广州市售酸奶中乳酸菌的耐药性评估

研究广州市售酸奶中乳酸菌对不同种类抗生素的药物敏感性。从市售酸奶中分离并鉴定乳酸菌,采用纸片扩散法检测分离菌株对18种抗生素的药物敏感性;E-test方法对耐药菌株进行最低抑菌浓度测定。从31份市售保质期内商标注册酸奶中分离鉴定出48株乳酸菌,其中25株嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)、20株保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)、3株副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)。48株乳酸菌对卡那霉素、链霉素均耐药;对头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、红霉素均敏感;对环丙沙星、庆大霉素、万古霉素等呈现出不同程度的耐受性;79.2%(38/48)表现出多重耐药性;E-test分析表明,除了保加利亚乳杆菌MR10的MIC为256μg/mL以外,所有万古霉素耐药菌株对万古霉素的MIC均大于1024μg/mL。不同品牌酸奶分离菌株对抗生素具有不同的耐受性,均有多重耐受性出现,应加强其耐药性连续监测及安全评价。     

市售酸奶中乳酸菌耐药性及耐药基因的检测

为探讨酸奶中乳酸菌所携带耐药基因对人类健康的潜在影响,对市售酸奶中的乳酸菌进行分离和鉴定,并通过药物敏感性实验确定菌株的耐药谱,同时利用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增技术调查链霉素、庆大霉素、磺胺类和四环素等耐药基因的分布情况。结果表明：25 份市售酸奶样品中共分离得到56 株乳酸菌,包括26 株德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种、3 株植物乳杆菌、2 株嗜酸乳杆菌以及25 株嗜热链球菌。药敏结果显示,31 株乳杆菌对链霉素（87.1%）、庆大霉素（80.6%）、环丙沙星（74.2%）和四环素（61.3%）的耐药率较高,对头孢菌素类则较为敏感;而25 株嗜热链球菌同样对链霉素的耐药率最高,达76.0%;其次分别为万古霉素（32.0%）、环丙沙星（32.0%）和四环素（20.0%）。56 株乳酸菌中共检出5 种不同的耐药基因,分别为链霉素耐药基因ant(6)（检出率1.8%）、庆大霉素耐药基因aac(6')-aph(2')（检出率7.1%）、四环素耐药基因tetM（检出率5.4%）以及磺胺类耐药基因sulⅠ（检出率14.3%）和sulⅡ（检出率1.8%）。受试的乳酸菌中共有13 株检出耐药基因,其中有4 株携带两种不同的耐药基因。长期以来被认为安全并广泛应用于发酵食品领域的乳酸菌可能成为潜在的耐药基因贮存库。     

新疆发酵乳中保加利亚乳杆菌的耐药性研究

以分离自新疆酸牛乳中的5株保加利亚乳杆菌为研究对象,采用肉汤稀释法测定保加利亚乳杆菌在15种常见抗生素条件下的耐药表型,并通过聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术对菌株可能出现的耐药基因进行检测。结果表明,IMAU32330、IMAU32265和IMAU32166对环丙沙星耐药,对其他抗生素敏感;而IMAU32071、IMAU32276对所有抗生素均敏感。通过检测受试菌株的耐药基因,从5株菌中均检出erm(B),从部分受试菌株中检出了耐药基因vanX等。实验结果可以为人们安全使用抗生素和乳酸菌提供一定的参考。     

不同来源的植物乳杆菌基因组和抗生素抗性

为了研究不同分离源对植物乳杆菌基因组和功能的影响,选取了来自发酵酱、泡菜、粪便3种环境的33株植物乳杆菌,通过比较基因组学手段研究菌株的基因组基本特征、直系同源基因、系统进化关系,并结合功能基因注释结果与表型结果分析菌株对抗生素的耐药性。系统发育树揭示了分离源对植物乳杆菌的遗传进化具有较为显著的影响;同源基因结果表明粪便源的菌株其特殊基因数量要高于泡菜源和发酵酱源菌株的数量。33株植物乳杆菌均含有环丙沙星、四环素、氯霉素、甲氧苄氨嘧啶和万古霉素的抗性基因,菌株对这些抗生素也表现出抗性;绝大多数菌株对庆大霉素、链霉素、卡那霉素、新霉素、氨苄西林敏感,在基因组中也没有相关抗性基因;而红霉素和克林霉素的基因和表型并不对应。抗生素实验结果说明,分离源对菌株影响较小,大部分基因型与表型可以对应,基因组学对研究植物乳杆菌的生理特性起一定的指导作用。     

