卷烟主流烟气和侧流烟气中半挥发性成分的分析研究

本文对5个牌号国产商品卷烟主流烟气(MS)与侧流烟气(SS)中的半挥发性成分进行了分析研究。卷烟主流烟气总粒相物采用标准方法捕集；卷烟侧流烟气总粒相物采用鱼尾罩装置来收集。采用同时蒸馏萃取前处理分离方法和气相色谱、气质联用分析技术对总粒相物中的半挥发性成分进行了分析。定性分析了主流烟气和侧流烟气中的87种成分；采用内标法对其中38种成分的含量进行了定量分析，测定了这38种成分在侧流烟气与主流烟气中的分配比，并对结果进行了讨论。研究结果表明，卷烟主流烟气和侧流烟气中半挥发性成分种类基本相同，但每种成分的含量有很大的差异；普通卷烟侧流烟气中半挥发性成分的总量明显高于主流烟气，大多数半挥发性成分的侧流烟气含量高于主流烟气。低侧流卷烟侧流烟气中半挥发性成分总量明显低于主流烟气，证实了低侧流卷烟能减少对环境的烟气释放量。     

卷烟侧流烟气研究进展

简要介绍了卷烟侧流烟气 (SS)收集装置的发展、侧流烟气与主流烟气 (MS)的一些物理化学参数的差异、部分化学成分在主流烟气和侧流烟气中的分配比 ,以及侧流烟气与环境烟草烟气 (ETS)的关系。     

卷烟侧流烟气焦油、烟碱的测定方法研究

采用根据CORESTA推荐的分析卷烟侧流烟气的方法和原理研制的鱼尾罩侧流烟气捕集装置 ,结合气相色谱 (GC)与紫外光谱 (UV)分析技术 ,对卷烟侧流烟气焦油、烟碱的测定方法进行了研究。共进行了两组重复实验 ,并与同一时期日本烟草公司测定的侧流烟气焦油和烟碱的分析结果进行了比较。结果发现 ,实验采用的侧流烟气焦油、烟碱的测定方法具有很好的重复性 ,所有测试项目如抽吸口数、滤片和鱼尾罩上的焦油、烟碱等的变异系数都在 10 %以下 ,侧流烟气总焦油和总烟碱的变异系数都小于 5 % ,且与日本烟草公司的测试结果非常接近 ,说明该方法适用于侧流烟气焦油和烟碱的测定。同时 ,还对卷烟侧流烟气的捕集原则、侧流烟气的测试条件选择等进行了讨论。     

两种加香方式下7种葡萄糖苷配基在烟气中的裂解转移规律

目的:研究7种葡萄糖苷添加到卷烟纸上裂解产生的糖苷配基在主流和侧流烟气中的转移规律。方法:将5-甲基糠醇葡萄糖苷、薄荷醇葡萄糖苷、大茴香醇葡萄糖苷、叶醇葡萄糖苷、苯乙醇葡萄糖苷、乙基香兰素葡萄糖苷和香兰素葡萄糖苷7种单体香料按烟丝重量的0.01%分别涂抹到卷烟纸表面和注射到卷烟中,测定两种加香方式下其裂解的糖苷配基在主流烟气和侧流烟气中的裂解转移率,在此基础上分别以0.001%,0.010%,0.050%的添加量涂抹到卷烟纸上,测定7种糖苷配基在主、侧流烟气中的转移率。结果:烟丝加香方式下7种糖苷配基在主流烟气中的转移率高于卷烟纸加香方式,而侧流烟气中的转移率与之相反;糖苷配基在主流烟气和侧流烟气中转移率最高的为5-甲基糠醇,最低的为薄荷醇,其他依次为叶醇、大茴香醇、苯乙醇、乙基香兰素和香兰素;0.001%添加量条件下,7种糖苷配基在主流、侧流烟气中的转移率分别为0.27%~1.24%,0.42%~1.71%,0.010%添加量下分别为0.38%~1.87%,0.54%~2.52%,0.050%添加量下分别为0.31%~1.56%,0.47%~2.19%。结论:3个添加量下,7种糖苷配基在侧流烟气中的转移率均高于主流烟气中的;糖苷配基在主流和侧流烟气中均表现出随添加量的增加先增加后降低的趋势。     

HPLC-MS/MS检测卷烟主、侧流烟气中的杂环胺

建立了MCX阳离子柱固相萃取净化、大气压电离模式下液相色谱串联四极杆质谱测定8种杂环胺类的方法,并采用该方法测定了8种卷烟样品主、侧流烟气中这8种杂环胺的含量。结果表明:①方法的检测限为0.042～2.8ng/支,回收率为68%～108%,RSD为1.6%～8.8%;②这些卷烟样品主、侧流烟气中均检测到MeAαC,AαC,Trp-p-1,Trp-p-2;③卷烟主、侧流烟气中的AαC,MeAαC,Trp-p-2和Trp-p-1释放量之间均相关;AαC与MeAαC,Trp-p-2与Trp-p-1的相关性显著;④除1种卷烟样品外,其余卷烟样品侧流烟气中杂环胺的释放量都高于主流烟气。     

