超微苹果渣粉在香肠中的应用研究

本文探索了超微苹果渣粉在中式香肠中的应用效果。感官评定结果显示添加0.8%超微苹果渣粉对香肠的感官品质无不良影响;过氧化值(POV)、过氧化脂质生成物(丙二醛)和酸价的测定结果表明:添加了0.8%超微苹果渣粉能显著增强产品的抗氧化性能,效果十分显著。     

竹叶抗氧化物在双汇西式肉制品中的应用研究

探索了竹叶抗氧化物(AOB)在双汇西式肉制品——牛肉王(高温产品)和富乐火腿(低温产品)中的应用效果,整个添加过程直接在生产线完成,样品制备量分别为400kg和200kg。过氧化值和丙二醛的测定结果表明:添加0.01%～0.03%的AOB能显著增强产品的抗氧化性能;色差分析、质构测定、综合感官评定的指标显示:添加适当比例的AOB对产品原有的色泽、风味和口感无不良影响,在一定程度上还能增加产品的保水性。亚硝酸盐测定结果显示:添加AOB能有效降低制品中的亚硝酸残留量,并呈显著的量效关系,因此AOB是一种理想的、适用于肉制品的天然多功能食品添加剂。     

壳聚糖对中式香肠贮藏性能的影响

主要研究了壳聚糖对中式香肠的感官品质和抗脂肪氧化性能的影响,检测了产品的风味、口感、色泽、酸价、过氧化值和丙二醛含量。试验结果表明,在中式香肠中添加0.4%的壳聚糖即可明显的抑制贮存过程中脂肪的氧化(p<0.01),壳聚糖的浓度增加抑制效果增强。0.4%￣0.8%的壳聚糖添加量对产品风味无不良影响,同时具有一定的护色作用。     

壳聚糖对中式香肠抗氧化性能的影响

本文主要研究了壳聚糖对中式香肠的感官品质和抗脂肪氧化性能的影响,检测了产品的风味、口感、色泽、酸价、过氧化值和丙二醛含量.试验结果表明,在中式香肠中添加0.4%的壳聚糖即可明显的抑制贮存过程中脂肪的氧化(p<0.01),壳聚糖的浓度增加抑制效果增强.0.4%～0.8%的壳聚糖添加量对产品风味无不良影响,同时具有一定的护色作用.     

黑松露不同预处理温度对中式香肠品质的影响

目的 探究黑松露不同预处理温度对中式香肠品质的影响。方法 将黑松露作为天然的外源脂肪酶添加到中式香肠中，采用不同温度对黑松露进行预处理，考察其对中式香肠品质的影响。结果 直接添加黑松露在中式香肠中，可引起脂类水解，使酸价与b*值显著升高(P<0.05)，L*值、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性及感官评分显著降低(P<0.05)，对a*值和内聚性无显著影响(P>0.05)。当60 ℃处理黑松露30 min后添加到中式香肠中，感官品质最好，与空白组(未添加黑松露)相比挥发性化合物相对含量差异显著。通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis，OPLS-DA)发现2种挥发性化合物相对含量显著降低[变量权重重要性(Variable importance in projection，VIP)>1.0，Student t检验的P<0.05和差异倍数(Fold change，FC)<0.5]，29种挥发性化合物相对含量显著增加(VIP>1.0，P<0.05，FC>2)。结论 当黑松露60℃处理30min添加到中式香肠中，在不影响中式香肠感官品质的前提下改善了中式香肠的风味，并为工业化中式香肠品质的改善提供了一定的理论依据。     

玉米抗氧化肽对于中式香肠的氧化稳定性的影响

主要研究玉米抗氧化肽对于中式香肠氧化稳定性的提高作用.实验以玉米蛋白为原料,采用酶法水解制备玉米抗氧化肽,将其作为抗氧化剂添加到中式香肠中,将香肠在37 cI=条件下贮藏,分别采用过氧化值(POV)、酸价和硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)含量变化3种指标考察玉米抗氧化肽对于香肠的氧化稳定性的影响.结果表明,玉米肽的添加显著提高了香肠的氧化稳定性(p＜0.05),氧化稳定性随玉米肽添加量的增大而增强,并且2%的玉米肽的抗氧化性要显著高于0.01%的叔丁基羟基茴香醚fBHAl.实验结果还显示,玉米肽的添加不会影响中式香肠应有的质构.     