健康人体及保健品中乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的抗药性分析

目的:研究常用抗生素对来自健康人体和保健品的乳酸菌的影响.为构建乳酸菌和双歧杆菌食品级基因克隆和表达系统,为研制益生菌食品级微生态制剂而筛选无耐药性受体菌株和安全菌株.为乳酸菌的抗性筛选提供科学依据.方法:采用标准药敏纸片琼脂扩散法(K-B法),以金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 25923为标准对照菌株,研究15株乳酸球菌,14株乳酸杆菌,5株双歧杆菌对8大类19种常用抗生素的敏感性.结果:15株乳酸球菌对氨苄西林、青霉素G、头孢霉素、头孢曲松、卡那霉素、四环素、红霉素、氯霉素均敏感或中度敏感:对磺胺、多黏菌素B均耐药;对其它抗生素表现出不同药敏性.14株乳杆菌都对氨苄西林、青霉素G、头孢霉素、卡那霉素、红霉素、四环素、氯霉素敏感或中度敏感;对磺胺、甲氧嘧啶、多黏菌素B均耐药:对其它表现出不同药敏性.5株双歧杆菌均对氨苄西林、青霉素G、头孢霉素、卡那霉素、甲氧苄氨嘧啶、红霉素、四环素、氯霉素敏感或中度敏感;对庆大霉素、阿米卡星、链霉素、磺胺、杆菌肽、环丙沙星均耐药;对其它抗生素表现出不同药敏性.     

5株发酵食品源乳酸菌的抗药性分析

以实验室前期分离自混合果蔬酵素的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum S)、分离自树莓酵素的植物乳杆菌(L. plantarum WD)和分离自不同奶制品的保加利亚乳杆菌(L. bulgaricus LB-DR)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(L. rhamnosus Lr-05-281)与干酪乳杆菌(L. casei D-400)5株乳酸菌为研究对象,采用平板药敏纸片扩散法、PCR及RT-PCR技术从表型、基因型以及基因表达几个方面分析菌株的抗药性。结果表明5株菌对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、糖肽类抗生素、多粘菌素B均有抗性;对大环内酯类、四环素类、磺胺类抗生素、呋喃妥因均敏感,并有较为相似的耐药谱;而对不同的β-内酰胺类抗生素敏感性不同;5株乳酸菌均含有质粒,供试的12个抗性基因中,在质粒上检测到erm、aph、vanⅠ、aacⅠ4种抗性基因,基因组DNA上检测到aph、erm、vanⅠ、blaⅡ、aacⅠ、aacⅡ6种抗性基因。部分抗性基因在MRS和加抗生素的MRS培养下会表达,不表达的抗性基因在相应抗生素诱导的条件下其抗性基因不表达。L. plantarum WD菌株质粒上因只含一种vanⅠ抗性基因,其应用安全性较好。     

蒙古国传统发酵乳制品中保加利亚乳杆菌耐药性的研究

保加利亚乳杆菌是发酵乳制品中的常用菌种之一,因此对保加利亚乳杆菌安全性菌株的选育非常关键。以蒙古国传统发酵乳制品中的5株保加利亚乳杆菌为研究对象,对其耐药性进行了初步研究。首先采用肉汤稀释法分析其耐药性,其次利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对其耐药基因进行了检测。结果表明,保加利亚乳杆菌对利奈唑胺、氨苄西林、克林霉素、利福平、万古霉素、甲氧苄啶及奎奴普丁/达福普汀全部敏感,对四环素、卡那霉素、氯霉素、庆大霉素、链霉素、环丙沙星、红霉素及新霉素均表现出不同程度的耐药性。基于PCR技术在这些菌株中检测到5种不同的耐药基因(erm(B)、vanX、aac(6')-aph(2')、parC、rpoB),每株都携带2种或2种以上耐药基因。本研究结果可为后续的菌种选育提供参考。     

食品中克罗诺杆菌分离菌株生物被膜形成、耐药性及毒力基因检测

研究食品中克罗诺杆菌分离菌株的生物被膜形成、耐药性以及携带毒力基因情况。在成都市周边农贸市场和路边小摊采集食品样品129份,采用DFI 阪崎肠杆菌显色培养基分离克罗诺杆菌;通过16S rRNA序列比对分析鉴定分离菌株;采用试管法和微孔板法分析菌株生物被膜形成能力,同时研究温度对细菌成膜能力影响;采用纸片法检测分离菌株对18种抗生素的耐药性;采用PCR方法检测分离菌株携带cpa、hly、sip 和ompX毒力基因情况。结果发现从129份食品样本中共检出克罗诺杆菌43株,检出率为33.3%。43株克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株的成膜率为90.7%,并且温度对细菌成膜影响明显。四种毒力基因中,ompX检出率为100%;cpa检出率为13.9%;hly检出率为11.6%;sip基因未检出。耐药表型检测发现43株克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株对青霉素、克林霉素、万古霉素、苯唑西林和杆菌肽B的耐药率为100%,对利福平的耐药率达97.7%;对红霉素的耐药率为7%;对环丙沙星、庆大霉素、四环素、氯霉素、亚胺培南、磺胺甲恶挫、呋喃妥因、头孢西丁、链霉素、阿米卡星、氧氟沙星等100%敏感。本研究表明克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株具有较好的形成生物被膜能力,对常见的抗生素耐药率较高,并且分离菌株携带一定的毒力基因,对食品安全造成潜在威胁。     