卷烟烟碱向主、侧流烟气中的转移率

为了解燃吸过程中卷烟烟丝烟碱向其主、侧流烟气中的转移率,在2005年监测卷烟中注射了不同量的烟碱,调节含水率后,对其烟丝及主、侧流烟气中的烟碱含量进行了分析。结果表明:卷烟烟碱向主、侧流烟气中的平均转移率分别为9.97%和33.42%;在8.25~20.32mg/支烟碱含量范围内,主、侧流烟气中的烟碱含量均与卷烟烟碱含量线性正相关。     

卷烟烟气中一氧化氮研究进展

简要介绍了卷烟烟气中一氧化氮的形成及其在主流烟气和侧流烟气中的分布、检测方法、对人体的影响以及烟气中一氧化氮的消除。     

成品卷烟抽吸过程中氨的转移

成品卷烟在抽吸过程中,烟丝中氨会分为主流烟气、侧流烟气以及被滤棒截留部分,分别检测主流烟气和过滤嘴中的氨。试验结果表明:主流烟气中的氨和滤棒截留的氨,仅占烟丝中氨的极少部分。     

连续流动分析法测定卷烟侧流烟气中的氢氰酸

建立了一种用稀氢氧化钠溶液吸收、应用异烟酸与1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸显色体系在连续流动分析仪上检测卷烟侧流烟气中HCN的方法.在6.2×10-2～15.0 mg/L浓度范围内,该方法具有良好的线性(相关系数为0.9999),检测限(S/N=3)为1.95×10-2mg/L,加标回收率均值为99.1%,RSD=4.32%.利用所建立的方法测定了21种卷烟样品主、侧流烟气中的HCN,结果表明:①侧流烟气中HCN的含量比主流烟气高约10%～70%;②其含量大小与焦油量相关,焦油含量高的卷烟样品,主、侧流烟气中HCN的含量相应较高.     

卷烟纸中Mg(OH)2-CaCO3加填及其对卷烟烟气的影响

从降低卷烟烟气危害的角度出发,用阻燃剂Mg(OH)2部分代替CaCO3作为卷烟纸填料,研究了Mg(OH)2用量对卷烟纸白度、抗张强度、透气度等性能的影响,对Mg(OH)2作为造纸填料在卷烟纸中的适用性进行了探讨,并在此基础上研究了在卷烟纸中添加阻燃剂Mg(OH)2对卷烟主流烟气、侧流烟气的影响。研究发现Mg(OH)2的添加可降低卷烟纸热解温度,从而影响卷烟的燃烧状态,达到降低烟气有害物质的目的,卷烟主流烟气中总粒相物、焦油、烟碱和一氧化碳均会降低,侧流烟气中STPM下降显著。     

Sidestream cigarette smoke toxicity increases with aging and exposure duration

Objectives

To determine the effects of aging on the toxicity of sidestream tobacco smoke, the complex chemical mixture that enters the air from the lit end of burning cigarettes and constitutes the vast bulk of secondhand smoke.

Design

Statistical analysis of data from controlled experimental exposures of Sprague Dawley rats to fresh and aged (for more than 30 minutes) sidestream smoke for up to 90 days followed by histological sectioning of the respiratory epithelium. The data were obtained from a series of experiments conducted at Philip Morris'' formerly secret INBIFO (Institut für Biologische Forschung) laboratory in Germany.

Results

Using total particulate material as the measure of smoke exposure, aging sidestream cigarette smoke for at least 30 minutes increases its toxicity fourfold for 21 day exposures and doubles the toxicity for 90 day exposures, relative to fresh sidestream smoke.

Conclusions

These results help explain the relatively large biological effects of secondhand smoke compared to equivalent mass doses of mainstream smoke.     

German tobacco industry's successful efforts to maintain scientific and political respectability to prevent regulation of secondhand smoke

Objective

To examine the tactics the tobacco industry in Germany used to avoid regulation of secondhand smoke exposure and to maintain the acceptance of public smoking.

Methods

Systematic search of tobacco industry documents available on the internet between June 2003 and August 2004.

Results

In West Germany, policymakers were, as early as the mid 1970s, well aware of the fact that secondhand smoke endangers non‐smokers. One might have assumed that Germany, an international leader in environmental protection, would have led in protecting her citizens against secondhand smoke pollution. The tobacco manufacturers in Germany, however, represented by the national manufacturing organisation “Verband” (Verband der Cigarettenindustrie), contained and neutralised the early debate about the danger of secondhand smoke. This success was achieved by carefully planned collaboration with selected scientists, health professionals and policymakers, along with a sophisticated public relations programme.

Conclusions

The strategies of the tobacco industry have been largely successful in inhibiting the regulation of secondhand smoke in Germany. Policymakers, health professionals, the media and the general public should be aware of this industry involvement and should take appropriate steps to close the gap between what is known and what is done about the health effects of secondhand smoke.     

