许昌烟区烟草害虫天敌研究 Ⅰ、主要害虫天敌种类及食性

烟草害虫天敌,以往很少研究。由于对害虫天敌缺乏了解,长期以来,防治烟草害虫单纯使用化学药剂,杀伤了大量天敌,破坏了天敌与害虫之间的生态平衡,造成害虫猖獗的恶性循环;残留于烟叶中的农药,影响吸烟者的健康。所以,进行烟草害虫天敌调查研究,是当前烟草害虫综合防治工作中的重要环节。许昌烟区主要害虫有烟蚜、烟青虫及细毛蝽。作者于1979—1981年对主要害虫天敌作了调查研究,现将初步结果报道如下。一、烟草主要害虫天敌的种类连续三年对烟田作定点定期调查(每5天调查一次)的结果,初步已知许昌地区烟草主     

贵州烟草生长期害虫及天敌种类调查续报

１９９２～１９９５年调查、采集、鉴定了福泉县烟草生长期害虫及天敌，鉴定出烟草害虫１５种，天敌１８种。此为贵州省分布的烟草生长期害虫及天敌新纪录。     

长沙烟区天敌昆虫物种多样性及其与主要害虫的消长动态

采用多点调查和集中监测的方法对长沙烟区烟田天敌昆虫物种多样性及其与主要害虫的消长规律进行了调查和研究。共记录烟田害虫天敌昆虫18种,优势种5种,包括异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫、隐翅虫和棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂;天敌物种个体数相对较少,对烟田主要害虫的控制能力较弱;烟田天敌昆虫物种多样性系数以每年的6月最大;烟蚜及其天敌发生规律呈滞后现象,而鳞翅目害虫与其天敌主要呈跟随现象。     

烟草害虫生物防治技术的研究与应用进展

从保护利用本地天敌、输引外地天敌、天敌的人工大量繁殖散放、害虫病原微生物与生物农药的利用、昆虫信息素与不育性的利用、植物抗虫性及基因工程技术的应用6个方面论述了烟草害虫生物防治的研究及应用进展,并介绍了生物防治技术在烟草害虫防治中的综合应用概况.     

许昌烟区烟草害虫天敌研究 Ⅱ、主要天敌的数量消长规律及对害虫抑制作用的初步探讨

在烟草害虫综合防治中,如何协调地运用各种防治手段,是一个复杂的问题。其核心,就是要从农业生态体系出发,必需考虑残毒和公害,并与保护利用天敌相协调,达到天敌与害虫瓦相制约的生态平衡作用。因此,在了解害虫天敌种类及食性的基础上,应进一步了解天敌的田间发生动态及天敌与害虫之间的相互制约关系,为在综防工作中,充分发挥天敌治虫作用提供科学依据。作者于1979—1981年对许昌烟区的主要害虫天敌的发生动态,进行了初步调查研究,现将部分结果,整理报导如下。     

具有害虫综合控制策略的捕食系统的动态行为

研究了具有两种不同脉冲控制序列的捕食与被捕食模型的动态行为,通过随机的喷洒杀虫剂或投放自然天敌,得到了捕食系统害虫根除周期解的全局稳定性的临界值．数值模拟分析了喷洒杀虫剂和投放天敌的次数如何影响害虫综合控制,为成功的害虫控制策略提供依据．     

甘蔗螟虫生物防治的研究进展与应用概况

甘蔗螟虫是甘蔗害虫中较为普遍而且严重的一类钻蛀性害虫。本文回顾了国内外关于甘蔗螟虫生物防治的研究进展与应用概况,主要从寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌、昆虫病原微生物和性诱剂的研究和应用现状进行了综述,旨在为我国的甘蔗螟虫防治工作提供参考。     

许昌烟区烟草害虫天敌研究——Ⅲ、影响天敌数量消长因素及保护利用的讨论

害虫和天敌共存于农田生态系中,在自然状态下,它们处于生态平衡的动态中,在不同生态条件下,或当其中某种生态因子发生变更,必然引起天敌数量上的变化。因此,在了解天敌种类及其数量变动规律的基础上,进一步研究引起数量消长的原因,为保护利用提供依据。本文是作者于1979～1982年对许昌烟区烟草害虫天敌研究的第三部分。现报道如下:     

纳米材料用于害虫防治的研究进展

传统害虫防治方式容易造成环境污染、农药残留、害虫抗药性增加、误杀害虫天敌等问题,在害虫防治新型替代物及控制措施方面,纳米材料赋予了其新功能。文中综述了现阶段国内外纳米材料通过直接应用、包埋技术、DNA干扰技术等方式防治害虫的方法,并对其防治效果及作用机理进行了介绍。研究表明,纳米材料在粮食害虫领域具有巨大的应用前景。     

夏大豆玉米同穴种植田大豆主要害虫的发生特点及防治对策

１９８８－１９９３年对夏大豆，玉米同穴种植田大豆主害虫的发生特点进行调查，分析了引起大豆害虫危害变化的原因，从农业生态系统出发，把大豆害虫天敌的保护，利用纳入综合防治技术体系，以达到高效，经济，安全控制害虫危害。     

蔗田杀虫剂吡虫啉的环境行为研究进展

高效环保型SP003(2%吡虫啉)缓释颗粒剂是广东省生物工程研究所(广州甘蔗糖业研究所)自主研发的蔗田杀虫剂。本文阐述了吡虫啉的理化性质及杀虫机理,从作物降解、土壤降解、随水迁移、大气挥发、对害虫与天敌的控制效应等方面总结了吡虫啉的环境行为,为评价该农药的蔗田环境安全性提供参考和依据。     

大草蛉生活史及其在烟田的消长规律

为有效利用天敌防治烟草害虫,对大草蛉的生活史和烟田消长规律进行了调查研究,结果发现大草蛉在云南红河州弥勒烟区发生世代为5～6代.大草蛉卵的颜色随胚胎发育而变化,卵色变化以第4代所用时间最短.6月下旬至7月上旬是大草蛉成虫在烟田的第一个发生高峰期,8月下旬至9月上旬,是大草蛉成虫在烟田中发生的另一个高峰期.大草蛉在烟田的消长规律呈“双峰型”曲线变化.     

