陕西省2004-2005年蔬菜、水果中农药残留污染状况调查

目的了解陕西地区蔬菜、水果中使用农药残留情况。方法2004年9月和2005年9月对全省6个市县各大农贸市场及超市销售的蔬菜、水果以及个别蔬菜、水果产地的蔬菜、水果随机抽样检查,采用气相色谱仪法及气相色谱-质谱仪法对18种蔬菜、水果中的有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、菊酯、三氯杀螨醇4类22种农药残留量进行测定。结果2年共抽检蔬菜、水果样品455份。2004年采集174份,其中有机磷类农药总检出率18.39%,超标率18.39%。氨基甲酸酯类农药检出率为12.64%,超标率2.87%。菊酯类农药的总检出率为31.03%,均未超标。三氯杀螨醇农药检出率为4.02%,均未超标。2005年采集281份,其中有机磷农药总检出率34.16%,超标率27.40%。氨基甲酸酯类农药检出率5.34%,均未超标。菊酯类农药检出率为52.67%,超标率1.07%。三氯杀螨醇农药检出率为37.01%,超标率6.41%。结论陕西地区蔬菜、水果中滥施农药特别是有机磷和三氯杀螨醇等高毒、剧毒农药的情况较为严重,应加强监督管理。     

广东省食物中化学污染物的网点监测与动态分析

根据广东省的地理条件和经济状况，选择了5个农产品化学污染监测网点，分布于我省东南西北中。每年夏秋两季在监测点的主要农贸市场现场随机抽样检测，2000年～2002年3年间在各监测网点共采集大米、面粉、肉类、蛋类、鲜奶、海产品、水果、蔬菜等主要食品1400多份，检测各类食品中铅、镉、砷、汞等4种金属污染物、24种有机磷农药残留量和8种有机氯农药异构体残留量。对照相关国家标准，广东省主要食品中铅、镉、砷和汞的合格率分别为91．9％、88．1％、100％、100％。皮蛋、蔬菜中铅含量以及海产贝类、蔬菜、大米中镉含量合格率较低是存在的主要问题。有机磷农药残留量的检出率和超标率分别为10．2％和5．6％；有机氯农药残留量检出率和超标率分别为18．7％和2．1％。对照1992年～1996年的全省食品中化学污染物监测数据，广东省蔬菜中有机磷农药残留检出率和超标率近年已有大幅度下降，说明蔬菜中滥施农药，特别是剧毒农药的情况基本得到控制。但大米、蔬菜等主要食物中铅、镉含量相对偏高的问题近10年来并没有得到明显的改善。     

北京市昌平区蔬菜中农药残留状况分析

目的了解北京市昌平区夏冬季节不同蔬菜中农药残留情况,为确保蔬菜食用安全提供监管依据。方法2006年随机抽取蔬菜样品137份,按NY／T761-2004《蔬菜和水果中有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯类农药多残留检测方法》进行检测,依据CB2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行评判。结果氨基甲酸酯农药检出率18．25％,超标率18．25％;拟除虫菊酯农药检出率5．11％,超标率0．73％;有机磷农药检出率1．46％,超标率0．73％;三氯杀螨醇农药未检出。不同种类蔬菜中农药残留没有差别。除氨基甲酸酯农药夏冬季节存在很大差别外,其它3类农药无差别。蔬菜中氨基甲酸酯农药残留严重,冬季明显高于夏季;拟除虫菊酯、有机磷农药残留较轻,但污染问题依然存在。结论应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全。     

2000-2005年广东省食品化学污染物网络监测与危害分析

目的掌握广东省主要食品中化学污染的现状。方法自2000年起每年分上下半年在全省各监测网点抽检各类食品,开展农药残留、金属污染物、食品添加剂、霉菌毒素等80多项化学污染物监测工作。结果连续6年的监测共获得43976个检验数据。对照相关标准,广东省主要食物中铅、镉含量合格率分别为91·6%和89·6%,其中皮蛋、蔬菜中铅含量以及虾蛄、干食用菌、猪肾脏和大米中镉含量的合格率较低。蔬菜、水果中有机磷检出率和超标率分别为10·0%和8·6%,与10年前相比有明显下降。氯氰菊酯在各类蔬菜中的检出率为21·7%~31·8%,表明近年拟除虫菊酯农药的使用较普遍。部分加工食品中甜味剂、防腐剂超标情况严重,其中陈皮、话梅等蜜饯中甜蜜素超标率为44·4%,酱菜中糖精钠、甜蜜素、山梨酸、苯甲酸的超标率均较高。熟肉制品中违规添加柠檬黄、日落黄和胭脂红较普遍。散装酱油中的氯丙醇检出量很高。结论县镇农贸市场销售的加工食品化学污染问题应引起重视。     