Gesundheitliche Risiken durch Tabakrauchbelastung in Gastronomiebetrieben

Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of thousands of components. Some 250 of these are toxic or carcinogenic. Exposure to second-hand smoke is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, respiratory diseases, and lung cancer. In Germany every year more than 3300 persons are dying from diseases caused by second-hand smoke. In German hospitality venues, where actually smoking is allowed, there is a high exposure to second-hand smoke. Experience from other countries, where the hospitality industry is already smoke-free, shows that smoke-free policies ameliorate the air quality and the health of hospitality workers. Separated smoking rooms as well as ventilation and filtration means are no alternative to completely smokefree environments. Eingegangen: 21. Mai 2007; angenommen 30. Mai 2007     

卷烟烟气中微量和痕量元素研究综述

对卷烟烟气的捕集和常用的分析方法进行了综述和比较,给出了剑桥滤片、冷阱、静电捕集器、碰撞捕集器等烟气捕集方法各自的优缺点;比较了原子吸收法、中子活化分析法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法等元素分析方法,并给出不同方法在分析烟气中元素时的优缺点。认为研究和完善电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法,并建立一套与之相配套的烟气捕集和样品前处理方法,对烟气中元素分析有着重要意义。     

壳聚糖对卷烟烟气中低相对分子质量醛类物质的特殊作用

将不同脱乙酰度、不同粒度大小、不同剂量的壳聚糖加入到卷烟滤棒中 ,运用比色法测定烟气中总挥发性脂肪醛类的含量 ,从而得出壳聚糖对主流烟气中总挥发性脂肪醛类物质的降低效果 .结果表明 :3种不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖对主流烟气中总挥发性脂肪醛类物质的降低效果都很明显 ,尤其是在保证烟气内在品质的前提下 ,加入 3 0mg粒度为 1 0 0目左右、脱乙酰度为 90 %的壳聚糖 ,主流烟气中总挥发性脂肪醛类物质可降低 5 7.1 % .     

Cold Smoking of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fillets with Smoke Condensate—an Alternative Processing Technology for the Production of Smoked Salmon

ABSTRACT:  Two different protocols for the production of cold smoked salmon were investigated. All fillets were dry salted (18 h, 4 °C) before being allotted to a smoke condensate/liquid smoke protocol (SCP), which included drenching (1 min) in smoke condensate [1:3 (v/v) smoke:water] and drying (150 min, 28.4 ± 2.2 °C) or a wood chips protocol (WCP) that included drying and smoking in a regular smoking chamber (23 °C, 480 min) using wood chips for smoke production. Quality assessments were performed on the smoked fillets at day 0 and after 7, 14, and 31 d of storage (3.4 ± 0.7 °C). Application of the SCP resulted in a significantly higher ( P < 0.01) processing yield (89.6%± 0.7%) as compared to the WCP (88.6%± 0.5%). On day 0, the SCP fillets were significantly ( P < 0.01) less light ( L *) and yellow ( b *) and had a lower chroma ( C *) and hue ( h *) compared to the fillets processed with WCP. From 7 d until the end of storage time, small differences in color were observed. After 31 d of storage, the SCP fillets had a significantly higher ( P < 0.05) intensity of oily texture and lower intensity of salty and smoke taste. Texture profile analysis (TPA) showed few significant differences between the processing protocols, although the WCP fillets were significantly harder than the SCP fillets when recording the force at 60% compression of the fillet height. The use of smoke condensate and drenching technology is a way of producing cold smoked salmon with quality characteristics quite similar to those found in commercial "traditional" products, although processors who want to use this technology have to optimize the drying step and the smoke condensate formulation to their specifications.     

采用全烟气暴露系统测试卷烟主流烟气细胞毒性

基于VITROCELL系统结合中性红摄取试验建立了全烟气暴露细胞毒性测试方法,采用建立的方法测试了加拿大深度(HCI)抽吸条件下国内外29个牌号市售卷烟主流烟气的细胞毒性。结果表明:①建立的全烟气暴露细胞毒性测试方法可以获得良好的烟气细胞毒性剂量-效应关系;②测试结果的变异系数(CV)在25%以内,方法稳定性较好。建立的全烟气暴露实验方法适合于卷烟主流烟气细胞毒性测试。     

Second hand smoke and risk assessment: what was in it for the tobacco industry?

OBJECTIVE: To describe how the tobacco industry attempted to trivialise the health risks of second hand smoke (SHS) by both questioning the science of risk assessment of low dose exposure to other environmental toxins, and by comparing SHS to such substances about which debate might still exist. METHODS: Analysis of tobacco industry documents made public as part of the settlement of litigation in the USA (Minnesota trial and the Master Settlement Agreement) and available on the internet. Search terms included: risk assessment, low dose exposure, and the names of key players and organisations. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The tobacco industry developed a well coordinated, multi-pronged strategy to create doubt about research on exposure to SHS by trying to link it to the broader discussion of risk assessment of low doses of a number of toxins whose disease burden may still be a matter of scientific debate, thus trying to make SHS their equivalent; and by attempting, through third party organisations and persons, to impugn the agencies using risk assessment to establish SHS as a hazard.