled T-2 toxin is presented. Twenty cyclodextrins were evaluated for their ability to enhance the fluorescence emission of T-2 toxin derivatized with pyrene-1-carbonyl cyanide (T2-Pyr). This evaluation revealed that heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB), in particular, enhanced T2-Pyr fluorescence. DIMEB was used as a buffer modifier in a capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) method for detecting T-2 in maize. Because of the effects that certain cyclodextrins have, especially under aqueous conditions, they may make useful additives for a variety of mycotoxin analytical methods.     

Spectral surface plasmon resonance biosensor for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in milk

This work evaluates a newly developed wavelength modulation-based SPR biosensor for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in milk. Two modes of operation of the SPR biosensor are described: direct detection of SEB and sandwich assay. In the sandwich assay detection mode, secondary antibodies are bound to the already captured toxin to amplify sensor response. Samples including SEB in buffer and SEB in milk were analyzed in this work. The SPR biosensor has been shown to be capable of directly detecting concentrations of SEB in buffer as low as 5 ng/ml. In sandwich detection mode, the lowest detection limit was determined to be 0.5 ng/ml for both buffer and milk samples. The reported wavelength modulation-based SPR sensor provides a generic platform which can be tailored for detection of various foodborne pathogens and agents for food analysis and testing.     

液相芯片及其在粮油主要真菌毒素同步检测中的应用

液相芯片整合了分子生物学、免疫学、高分子材料、微流控技术、高速数字信号处理、计算机分析等多方面技术,可实现少量样本高通量定性定量检测。本文主要阐述液相芯片定性与定量分析的基本原理、特点及其在分析领域的应用现状,探讨液相芯片在小分子高通量分析中的工作模式及其当前技术难点,分析黄曲霉毒素等粮油主要真菌毒素免疫分析研究进展,指出液相芯片在粮油主要真菌毒素检测中将有广泛的应用前景。     

Multi-enzyme biosensors with amperometric detection for determination of lactose in milk and dairy products

 In home-made sensors coimmobilizing enzymes in thin-layer plexi-cells on natural protein membranes, three enzyme cells: β-galactosidase and galactose oxidase (A), β-galactosidase and glucose oxidase (B) and β-galactosidase, galactose oxidase and glucose oxidase (C) were built into a flow-injection-analyzer system. The lactose was decomposed and oxidized by the immobilized enzymes and the hydrogen peroxide generated during the enzymatic reactions was determined by amperometric detection. The parameters for biochemical and electrochemical reactions (concentration of buffer, temperature, flow rate) were optimized in each enzyme cell. The pH optima of the lactose measurement was determined in the three enzyme cells mentioned above. The pH optimum of the cells A, B and C were 6.4, 4.5 and 4.8, respectively. The measuring ranges were 1–5 mM, 2–10 mM and 1–5 mM, while the detection limits were 0.5, 1.0 and 0.5 mM, respectively. More than 600, 1000 and 800 samples could be measured with these cells, respectively. Commercial milk and instant dessert powder products were analysed also. Our results showed that the cells B and C were more suitable for the determination of the lactose content of milk. For samples of dairy products containing added glucose, starch and other carbohydrates, enzyme cell A could be used for the efficient determination of lactose in one step. Received: 24 August 1998 / Revised version: 9 November 1998     

Direct detection of E. Coli O157:H7 in selected food systems by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor

The Spreeta^TM, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor, was used to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 spiked in milk, apple juice and ground beef extract using specific antibodies. In the Spreeta^TM biosensor light from an LED is reflected off a gold surface, and the angle and intensity corresponding to the SPR minimum is measured and represented as a refractive index (RI) change corresponding to the antigen-antibody coupling at the sensor surface. Milk, apple juice, and ground beef patties spiked with E. coli O157:H7, at varying concentrations, were injected on the sensor surface immobilized with antibodies against the pathogen at a rate of 1 ml/min for a total of 2 min. The change in RI due to the binding of O157:H7 corresponding to each concentration was computed as an average of three replications over a 2 min interaction period. Assays were conducted at near real-time and results obtained after about 30 min of sample injection. Sensitivity of the E. coli O157:H7 assay was 10²-10³ colony forming unit (CFU)/ml. The biosensor assay was also specific to E. coli O157:H7 as other organisms (E. coli K12 and Shigella) did not produce any appreciable change in the sensogram. Further experiments are needed to establish well-defined methods for detecting other food-borne pathogens in more complex and specific food matrices.     

Production of antisera against sterigmatocystin hemiacetal and its potential for use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for sterigmatocystin in barley

Highly specific antisera of high titre to sterigmatocystin hemiacetal has been produced in rabbits and used to set up a microtitration plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Novel conjugation procedures were used in synthesis of both immunogen and the material used to make the assay solid phase. The assay has been validated for the determination of sterigmatocystin in barley—extraction conditions are such that the toxin is converted quantitatively to the more soluble hemiacetal form.     

International interlaboratory study for the determination of the Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in agricultural commodities

Twenty-eight laboratories from 12 different countries participated in an interlaboratory study for the determination of the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON) in maize and deoxynivalenol (DON) in maize and wheat employing their usual in-house methods. The aim of this study was to obtain information about the state-of-the-art of ZON and DON analysis in cereals and to support a knowledge and experience exchange between the participating laboratories in the field of mycotoxin analysis. Eight different sample types were distributed to the participants, 'blank' materials, spiked samples (102 mu g/kg ZON in maize and 475 mu g/kg DON in wheat) and naturally-contaminated maize and wheat. For the final separation and quantification either gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) or enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were employed by the participating laboratories. Coefficients of variation (CV) between laboratory mean results (outliers rejected) ranged from 28 to 41% for ZON and from 32 to 38% for DON. The results are close to the between laboratory CV criteria of 40% for DON and ZON at concentration levels of > 100 mu g/kg established by the CEN in 1999. A good trueness was obtained for the wheat samples spiked at 475 mu g/kg DON. However, a significant deviation at p = 0.01 from the respective target value was observed for the maize samples spiked at 102 mu g/kg ZON. The high CVs can be traced back to problems occurring by determination of the concentration of the participants' own calibrant solutions. Additionally, the variability of the results is strongly influenced by the use of different final separation and quantification procedures.     

Application of biosensors in early detection of contamination with lactic acid bacteria during apple juice and concentrate production

The aim of Collective Research Project QUALI-JUICE (COLL-CT-2005, Co Nr 012461) was to introduce the biosensors in control of microbiologically pure apple juice production. Three commercial lactate biosensors were used and compared with enzyme kits assays. Parallel the microbiological analysis of the production process at one juice producing enterprise was done. The results of lactic acid assay with biosensors were in good correlation with those obtained by enzyme kits. The main benefit of biosensor use was shortening of measurement time as compared with assay by enzyme kit and possibility to measure at line. The concentration of l-lactic acid in apple pulp could be correlated with the number of lactic acid bacteria. Pasteurization process was eliminating lactic acid bacteria and the concentration of lactic acid was at this stage not exceeding 0.1 g L⁻¹. The final product (apple concentrate) contained in some cases very high amounts of lactic acid indicating secondary microbiological contamination after pasteurization step. Parallel microbiological analysis of production process and lactate assay indicated that the critical point during production was prolonged vacuum filtration after pasteurization.