2018年潍坊市售蔬菜农药残留状况分析

为了解潍坊市市售蔬菜农药残留情况,2018年在潍坊城区及周边采集蔬菜样品946份,对39种农药残留进行检测。结果表明,全年蔬菜农药残留检出率为6.5%,超标率为0.6%,其中茄果类和叶菜类检出率和超标率均明显高于其他蔬菜。第一季度检出率和超标率明显高于其他几个季度。各环节的农药残留检出率和超标率无明显差异,业态升级和规模扩大并未促使蔬菜的安全性显著提升。杀菌剂使用情况普遍,禁用农药的使用情况依然严峻。     

2013~2016年文山州新鲜蔬菜中含磷有机农药残留量监测结果分析

目的 了解文山州新鲜蔬菜中有机磷农药的残留情况, 为新鲜蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的安全性评估提供科学依据。方法 按照食品安全风险监测要求, 2013~2016年对新鲜蔬菜中有机磷农药残留开展监测。按照《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》中气相色谱-质谱法进行检测。结果 2013 ~2016年连续4年共监测新鲜蔬菜133件, 样品中有机磷农药检出率分别为22.58%、15.79%、5%、15.38%; 超标率分别为11.29%、5.26%、5%、7.69%。结论 每年蔬菜中有机磷农药均有检出和超标的情况, 说明文山州新鲜蔬菜中存在有机磷农药污染情况, 建议相关部门加大监管力度, 综合治理。     

瓯海区市售水果、蔬菜中有机磷、拟除虫菊酯类农药残留分析

本文旨在了解瓯海区市售水果、蔬菜中有机磷、拟除虫菊酯类农药残留现状,评估其污染状况。方法:在水果、蔬菜流通环节进行采样,采样点包括超市、农贸市场、流动摊贩、批发市场等,采用气相色谱法进行分析。结果:共检测水果、蔬菜中16种有机磷农药,7种拟除虫菊酯,共检测果蔬样品200份,检出率为56.0%,超标率为1.0%。结论:瓯海区市售蔬菜、水果农药残留总体较好,个别超标样品应引起高度重视,建议相关部门应继续采取切实有效的措施进行监督和检测。     

济南市市售蔬菜中农药残留及慢性膳食暴露风险评估

目的了解济南市市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,评估蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险。方法对2010—2012年济南市市售蔬菜的农药残留情况进行分析,以2002年山东省居民营养与健康状况调查和中国居民膳食指南中推荐的蔬菜摄入量及JMPR制定的ADI为参数,应用国际每日膳食摄入评估法对济南市居民蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险进行评估。结果共监测样品675份,有机磷类农药(乐果和乙酰甲胺磷)的检出率为3.93%(13/331),超标率为2.11%(7/331);拟除虫菊酯类农药(甲氰菊酯和氯菊脂)的检出率为9.91%(21/212),超标率为6.60%(14/212);氨基甲酸酯类农药(抗蚜威和异丙威)的检出率为7.58%(10/132),超标率为5.30%(7/132)。经评估各类农药的摄入量均小于ADI。结论济南市市售蔬菜农药残留量在安全限制之内,居民蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险小,但农药残留超标现象普遍,应规范和加强农药的使用和管理。     

2012~2018年曲靖市蔬菜中农药残留监测结果分析

目的 了解2012~2018年曲靖市市售蔬菜中农药残留状况。方法 2012~2018年随机采集市售蔬菜232份, 按照《国家食品中化学污染物及有害因素监测工作手册》检测农药含量, 依据GB 2763-2016《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判断评价。结果 232件蔬菜中检出农药残留102件, 检出率43.97%, 超标13件, 超标率5.60%。机磷类农药、拟除虫菊酯类农药、氨基甲酸酯类农药检出率分别为25.86%、40.09%、21.71%。检出率最高的是拟除虫菊酯类农药; 检出超标最多的是有机磷类农药; 检出率和超标率最高的均为叶菜类蔬菜。结论 曲靖市售蔬菜存在不同程度的农药污染, 建议相关部门加大监测和监管力度。     

