食品中全氟化合物检测前处理技术研究进展

全氟化合物(PFCs)是一类在生活生产中应用广泛的含氟烃类化合物,因为其潜在的环境污染持久性、生物毒性和累积性,受到了越来越多的关注。由于其分布广泛,目前已经危害到了人类的食品安全方面。本文论述不同食品基质中PFCs的前处理方法,目前主要利用液液萃取和液固萃取的前处理方法,同时利用固相萃取消除复杂基质对PFCs检测准确性的影响。由于PFCs在食品基质中处于痕量水平,所以进一步提高前处理技术的简便性和准确性尤为重要。     

食用农产品中全氟化合物检测技术的研究进展

全氟化合物(perfluorochemicals,PFCs)是一类极难降解的持久性有机污染物,有生物毒性并且易在生物体内富集,近年来受到人们的广泛关注。有研究表明日常膳食是人体暴露PFCs的主要途径。食用农产品作为日常膳食的基础,开发研究食用农产品中PFCs的快速准确测定方法与技术显得尤为重要。综述4类食用农产品中PFCs的检测技术研究进展,重点讨论其前处理方法、检测技术及今后的研究方向。针对于食品复杂样品基质,开发快速、低成本、无二次污染的食品中PFCs前处理方法和检测方法是目前研究热点之一。     

食品中全氟辛酸、全氟辛基磺酸的检测技术研究进展

全氟化合物(Perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)是一类含碳-氟键的高度稳定的极性有机化合物,全氟辛酸(Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(Sperfluorooctanesulphonate,PFOS)是环境中广泛存在得两种典型全氟化合污染物,这两种典型的全氟化合物广泛应用于化工领域。此类全氟化合物因为具有持久的稳定性、生物积累性和多种毒性等,严重危害到了人类健康和其生存环境,多国政府纷纷颁布法令法规限制PFOA、PFOS的使用。因此食品基体中PFOA、PFOS的检测分析成为了当下分析科学研究的热点。本文首先对全氟化合物的结构、类型、极性等理化性质和全氟污染物的危害毒性进行概述,其次根据其化学性质以及参考国标等方法,梳理了国内外各种前处理方法,如：液液萃取、液固萃取、固相萃取、超声辅助萃取、QuEChERs等。其中QuEChERs方法结合多步净化方法能够最大程度降低食品中的基质效应。此外比较了气相色谱、液相色谱等方法在分离检测方面的优缺点,比较了已有文献中不同前处理方法和检测方法下的检出限、回收率、RSD等数据,结果发现UPLC-MS/MS法由于低检出限,方法稳定,检测快速,结果准确确等优点,仍为当下主流的检测手段。本文对于制定相应食品中全氟化合物质量安全标准,确保消费者食用安全具有重要意义,并总结了当下全氟化合物所遇检测的瓶颈,期望能为当下国内外全氟化合物污染防治和制定标准提供参考依据。     

固相微萃取技术分析纺织品中全氟化合物的探讨

全氟化合物(PFCs)是对人类健康和生存环境造成严重威胁的一类化合物,现有检测纺织品中全氟化合物含量的常规方法普遍存在前处理耗时长、灵敏度低、需使用大量有机溶剂等问题。本文综述了固相微萃取技术在多个领域的主要应用和在纺织品检测领域的应用,提出了固相微萃取技术在分析纺织品中全氟化合物相比传统方法的优势及所需解决的问题。     

水环境中全氟化合物的污染现状及检测方法研究

随着全氟化合物(PFCs)的广泛使用,对环境的影响越来越受人们关注。近几年,研究人员开始对全氟化合物在环境、生物以及人类生活方面的影响展开了广泛而深入的探究。本文简要介绍了全氟化合物及其特征,概述了目前国内外水环境中PFCs的污染状况,并对PFCs的分析检测方法进行了归纳和总结。     

食品中全氟化合物的检测技术研究进展

全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)是一类含氟烃类化合物,被广泛应用于皮革、造纸、纺织以及防水涂层等行业。由于全氟化合物具有潜在的环境污染持久性、生物毒性和累积性,目前已经通过食品包装材料或生物链累积严重危害到了人类的食品安全和公共健康。食品中全氟化合物含量的检测已经成为各国研究的热点。本文主要介绍了食品中全氟化合物检测技术的研究进展,包括液相色谱-质谱法、超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法、常压离子化质谱以及气相色谱-质谱联用法等不同检测技术的优缺点,并对全氟化合物检测的发展方向进行了展望。     

