玉米淀粉深层发酵生产L－乳酸

本文报道了使用米根霉（ＲｈｉｚｏｐｕｓＯｒｙｚａｅ）ＴＬ－５２７－９菌株用玉米淀粉深层发酵生产Ｌ－乳酸。探讨了不同碳源、氮源、底物浓度、液化条件、通气量、种龄对Ｌ－乳酸生成的影响，在３Ｍ３发酵罐中，当玉米淀粉投料浓度为１３％时，７罐平均产Ｌ－乳酸９．４１ｇ／１００ｍｌ，对糖转化率７９．５５％。发酵液经分离提取精制，Ｌ－乳酸纯度达９８％以上。同时在研究过程中利用高压液相色谱测定了Ｌ－乳酸代谢变化。本结果表明米根霉ＴＬ－５２７－９菌株具有Ｌ－乳酸产率高和发酵快的特点。     

米根霉直接发酵玉米粉生产L-(+)乳酸的新工艺

利用米根霉（Ｒｈｉｚｏｐｕｓ　ｏｒｙｚａｅ）ＮＲＲＬ３９５ＨＳ９９为菌种,玉米粉为基质,研究了一种新的Ｌ－（＋）－乳酸发酵工艺。该工艺克服了淀粉浓度过高时基质变为凝胶而不能发酵的困难,不需要液化程序。当基质浓度为１５０ｇ／ｌ,接种量５×１０６个孢子／１００ｍｌ时,于３３℃下摇瓶培养（１８０ｒ／ｍｉｎ）６４ｈ,可产Ｌ－（＋）－乳酸８８．７５ｇ／ｌ,Ｌ－（＋）－乳酸对葡萄糖的转化率为７２．２％。本法工艺简单,具有较高的工业应用价值。     

L-乳酸米根霉发酵体系LDH活力及代谢调控研究

乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)是米根霉代谢生产L-乳酸过程的关键酶，研究其在发酵过程中的活力变化，从酶水平分析发酵条件对L-乳酸发酵的影响，对米根霉发酵生产L-乳酸的人工代谢调节、菌种选育具有重要意义。本文研究了摇瓶条件下的米根霉AS3．1208发酵体系中乳酸脱氢酶的活力调控条件及与L-乳酸即时产率的关系，结果表明，发酵体系中L-乳酸产率与LDH活力在36～40h时最高。葡萄糖作为C源的L-乳酸产率与LDH活力比甘薯淀粉高。与牛肉膏和蛋白胨相比，硫酸铵是米根霉代谢的最佳N源，0．40％的硫酸铵具有较高的乳酸产率与LDH活力。发酵培养基中添加CaCO3与否，对乳酸产率与LDH活力有极大影响。以甘薯淀粉为碳源，在250ml三角瓶中的装液量为100ml，发酵36～40h时的L-乳酸即时产率最大，此时LDH活力也最高。     

米根霉高效利用玉米淀粉生产乳酸的发酵条件优化

研究米根霉HB12利用玉米淀粉生产乳酸的发酵条件优化。从土壤中新筛选得到一株以高浓度玉米淀粉为原料发酵生产乳酸的米根霉HB12。通过单因素及正交试验,得到最佳发酵培养基组成(g/L)为：玉米淀粉140、NH4Cl 2、KH2PO4 0.3、MgSO4·7H2O 0.3、ZnSO4·7H2O 0.05、CaCO3 80;最佳培养条件为：摇瓶装液量50mL/250mL,接种量为2.5×106个孢子,35℃、200r/min培养108h。该条件下,菌株最大产酸量为104.9g/L,产酸速率为0.97g/(L·h),对玉米淀粉的转化率达74.9%,产酸量提高了49.4%。此菌株能够直接高效利用价格低廉来源广泛的玉米淀粉发酵生产乳酸,具有很好的工业应用前景。     

固定化米根霉电渗析发酵生产L—乳酸的研究

研究了海藻酸钙包埋法固定米根霉在三相流化床反应器中电渗析发酵生产Ｌ－乳酸的工艺华用电渗可及时除去发酵过程中生成的Ｌ－乳酸，解除产物抑制。使发酵得以继续进行，间歇电渗析发酵产酸速度为８－１１ｇ，得率０．６９ｇ／ｇ。连续补料电渗析发酵产酸速度１３．０ｇ’，得度０．７４ｇ／ｇ。     

根霉L—乳酸发酵的研究

对米根霉C395生产L-乳酸的发酵工艺条件进行了研究,确定了玉米淀粉分酵的最佳培养基：玉米淀粉12%,硫酸铵0.3%,磷酸二氢钾0.025%。在最佳培养基条件下,L-乳酸产量为93.88g/L,对糖转化率为86.07%。发酵液经过过滤、离子交换、脱色和浓缩等提取纯化过程,可得到浓度90%的L-乳酸溶液。     

根霉L-乳酸发酵的研究

对米根霉C3 95生产L -乳酸的发酵工艺条件进行了研究 ,确定了玉米淀粉发酵的最佳培养基 :玉米淀粉 12 % ,硫酸铵 0 3 % ,磷酸二氢钾0 0 2 5 %。在最佳培养基条件下 ,L -乳酸产量为93 88g/L ,对糖转化率为 86 0 7%。发酵液经过过滤、离子交换、脱色和浓缩等提取纯化过程 ,可得到浓度为 90 %的L -乳酸溶液。     

米根霉Fp-6利用红薯发酵生产L-乳酸

以高产淀粉的优质红薯品种为原料,采用生产菌株米根霉Fp-6研究不同的红薯预处理方式对高光学纯度L-乳酸发酵的影响,并进行了50 L发酵罐放大试验。结果表明:用制备的红薯淀粉为原料,产酸和发酵周期均与以玉米淀粉为原料相同。当红薯液化液中的有机N含量高于0.25 g/L时,产乳酸量和糖转化率明显下降,副产物富马酸和甘油浓度明显增加,菌体量显著增加。无机N对发酵产酸有促进作用。用去除红薯中部分有机N的液化液进行发酵,在50 L罐中其产乳酸量达91.3 g/L,糖转化率为81.28%,发酵周期48 h。     

玉米粉的L—乳酸发酵研究

采用米根霉（Rh．oryzae）L－A6菌株进行不同碳原，不同氮源和不同发酵条件的试验，获得最佳发酵培养基组成（1）18％玉米粉＋1．5％玉米浆＋适量无机盐；（2）13％玉米粉＋1．0％玉米浆＋适量无机盐。在125r／min往复摇床上，34℃下振荡培养72h，产L－乳酸10．02g／dl（L－乳酸对葡萄糖的转化率达75．4％）和8．36g／dl（L－乳酸对葡萄糖的转化率达92．2％），此结果尚未见报道，具有较高的应用价值。     

米根霉液体发酵L-乳酸动力学模型的构建

由于研究生产L-乳酸代替D-乳酸和DL-乳酸已成为一种趋势，为构建米根霉液体发酵L-乳酸动力学模型，对米根霉发酵生产L-乳酸进行了初步研究。在米根霉分批发酵过程中，测定菌体生物量、还原糖和乳酸含量，经处理后得到菌体生长、乳酸生成和基质消耗的动力学模型及参数。对比实验数据与模型表明，两者能较好拟合，基本反映米根霉发酵L-乳酸动力学特征。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.