2010—2011年绵阳市市售蔬菜中农药残留调查

了解绵阳市2010—2011年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据。方法 全部样品按照GB/T 5009—2003的方法进行农药的残留检测。依据GB 2763—2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》判定。结果 2010—2011年共检测蔬菜155份,检出率分别为71.00%和80.00%,超标率分别为31.00%和40.00%。食用菌类、豆类、根茎类、叶菜类和瓜果菜类蔬菜超标率分别为27.03%、22.86%、28.00%、70.97%和22.22%。农药残留超标最严重的是三唑磷(9.03%),其次为克百威(6.45%)、甲胺磷(4.52%)和残杀威(4.52%)。结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全。     

Ovarian structures and circulating steroids in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter

Two experiments compared follicular and luteal development and circulating steroid concentrations from induced luteolysis to ovulation in lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/day) vs. nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo-old) during summer (Experiment 1), and in lactating (n = 27; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) vs. dry cows (n = 26) during winter (experiment 2). All females received PGF2,, 6 d after ovulation and were monitored until next ovulation by daily ultrasound and assay of serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). Every female was used two or three times. In Experiment 1, lactating cows had high incidence of multiple ovulation (63.5%) compared with heifers (1.3%). Among single ovulators, there was no difference in maximal size of ovulatory follicles between lactating cows and heifers (15.8 vs. 16.5 mm, respectively). However, lactating cows had lower peak serum E2 (8.6 vs. 12.1 pg/ml), took longer to ovulate after luteolysis (4.6 vs. 3.8 d), developed more luteal tissue volume (7,293.6 vs. 5,515.2 mm3), and had lower serum P4 on d 6 after ovulation (2.0 vs. 3.0 ng/ml) than heifers (data included multiple ovulators). In experiment 2, multiple ovulations were similar between lactating and dry cows (17.9 vs. 17.2%, respectively). Peak serum E2 was also similar between lactating and dry cows (7.6 vs. 8.5 pg/ml) although lactating cows had larger ovulatory follicles (18.6 vs. 16.2 +/- 0.4 mm). Lactating cows took longer to ovulate (4.8 vs. 4.2 d), developed more luteal tissue (7,599 vs. 5,139 +/- 468 mm3), but had similar serum P4 (2.2 vs. 1.9 ng/ ml) compared with dry cows. Therefore, lactating cows had similar or lower circulating steroid concentrations than dry cows or heifers, respectively, despite having larger ovarian structures.     

Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter

Two experiments in two seasons evaluated fertilization rate and embryonic development in dairy cattle. Experiment 1 (summer) compared lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 97.3 +/- 4.1 d postpartum [dppl; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/d) to nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo old). Experiment 2 (winter) compared lactating cows (n = 27; 46.4 +/- 1.6 dpp; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) to dry cows (n = 26). Inseminations based on estrus included combined semen from four high-fertility bulls. Embryos and oocytes recovered 5 d after ovulation were evaluated for fertilization, embryo quality (1 = excellent to 5 = degenerate), nuclei/embryo, and accessory sperm. In experiment 1, 21 embryos and 17 unfertilized oocytes (UFO) were recovered from lactating cows versus 32 embryos and no UFO from heifers (55% vs. 100% fertilization). Embryos from lactating cows had inferior quality scores (3.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), fewer nuclei/embryo (19.3 +/- 3.7 vs. 36.8 +/- 3.0) but more accessory sperm (37.3 +/- 5.8 vs. 22.4 +/- 5.5/embryo) than embryos from heifers. Sperm were attached to 80% of UFO (17.8 +/- 12.1 sperm/UFO). In experiment 2, lactating cows yielded 36 embryos and 5 UFO versus 34 embryos and 4 UFO from dry cows (87.8 vs. 89.5% fertilization). Embryo quality from lactating cows was inferior to dry cows (3.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), but embryos had similar numbers of nuclei (27.2 +/- 2.7 vs. 30.6 +/- 2.1) and accessory sperm (42.0 +/- 9.4 vs. 36.5 +/- 6.3). From 53% of the flushings from lactating cows and 28% from dry cows, only nonviable embryos were collected. Thus, embryos of lactating dairy cows were detectably inferior to embryos from nonlactating females as early as 5 d after ovulation, with a surprisingly high percentage of nonviable embryos. In addition, fertilization rate was reduced only in summer, apparently due to an effect of heat stress on the oocyte.     