皮革中全氟化合物检测技术研究进展

全氟化合物应用广泛,作为防水整理剂加入皮革及皮革制品中,可赋予防水性,并改善其他物理化学性能,提升穿着舒适性。然而,全氟化合物已被证实为难以降解的持久性有机污染物,且能够随食物链传播,具有一定的生殖毒性,对环境和人体危害严重。本文主要综述了皮革及其制品中全氟化合物(PFCs)检测过程中样品的前处理技术和检测方法,指出了皮革中PFCs现有检测技术存在的问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

液相色谱-质谱联用分析动物内脏和肌肉组织中的全氟化合物

建立液相色谱-质谱联用检测动物内脏(猪心、猪肝、猪肾、鸡心和鸡肝)和肌肉(猪里脊肉和鸡胸肉)组织中11种全氟化合物(PFCs)的分析方法。11种PFCs包括9种常见PFCs和2种调聚酸。首先考察对比了WAX和MAX两种固相萃取小柱对11种PFCs的回收情况,最终选用WAX柱对样品的萃取液进行净化。通过样品前处理方法的比较和优化,对动物内脏和肌肉组织分别采用离子对液液萃取和碱消解法。最后分析检测了农贸市场上的猪肝等多种实际样品,除了PFTA和2种调聚酸回收率较低外,其他8种PFCs的实际样品的加标回收都在80%～120%之间,方法检出限为0.002～0.032ng/g。     

食品中全氟烷基化合物的污染现状

全氟烷基化合物（Perflurorinated alkylated substances, PFASs）是一类人工合成的脂肪烃类化合物,自上个世纪50年代合成以来,该类化合物以其优良的稳定性及表面活性作为加工助剂被应用于多种民用及工业领域,如纺织品、灭火器和油漆等行业。近年来的研究发现,在空气、沉积物、饮用水、海水和食品等多种基质中均可检测出全氟类化合物,说明其已在生态系统中造成较为严重的污染。作为一类新型持久性污染物,全氟烷基化合物已引起了科学和法规上的研究兴趣。目前对食品中PFASs的污染调查主要集中在动物源性食品中,而对植物源性食品的调查尚缺乏。本文综述了中国及其他国家市场食品中全氟化合物的污染水平,比较国内外各种食品中全氟化合物污染水平的差异,并通过文献报道的污染水平对当地居民存在的健康风险进行评估,为全面了解并控制PFASs污染提供基础依据。     

PFOS类持久性有机污染物检测的样品预处理技术

全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(PFOS)具有很高的生物蓄积性和多种毒性,是目前最难降解的持久性有机污染物之一.全氟化合(PFCs)物独特的拒水拒油性使其被广泛地应用于纺织、皮革、造纸等行业.由此造成的污染已经逐渐成为全球性的环境问题,其分析检测技术和方法的相关研究得到日益广泛的关注和重视,尤其是样品预处理技术对测试结果的准确性和精确度起着至关重要的作用.综述了PFOS及相关全氟化合物的概况,讨论了样品预处理的方法.     

Perfluorinated compounds in food: a global perspective

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are resistant to breakdown and are turning up in unexpected places around the world, becoming emerging food contaminants. Although these chemicals have been used in countless products since the 1950s, they have been subject to little control until now. There is still an insufficient knowledge of their sources, occurrence, and hazards for food safety decision making. This article provides a comprehensive review of the food contamination levels and dietary intake risks posed by PFCs, as well as the specific methods developed for their determination. It is based on the evaluation of the published literature between 2004 and the beginning of 2010, with special emphasis on those reports of the last two years and in the examination of the growing body of studies on the exposure assessment and food occurrence of PFCs. The current state-of-the art and future perspectives in extraction, clean-up, detection, identification, confirmation, and quantification highlighting the advantages and limitations of each technique have been summarized. How much is known about the sources and pathways of food web and human exposure, which is needed to control and manage the release of these emerging toxic contaminants, has also been explained.     

