咖啡豆红外喷动床干燥对其粉末物性品质、干燥能耗及挥发性成分的影响

为获得高品质干燥咖啡豆,采用红外喷动床组合干燥技术对咖啡豆进行干燥处理,研究不同进口温度和进口风速对咖啡粉色泽、堆积密度、休止角、得粉率、持水能力和水溶性指数、微观结构、干燥能耗及挥发性成分的影响。结果表明,提高进口温度和进口风速可以加快干燥速率,缩短干燥时间,降低干燥能耗。采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用共检测出7大类(酸类、酯类、醛类、醇类、酮类、杂环类及其他类)挥发性化合物,其中酸类、酯类、醇类、杂环类4类为咖啡豆主要挥发性化合物且含量较高。综合对比得出最佳干燥条件为进口温度75℃,进口风速7.5 m/s,在此条件下,L^*值和堆积密度取得最大值,分别为106.59和0.65 g/mL,休止角取得最小值36.87°,得粉率、持水能力和水溶性指数取得最大值,分别为43.43%、5.4 g/g和41.27%,干燥能耗取得最小值336.53 kJ/g,形态结构保存较为完整,壁面光滑平整,检测到的挥发性成分种类最高达70种,含量为38 487.028 49 ng/g(以干基计),咖啡豆综合品质最佳。该研究可为红外喷动床干燥技术在咖啡豆干燥加工及工业化生产中的应用提...     

采用HS-SPME-GC/MS和电子鼻技术解析生咖啡豆加速贮藏期挥发性组分的变化规律

本研究以罗布斯塔生咖啡豆为研究对象,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用和电子鼻技术对生咖啡豆贮藏过程中挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术在生咖啡豆中共鉴定出56种挥发性物质,随着贮藏时间的延长,酸类物质含量先增大后减少,酯类物质含量逐渐增大,醛类物质含量先减小后增大,贮藏前到60℃贮藏结束后醛类化合物由13.72%增加至25.46%;加速贮藏温度越高,挥发性物质含量增加速率越快,总挥发性物质含量由24.12μg/g DW增加至31.34μg/g DW。电子鼻数据分析能较好的区分不同贮藏期的样品,不同阶段样品各自聚为一类,且在60℃时样品聚集更为紧密;通过挥发性化合物含量变化、电子鼻传感器特征响应值和主成分分析,初步推测生咖啡豆加速贮藏期间风味品质劣变的特征性化合物为己醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、乙酸、己酸及苯甲酸。因此顶空固相微萃取-气质联用、电子鼻技术结合主成分分析可综合评价生咖啡豆贮藏期的风味特征。     

基于HS-SPME/GC-MS和电子感官技术的热泵干燥对烘焙咖啡豆风味品质影响研究

为了探讨热泵干燥对烘焙咖啡豆风味品质的影响,本研究以日晒干燥为对照,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用（HS-SPME/GC-MS）、电子鼻和电子舌检测技术,研究了热泵干燥不同温度下焙炒咖啡豆的挥发性风味成分、气味及滋味特性。HS-SPME/GC-MS结果表明：共检测到挥发性风味成分131种,包括10大类物质;干燥温度为40 ℃时检测数目最多,为124种,随着温度升高,挥发性风味成分数目呈下降趋势,其中呋喃类化合物和吡嗪类化合物所占百分含量最高,均达到了20%以上,酮类化合物数目最多为31种。电子鼻及电子舌数据经主成分分析（PCA）降维处理,结果表明：电子鼻和电子舌的前两个主成分累积方差贡献率分别为99.66%和84.59%,均大于80%,能够较好的提取样品中多维数据信息,并且均能够有效的区分日晒干燥及不同热泵干燥温度处理所得烘焙咖啡豆。     