2018年深圳市售蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测分析

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜), 并对深圳市售的蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留状况进行抽样检测。方法 采用QuEChERS前处理方法, 以C18色谱柱为分离柱, 以乙腈和10 mmol甲酸+6 mmol甲酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS), 电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI), 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 外标法同时定量测定氟虫腈及其代谢物。结果 方法的线性范围为0.1~2.0 μg/L, 线性相关系数均大于0.9994, 检出限0.0005 mg/kg, 定量限0.001 mg/kg; 蔬菜中3个水平的平均加标回收率88.0%~101.2%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)均小于8.5%; 鸡蛋中3个水平的平均加标回收率86.1%~104.8%, 相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于9.2%。结论 该方法具有操作简单、干扰少、快速、准确可靠等特点, 可适用于蔬菜鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测。     

Zinc and iron contents and their bioaccessibility in cereals and pulses consumed in India

Several cereals and pulses commonly consumed in India were screened for zinc and iron contents and their bioaccessibility in the same was determined by equilibrium dialysis employing an in vitro simulated digestion procedure. Zinc content of cereals ranged from 1.08 mg/100 g in rice to 2.24 mg/100 g in sorghum. Zinc content of pulses was between 2.03 mg/100 g (whole chickpea) and 2.68 mg/ 100 g (decorticated chickpea). Iron content of cereals ranged from 1.32 mg% in rice to 6.51 mg% in sorghum, while that of pulses ranged from 3.85 mg% in decorticated green gram to 6.46 mg% in black gram. Dialyzability of zinc from pulses (27–56%) was generally higher than that from cereals (5.5–21.4%). Dialyzabilities of iron were almost similar from both cereals and pulses examined and were 4.13–8.05% in cereals and 1.77–10.2 % in pulses. A significant negative correlation between inherent phytate content and zinc dialyzability value was inferred in the case of pulses. Phytic acid content of the cereals had a significant negative influence on iron dialyzability. Inherent calcium had a negative influence on zinc dialyzability in cereals. Tannin did not have any significant influence on zinc or iron dialyzabilities from cereals and pulses. While both insoluble and soluble fractions of the dietary fibre generally interfered with zinc dialyzability, the insoluble fraction alone had this effect on iron dialyzability. The lower collective negative influence of the inherent factors on zinc dialyzability from pulses is consistent with their higher concentrations in these grains, relative to cereals. The negative correlation of inherent phytic acid with zinc and iron dialyzabilities was supported by enhanced dialyzabilities of these minerals upon partial removal of phytate from the grains by treatment with fungal phytase.     

果蔬及其制品中真菌毒素的污染与检测研究进展

果蔬在生长、贮存、运输及加工等一系列过程中,极易受到各种病原菌的侵染而发生腐烂,腐烂果蔬不仅造成巨大的经济损失,而且导致果蔬积累大量的真菌毒素。真菌毒素可通过食物链的传递对人或动物的健康带来巨大威胁。本文就果蔬中常见真菌毒素的种类、产毒菌株、侵染途径、产毒条件、毒性作用、检测方法和限量标准等方面进行详细的总结,旨在为果蔬中真菌毒素的控制提供参考。     

蛋白质组学技术及其在乳及乳制品中的应用研究进展

蛋白质组学技术是近年来生命科学研究的重要工具,在食品、医学及动植物研究领域具有独特优势。利用蛋白质组学技术研究乳及乳制品,深入阐明其中蛋白质的表达及动态变化已成为当前的研究热点。该文主要综述了蛋白质组学的概念、常用技术及应用领域,重点介绍蛋白质组学在乳及乳制品领域,特别是在乳脂肪球膜蛋白、乳清蛋白、乳及乳制品加工过程以及干酪制品中的研究应用,探讨了目前乳及乳制品蛋白质组学研究中存在的问题与局限,并对蛋白质组学及其在乳及乳制品中的应用前景进行了总结与展望,为应用蛋白质组学技术深入研究乳及乳制品提供了理论依据。     