Determination of fumigant residues in cereals and other foodstuffs: A multi-detection scheme for gas chromatography of solvent extracts

The need for sensitive and comprehensive methods for determination of fumigant residues in foodstuffs is discussed. A multi-detection scheme for the evaluation of such residues is described, in which gas-liquid chromatography using three types of detector is used to analyse the contents of processed solvent extracts. Factors which affect the efficiency of recovery of such residues are discussed. These include the reactivity and volatility of residual components, the effect of water in solvent extraction, and the problems of multiphase extraction. The performance and specificity of the chosen system are considered in relation to other possible methods. Results are given showing the recovery of a range of 20 compounds as volatile fumigant residues in cereals and other foodstuffs, with sensitivities generally better than 0.1 ppm. The extension of the analytical scheme to include other compounds is indicated.     

Analytical methods for the determination of acrylamide in food products: a review

In early 2002, the Swedish National Food Administration reported high acrylamide levels in heat-treated carbohydrate-rich foods. Consequently, intensive activity began examining the many different types of food, and thousands of analyses have been undertaken world wide. Measurement data have been published in many different types of media. Within this flood of publications, there are only a limited number of articles concerned with the technical aspects of the measurements. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art in the analysis of acrylamide in foodstuffs. It covers information on methods from peer-reviewed articles and other sources (e.g. a survey carried out among official and private laboratories of the Member States of the European Union). Alternative methods are presented and discussed alongside the more common measurement techniques for acrylamide in foodstuffs. Special attention is given to sample preparation. The greatest differences between the analytical methods was for acrylamide extraction and clean-up. The influence of different extraction techniques or extraction solvents/solvent mixtures on the measurement results has not yet been fully investigated. There is also a lack of understanding about the sample clean-up. Since both might have a large impact on the results of the analysis, this review should also be considered as a basis for further investigations.     

Anthocyanin extraction from plant tissues: A review

Anthocyanins have gathered the attention of the scientific community mostly due to their vast range of possible applications. They have been the center point of the research in many different fields, among which is food development, where their innate coloring, antioxidant capacity, and biological potential open interesting venues to the development of new food additives and functional foodstuffs. As the range of application grows, so does the necessity to obtain these compounds, and since they are naturally occurring, the most common way to obtain anthocyanins is to extract them from different plant sources, such as fruits and flowers. Several efforts have been made to develop methods that allow for better extraction yields and higher purification rates therefore this review aims to compile the information regarding extraction and purification procedures in a comprehensive manner.     

Automated solid-phase extraction and measurement of perfluorinated organic acids and amides in human serum and milk

Organic fluorochemicals are used in multiple commercial applications including surfactants, lubricants, paints, polishes, food packaging, and fire-retarding foams. Recent scientific findings suggest that several perfluorochemicals (PFCs), a group of organic fluorochemicals, are ubiquitous contaminants in humans and animals world wide. Furthermore, concern has increased about the toxicity of these compounds. Therefore, monitoring human exposure to PFCs is important. We have developed a high-throughput method for measuring trace levels of 13 PFCs (2 perfluorosulfonates, 8 perfluorocarboxylates, and 3 perfluorosulfonamides) in serum and milk using an automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method is sensitive, with limits of detection between 0.1 and 1 ng in 1 mL of serum or milk, is not labor intensive, involves minimal manual sample preparation, and uses a commercially available automated SPE system. Our method is suitable for large epidemiologic studies to assess exposure to PFCs. We measured the serum levels of these 13 PFCs in 20 adults nonoccupationally exposed to these compounds. Nine of the PFCs were detected in at least 75% of the subjects. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), 2-(N-methylperfluorooctane-sulfonamido)acetate (Me-PFOSA-AcOH), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) were found in all of the samples. The concentration order and measured levels of PFOS, PFOA, Me-PFOSA-AcOH, and PFHxS compared well with human serum levels previously reported. Although no human data are available for the perfluorocarboxylates (except PFOA), the high frequency of detection of PFNA and other carboxylates in our study suggests that human exposure to long-alkyl-chain perfluorocarboxylates may be widespread. We also found PFOS in the serum and milk of rats administered PFOS by gavage, but not in the milk of rats not dosed with PFOS. Furthermore, we did not detect most PFCs in two human milk samples. These findings suggest that PFCs may not be as prevalent in human milk as they are in serum. Additional studies are needed to determine whether environmental exposure to PFCs can result in PFCs partitioning into milk. Large epidemiological studies to determine the levels of PFCs among the U.S. general population are warranted.     