酸乳用乳酸菌抗生素耐药性研究

旨在通过纸片扩散法对乳酸菌菌株耐药情况进行研究。对48份酸乳发酵剂中的乳酸菌进行分离鉴定,共分离出63株乳酸菌,其中嗜热链球菌43株、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种20株。结果表明:63株乳酸菌对临床使用率较高的12种抗生素呈现不同程度的耐药性,其中,青霉素(36.51%)、复方新诺明(33.33%)、链霉素(28.57%)、氨苄西林(26.98%)、环丙沙星(20.63%),同时52.38%(33/63)的菌株具有多重耐药性,其中嗜热链球菌对12种抗生素的多重耐药性(30.23%)显著低于德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(100%)。     

生牛乳中耐药芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及四环素抗性基因tetL定位研究

为检测生牛乳中耐热芽孢杆菌的耐药性并定位耐药基因，本研究对34个生牛乳样品分离的芽孢杆菌抗生素耐药性进行研究。耐药实验结果表明：66株芽孢杆菌在固有抗生素耐药性中氨苄西林耐药率高达71.21%，青霉素耐药率高达75.75%。在获得性耐药中7株芽孢杆菌具有克林霉素抗性，1株沙福芽孢杆菌具有红霉素抗性，5株蜡样芽孢杆菌具有四环素抗性。获得性耐药的菌株中，四环素抗性的蜡样芽孢杆菌S7和S11携带有质粒。进一步通过芽孢杆菌四环素耐药基因的PCR筛查及测序分析，确定S7和S11中四环素抗性基因为tetL。通过反向PCR及DNA测序确定蜡样芽孢杆菌S7的tetL基因位于质粒pBCs7上。进一步的序列分析表明质粒pBCs7能够编码的移动蛋白Mob，而Mob蛋白一般能够介导质粒的接合转移。因此，推测质粒pBCs7可能具有转移性，蜡样芽孢杆菌S7的tetL基因存在水平转移风险。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Review of techniques to manufacture micro-hydrogel particles for the food industry and their applications

Microgels are ‘soft’ microscopic cross-linked polymeric particles that are being increasingly exploited in a variety of industries for rheology control, encapsulation and targeted delivery. They are valued because of the ability to tune their functionality to address specific applications in oil recovery, coatings, drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care and foods. Food microgels are typically biopolymer hydrogels in the form of microspheres, nanospheres (also called nanogels), spheroids and fibres. The utilisation of engineered microgels in foods has so far been limited, despite their great potential to address several needs in the food industry, including: satiety control, encapsulation of phytonutrients and prebiotics, texture control for healthier food formulations (e.g. reduced fat products), and targeting delivery to specific areas in the digestive tract. We review the scientific and patent literature on the utilisation and manufacturing methods for producing microgels with an emphasis on micro-hydrogels for food applications.     

12—A CRITIQUE OF SOME HYPOTHESES RELATING TO THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE HIGH-SULPHUR PROTEINS OF WOOL

Joubert and Burns prepared a large number of fractions from the high-sulphur proteins of wool and estimated their molecular weights and amino-acid compositions. Their data have been re-examined in order to look for statistically significant interrelations between amino acids and between the proportion of various amino acids and molecular weight. Statistical analysis of the data is also used to examine the credibility of some hypotheses concerning the mechanism of keratin biosynthesis and to provide further evidence for the existence of families of proteins within the high-sulphur fractions of wool.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of     

The Latest Data about Development of Chinese Printing Industry in 2013

In the 2014 China（Shanghai）International Printing Week,Director Wang Yanbin released the latest data about development of Chinese printing industry in 2013.According to statistics,in 2013,the total output value of Chinese printing industry exceeded 1trillion Yuan for the first time,reaching 1.03985 trillion Yuan.There were 105,000 printing enterprises in China,employees were 3.415 million.The total asset was 1.06247 trillion Yuan;     

The State Council Issued "Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"

正On December 2nd,2013,the State Council issued the notification of"Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"(hereafter referred to as"notification").It is pointed out in the"notification"that in order to further deepen reforms in investment systems and administrative examination and approval systems,simplify administrative procedures and delegate powers to lower levels,earnestly     

China textile machinery: taking off in progress

正Among the 1600 exhibitors who take apart in the ITMA ASIA+CITME2014 2/3 are Chinese manufactures.If the numerous figures failed to attract your attention,the increase of quality should draw your focus.To adopt the demand of developing textile machine market,domestic textile machinery enterprises now follow the slogan of"technology drives development"to enhance product competitiveness.Our domestic sellers will showcase product ranging from spinning,weaving,dyeing and printing,     

Top Ten News of China's Paper Industry 2013

On December 24th, 2013, the meeting on the selection of top 10 news of China＇s paper industry 2013 sponsored by 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 was held in Beijing. The yearly selection of the top l0 news, which began in 2000, has become a brand activity widely recognized in the industry thanks to the support from the authorities at all levels and public participation.