冰酒中的毕赤属和汉逊属酵母菌的筛选及其在葡萄酒酿造中的应用

从冰葡萄酒自然发酵过程中分离、鉴定出10株毕赤属(Pichia)和汉逊属(Hanseniaspora)酵母,对其耐受性(酒精、糖、酸、SO2)进行研究,筛选得到4株耐受性能优良的酵母菌株,编号为"HO"和"HU"(Hanseniaspora属)、"PO"和"PK"(Pichia属)。再将此4个酵母菌株与商业酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)按不同比例(1:1和10:1,1:1编号为1,10:1编号为2),先接种非酿酒酵母菌株,48 h后再接种酿酒酵母的顺序进行混合发酵。研究了发酵过程中菌群及乙醇的动态变化,又对发酵结束后冰葡萄酒的主要成分进行分析。结果显示:"HO"随接种量的增加菌落数受到抑制,"HU""PO"及"PK"随接种量的增大菌落数受到促进作用;HO1、HU1、HU2、PK1、PK2乙醇含量在发酵前期增长较少,在发酵中期迅速增大,HO2、PO1、PO2乙醇含量在发酵前期增长较多,在发酵中期显著增大,所有发酵乙醇含量皆于第21天稳定在9%左右;"HO""HU""PO"及"PK"不同比例混合发酵各理化指标(酒精度、总糖、总酸、有机酸)均符合国家葡萄酒标准,"HU"乙酸含量过高,葡萄酒品质中含有缺陷。以上结果表明4株酵母菌株均可应用于本土葡萄酒的酿造中,为生产具有本地特色的葡萄酒提供一定的参考。     

Fenvalerate residue level and dissipation in tea and in its infusion

Fenvalerate is a non-systemic insecticide/acaricide used in controlling a wide range of pests, including those resistant to organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. The study investigated the dissipation behaviour (residue level) of fenvalerate in tea and its transfer during infusion. Fenvalerate was applied on tea crop at two dosages, 100 and 200 g a.i. ha^-1 (recommended and double the recommended) in the dry and wet seasons under field conditions. Samples (green tea shoots, made tea, its infusion and spent leaves) were analysed for fenvalerate by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection. The residue dissipated faster in the wet season than in the dry season. Seven days after the treatment (normal round of plucking) the residues observed in the green shoots at the two dosages were 0.5 ± 0.01, 1.1 ± 0.01 and 0.4 ± 0.02, 0.9 ± 0.01 mg kg^-1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. During processing of green tea shoots to made tea a 30-40% loss of residue was observed. The transfer of residue from made tea to infusion was in the range 10-30% for both seasons, whereas 50-70% of the residues remained in the spent leaves. However, the degradation rate in both seasons followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives were in the range of 2-3 days for green shoots and made tea in both seasons.     

生物技术在制浆造纸中的应用与研究进展

介绍了生物技术在制浆造纸工业的应用与研究进展，包括生物制浆、生物漂白、生物脱墨及造纸过程中的生物技术等。     

Fenvalerate residue level and dissipation in tea and in its infusion

Fenvalerate is a non-systemic insecticide/acaricide used in controlling a wide range of pests, including those resistant to organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. The study investigated the dissipation behaviour (residue level) of fenvalerate in tea and its transfer during infusion. Fenvalerate was applied on tea crop at two dosages, 100 and 200?g a.i.?ha^?1 (recommended and double the recommended) in the dry and wet seasons under field conditions. Samples (green tea shoots, made tea, its infusion and spent leaves) were analysed for fenvalerate by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection. The residue dissipated faster in the wet season than in the dry season. Seven days after the treatment (normal round of plucking) the residues observed in the green shoots at the two dosages were 0.5?±?0.01, 1.1?±?0.01 and 0.4?±?0.02, 0.9?±?0.01?mg?kg^?1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. During processing of green tea shoots to made tea a 30–40% loss of residue was observed. The transfer of residue from made tea to infusion was in the range 10–30% for both seasons, whereas 50–70% of the residues remained in the spent leaves. However, the degradation rate in both seasons followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives were in the range of 2–3 days for green shoots and made tea in both seasons.