Perfluorinated compounds in coastal waters of Hong Kong, South China, and Korea

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and related compounds, have recently been identified in the environment. PFOS, the terminal degradation product of many of the PFCs, has been found globally in many wildlife species, as well as open ocean waters, even in remote regions far from sources. In this study, a solid-phase extraction procedure coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography interfaced to high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to isolate, identify, and quantify small concentrations of PFCs in seawater. These techniques were applied to investigate the local sources of PFCs in several industrialized areas of Asia and provide information on how the PFCs are circulated by coastal currents. Ranges of concentrations of PFOS in coastal seawaters of Hong Kong, the Pearl River Delta, including the South China Sea, and Korea were 0.09-3.1, 0.02-12, and 0.04-730 pg/mL, respectively, while those of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were 0.73-5.5, 0.24-16, and 0.24-320 pg/mL, respectively. Potential sources of PFCs include major industrialized areas along the Pearl River Delta of southern China and major cities of Korea, which are several of the fastest growing industrial and economic regions in the world. Detectable concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in waters of southern China were similar to those in the coastal marine environment of Japan and certain regions in Korea. Concentrations of PFCs in several locations in Korean waters were 10-100-fold greater than those in the other locations on which we report here. The spatial and seasonal variations in PFC concentrations in surface seawaters in the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea indicate the strong influence of the Pearl River discharge on the magnitude and extent of PFC contamination in southern China. All of the concentrations of PFOS were less than those that would be expected to cause adverse effects to aquatic organisms or their predators except for one location in Korea adjacent to an industrialized area. Hazard quotients were from <0.001 to 0.002 for aquatic animals and ranged from <0.001 to 17 for predatory birds.     

Quantitative determination of perfluorochemicals in sediments and domestic sludge

Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are the subject of increasingly intense environmental research. Despite their detection both in biota and in aqueous systems, little attention has been paid to the possible presence of this class of compounds in solid environmental matrixes. The limited available data indicate that some PFCs such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) may strongly sorb to solids, and sewage sludge is widely suspected as a major sink of PFCs entering municipal waste streams. A quantitative analytical method was developed that consists of liquid solvent extraction of the analytes from sediments and sludge, cleanup via solid-phase extraction, and injection of the extracts with internal standards into a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS). The limits of detections of the method were analyte and matrix dependent, but ranged from 0.7 to 2.2 ng/g and 0.041 to 0.246 ng/g (dry weight) for sludge and sediment, respectively. A demonstration of the method was performed by conducting a limited survey of domestic sludge and sediments. The concentration of PFCs in domestic sludge ranged from 5 to 152 ng/g for total perfluorocarboxylates and 55 to 3370 ng/g for total perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl-based chemicals. Data from a survey of San Francisco Bay Area sediments suggest widespread occurrence of PFCs in sediments at the low ng/g to sub-ng/g level. Furthermore, substances that may be transformed to PFOS, such as 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA) and 2-(N-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-MeFOSAA), are present in both sediments and sludge at levels often exceeding PFOS.     

A review of extraction,analytical and advanced methods for determination of pesticides in environment and foodstuffs

Pesticides are widely applied to prevent unwanted pests from attacking crops and livestock which led to their access into the environment. Overuses of pesticides in environment are presence of pesticide residues and their metabolites that are causing serious detrimental effects on human health and all other living organisms. Several severe diseases (Cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, birth defects, infertility) and more damages of human health are associated with the exposure of pesticides. The maximum residue limits for pesticides have been regulated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Union to protect human health. Thus, monitoring these compounds is extremely important to ensure that only permitted levels of pesticide are consumed. To date, several techniques have been developed for pesticide detection, from conventional analytical to advanced detection techniques. The conventional analytical methods are gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with various detectors involved a sample preparation step prior to further analysis. Advanced detection methods refer to the sensors development such as electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric and molecular imprinted polymer. In this review, we summarized and explained the available analytical and advanced methods for determination of pesticides compound in environment and foodstuffs. Also, pesticides classification and its toxicity, and available extraction methods are briefly discussed.