Potential for widespread application of biological control of stored-product pests—the European perspective

“Biological control of stored product pests has substantial potential in Europe”. This is essentially the conclusion of the activities of a European working group funded by the COST system, an intergovernmental networking system. Working group 4 of COST action 842 (2000-2005) focussed on biological control of stored-product pests and has considered a number of existing and potential fields for application of biological control. Three situations were identified where biological control would be a valuable component of integrated pest management: (1) Empty room treatment against stored-product mites, beetles and moths; (2) Preventative treatment of bulk commodities against weevils (Sitophilus spp.) and storage mites; (3) Preventative application of egg-parasitoids against moths in packaged products. Development of methods for biological control and of mass production of natural enemies for these situations will contribute to ensuring that stored food products are protected from insect and mite pests using techniques that are safe for consumers, workers and the environment.     

The use of indigenous ecological resources for pest control in Africa

Reducing the losses from crop pests will help to increase food availability and boost economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, the existing crop protection paradigm that relies on synthetic agrochemical pesticides has had only a marginal impact on the productivity of many poor smallholder farmers who constitute a major segment of agriculture in SSA. This is primarily because many of them are not able to afford or access these imported chemicals. A solution to this crop protection problem may be to harness biological resources that are locally available, such as endemic insect natural enemies and indigenous pesticidal plant materials. Two specific examples of this already under development in Africa are the use of the pesticidal plant, Tephrosia vogelii, and the harvesting of the endemic insect baculovirus, Spodoptera exempta nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpexNPV). Both of these can be produced locally and have shown promise in trials as inexpensive and effective tools for pest control in Africa and their use is currently being scaled up and evaluated by African networks of researchers. A focus on these systems illustrates the potential for using locally-available natural resources for improved crop protection in Africa. The consideration of these pesticidal plants and insect natural enemies in the wider context of natural capital that provide valuable ecosystem services (including pest control), will facilitate greater recognition of their true economic and societal worth. While both of these model systems show promise, there are also very significant challenges to be overcome in developing production, supply and marketing systems that are economically viable and sustainable. The regulatory environment must also evolve to accommodate and facilitate the registration of new products and the establishment of appropriate supply chains that share the benefits of these resources equitably with the local communities from which they are harvested.     

Corcyra cephalonica: A serious pest of stored products or a factitious host of biocontrol agents?

The rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica, is an economically significant stored product pest (SPP). It is widely distributed and causes severe damage to grains and products in storage under varying environmental conditions. However, compared to other Lepidopterous pests like Ephestia kuehniella and Plodia interpunctella, the pest potential of C. cephalonica is often underestimated. While farmers typically rely on chemical control to manage insect pests, recent studies suggest that non-chemical control methods can be used successfully as alternatives for their management. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of rice moth biology and its current pest status is essential for developing integrated management systems. Besides being a pest under natural conditions, Corcyra cephalonica also serves as a factitious host of natural enemies. It has a short life cycle and can be easily mass-reared on a variety of feeding media, making it a preferable alternative host with year-round availability, which can help in the cost-effective production of beneficial insects such as biocontrol agents and, as a result, in better management of other harmful agricultural insect pests. In the second part of this review, we examine the suitability of the rice moth as a laboratory host and conclude by determining whether Corcyra is best addressed as a serious pest of stored products or as a factitious host of biocontrol agents.     

不同杀虫剂对烟田节肢动物群落的影响

本文研究了大田条件下施用吡虫啉、氧乐果对烟田节肢动物群落的影响,施药后害虫和天敌的种群消长动态,并以多样性、相似性指数等生态学参数来衡量2种杀虫剂产生的生态效应及对烟田节肢动物群落时空分布的影响.结果表明,施用氧乐果田块的节肢动物各类群数量都明显下降,天敌恢复较为缓慢,而害虫类恢复则较快,群体数量的急剧变化使得群落稳定性降低;施用吡虫啉的田块,蚜虫、叶蝉等刺吸式口器害虫数量明显下降且不易恢复,天敌类则相对下降不大.初步认为,使用选择性杀虫剂吡虫啉对烟田生物群落物种数量的恢复与保持群落的自我调节能力与自然控制力有重要作用.     

2019 年中日稻米产业科技研讨会特约专栏

<正>专栏主持孙辉:博士,研究员,国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院粮食品质营养研究所所长。兼任国际标准化组织ISO TC34/SC4(谷物与豆类分会)主席,中国粮油学会发酵面食分会副会长,全国粮油标准化技术委员会委员,《粮油食品科技》第四届编委会委员。在粮食品质和标准等方面主持了多项科研项目,完成14项国际标准、25项国家标准、14项粮食行业标准。多次获得"中国粮油学会"科     

楚雄州烟草昆虫种类及危害调查研究

经４年调查研究，基本查清楚雄州烟草田间昆虫及软体动物有２个纲１０个目５６科１９７种，其中发现１２种烟草新害虫；查到害虫天敌昆虫有１个纲７个目１５科４２种；查到烟库害虫１个纲２个目８科８种。基本查清了烟草主要害虫发生及危害情况，为今后制定和实施２烟草害虫防治措施提供了科学依据。