基于HS-SPME/GC-MS和电子感官技术的热泵干燥对烘焙咖啡豆风味品质影响研究

为了探讨热泵干燥对烘焙咖啡豆风味品质的影响,本研究以日晒干燥为对照,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用(HS-SPME/GC-MS)、电子鼻和电子舌检测技术,研究了热泵干燥不同温度下焙炒咖啡豆的挥发性风味成分、气味及滋味特性。HS-SPME/GC-MS结果表明:共检测到挥发性风味成分131种,包括10大类物质;干燥温度为40℃时检测数目最多,为124种,随着温度升高,挥发性风味成分数目呈下降趋势,其中呋喃类化合物和吡嗪类化合物所占百分含量最高,均达到了20%以上,酮类化合物数目最多为31种。电子鼻及电子舌数据经主成分分析(PCA)降维处理,结果表明:电子鼻和电子舌的前两个主成分累积方差贡献率分别为99.66%和84.59%,均大于80%,能够较好的提取样品中多维数据信息,并且均能够有效的区分日晒干燥及不同热泵干燥温度处理所得烘焙咖啡豆。     

不同热泵干燥温度对高良姜干燥品质的对比分析

采用不同的热泵干燥温度(45℃、50℃、55℃、60℃、65℃),并以日晒为对照,对高良姜干燥至水分含量8%±0.5%,分析不同热泵干燥温度对高良姜的色泽、活性物质和挥发性成分的影响。结果表明:50℃干燥的高良姜与日晒干燥的高良姜色泽最为相近,△E为2.16±0.2;50℃干燥的高良姜复水率最高,为2.39±0.03,且复水比随着热泵干燥温度升高而降低的趋势;50℃热泵干燥得到的高良姜总酚和黄酮含量最高,分别为19.33±0.21 mg/g和8.44±0.19 mg/g,热泵温度超过50℃时,总酚和总黄酮的含量随着热泵温度的升高而降低。热泵干燥温度对高良姜素含量的影响不显著,50℃干燥的高良姜素含量为6.29±0.07 mg/g,且热泵干燥的高良姜素含量均大于日晒干燥,日晒干燥高良姜素含量为5.54±0.1 mg/g。日晒、45、50、55、60、65℃干燥高良姜挥发性物质种类分别为81、69、74、78、82和85,烯烃类物质分别为42、39、37、32、34和31,45℃热泵干燥,桉叶油醇的含量最高,为37.41%,且随着热泵温度的升高而降低。综合色泽、品质、风味等比较,50℃是热泵干燥高良姜的最佳温度参数。本文的研究结果为热泵干燥在高良姜干燥条件的控制提供了理论依据。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS分析冷榨和热榨伽师瓜籽油的挥发性物质

采用顶空固相微萃取—气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对冷榨伽师瓜籽油和不同烤籽温度下的热榨伽师瓜籽油的挥发性物质进行分析。结果表明：伽师瓜籽油中共检出115种挥发性物质,主要是羧酸类、醛类、酮类、杂环类、醇类、酯类和烷烃类化合物;冷榨伽师瓜籽油的挥发性物质主要是羧酸类、醛类及醇类化合物,相对百分含量分别为36.65%、29.50%、11.56%;烤籽温度为110 ℃和130 ℃下的热榨伽师瓜籽油主要挥发性物质为醛类化合物,且含量与冷榨伽师瓜籽油有较大差异;烤籽温度为150 ℃、170 ℃、190 ℃、210 ℃下热榨伽师瓜籽油的主要挥发性成分为吡嗪、呋喃等杂环类化合物和醛类化合物。     

牛肉贮藏过程中的挥发性成分分析

分别利用固相微萃取-气-质联用(SPME-GC-MS)和电子鼻对牛肉贮藏过程的挥发性成分进行检测。0℃和10℃样品分别检测出37种和40种化合物,包括烃类、酮类、醇类、醛类、酸类、酯类、含硫及杂环化合物。在相同温度下,随贮藏时间延长,化合物总量增加,其中烃类和酮类化合物含量先减少后增加,醇类、含硫及杂环化合物不断增加,醛类减少。在相同贮藏时间不同温度下,烃类、酮类、醇类、含硫及杂环化合物以及化合物总量在0℃时低于10℃时的含量,而醛类相反。通过分析电子鼻主要传感器的输出信号,发现氨气、胺类化合物、硫化氢和醇类含量均随贮藏时间延长而增加,主成分分析法(PCA)可将0℃和10℃贮藏不同天数的牛肉样品区分开。结果表明,牛肉贮藏过程中随新鲜度的下降,挥发性成分不断发生变化,并可利用SPME-GC-MS和电子鼻进行检测。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS分析伽师瓜籽油挥发性物质

采用顶空固相微萃取—气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对冷榨伽师瓜籽油和不同烤籽温度下的热榨伽师瓜籽油的挥发性物质进行分析。结果表明:伽师瓜籽油中共检出115种挥发性物质,主要是羧酸类、醛类、酮类、杂环类、醇类、酯类和烷烃类化合物;冷榨伽师瓜籽油的挥发性物质主要是羧酸类、醛类及醇类化合物,相对质量分数分别为36.65%、29.50%、11.56%;烤籽温度为110℃和130℃下的热榨伽师瓜籽油主要挥发性物质为醛类化合物,且含量与冷榨伽师瓜籽油有较大差异;烤籽温度为150、170、190、210℃下热榨伽师瓜籽油的主要挥发性成分为吡嗪、呋喃等杂环类化合物和醛类化合物。     

湿法加工关键环节对咖啡品质的影响

目的:优化咖啡湿法加工工艺。方法:探究果胶酶添加量、温度及咖啡干燥方式对咖啡豆风味前体物质、滋味呈味物质含量的影响,通过灰色关联度分析获得质量排序并开展挥发性物质分析。结果:不同果胶酶添加量、温度及晒干、烘干处理样品的蛋白质、粗脂肪、咖啡酸、咖啡因、绿原酸含量及挥发性物质相对含量之间有显著性差异,灰色关联度分析得到2%果胶酶+27℃+晒干处理组咖啡质量排序第一,其生豆中蛋白质含量为14.04%,粗脂肪含量为9.05%,熟豆中咖啡酸含量为1.05 mg/g,咖啡因含量为1.41%,绿原酸含量为13.89 mg/g,主要挥发性物质酯类、酸类的相对含量分别为40.87,7.62μg/g。结论:2%果胶酶+27℃+晒干处理得到的咖啡综合品质最佳。     

0 ℃贮藏大口黑鲈的挥发性成分分析

目的采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)测定0℃贮藏大口黑鲈的挥发性成分。方法将鱼肉样品采用空气包装置于0℃贮藏,运用GC-MS技术测定其在第9 d与15 d时的挥发性成分,并对三甲胺含量进行定量分析。结果对大口黑鲈进行分析,共分离鉴定出53种挥发性成分,新鲜大口黑鲈未检测出三甲胺,挥发性成分主要为烃类(66.14%),其次为醇类(17.22%)与醛类(11.20%)。醇类、烃类与含硫化合物为冷藏9 d大口黑鲈的主要挥发性成分,其相对百分含量分别为36.99%、28.58%、13.93%,三甲胺含量为779.56μg/g。冷藏15 d时大口黑鲈的三甲胺含量为1614.69μg/g,其挥发性成分主要为烃类(38.62%)、含硫化合物(17.40%)、醛类(13.98%)与醇类(13.21%)。新鲜大口黑鲈与0℃贮藏9、15 d大口黑鲈共有的挥发性成分有11种,以醛类、醇类、酮类、烃类、含硫化合物为主。结论大口鲈鱼在0℃贮藏过程中,其挥发性成分含量变化明显,逐渐产生的三甲胺、烃类、含硫化合物、醇类与醛类化合物使鱼体产生不良气味。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status