亚硝酸钠在中式香肠中抗氧化作用的研究

亚硝酸钠具有抗氧化的作用,可以减少因脂质氧化造成的肉制品变质,但添加过量具有致癌作用。以国标规定的亚硝酸钠最大添加量0.15g/kg为标准,选取了三种添加量0%、50%、100%,制作中式香肠并在28℃以真空和非真空条件下贮藏,定期检测贮藏期间酸价(AV)、过氧化值(POV)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA值),并由此来比较不同添加量的亚硝酸钠对中式香肠油脂抗氧化的影响。结果表明,最大亚硝酸钠添加量(100%)的中式香肠的氧化程度远小于最小添加量(0%)的中式香肠,差异显著(p<0.05);而100%添加量组和50%添加量组的中式香肠的氧化程度差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

山楂、决明子及其配伍的降血脂作用

为研究山楂、决明子及其配伍加入香肠中对小鼠脏器指数和血脂水平的影响,以小鼠为研究对象,饲喂基础饲料及分别添加了30％的普通香肠、山楂香肠(3％山楂粗提液)、决明子香肠(2％决明子粗提液)、配伍香肠(3％山楂粗提液+2％决明子粗提液)的饲料.结果表明:香肠中添加山楂、决明子及其配伍均能显著(P＜0.05)降低小鼠的肾脏指数,极显著(P＜0.01)降低小鼠的肝脏指数;极显著(P＜0.01)降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量,极显著(P＜0.01)升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量;香肠中添加山楂能显著(P＜0.05)降低总胆固醇(TC)的含量,香肠中添加配伍能极显著(P＜0.01)降低甘油三酯(TG)的含量.而香肠中添加了山楂、决明子及其配伍对小鼠的心脏指数、脾脏指数和腹腔脂肪重量则无显著(P＞0.05)影响.表明香肠中添加山楂、决明子及其配伍能减少脂肪在肝脏、肾脏的沉积、并降低血脂水平,以配伍组效果最佳.     

添加白芝麻粉对中式香肠品质特性的影响

研究在中式香肠中添加2%、3%、4%和5%的白芝麻粉对香肠理化指标、总游离氨基酸含量、风味物质、质构特性及抗氧化特性的影响。结果表明:风干结束后,添加白芝麻粉香肠的总游离氨基酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),挥发性风味物质中酯类物质的相对含量也高于对照组,而醛类物质的相对含量显著低于对照组(P0.05);添加白芝麻粉香肠的过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸反应物质值均显著低于对照组(P0.05),表明在中式香肠中添加白芝麻粉可以抑制香肠的氧化。结合感官评价结果,最终确定香肠中白芝麻粉的最佳添加量为3%。     

糖基化酰基血红蛋白与甜菜粉对中式香肠品质的影响

目的:糖基化酰基血红蛋白与甜菜粉复合添加于中式香肠中,确定最佳的甜菜粉和糖基化酰基血红蛋白浓度以替代或部分替代亚硝酸钠,为香肠加工降低亚硝酸盐提供新的方法和思路。方法:将糖基化酰基血红蛋白(0.04%,0.06%,0.08%)复合甜菜粉(0.1%,0.3%,0.5%)添加于中式香肠中,测定各组香肠亚硝酸盐含量、色差值、亚硝基色素和总色素、TBARS值、pH值、酸度以及质构分析等指标对香肠品质的影响。结果:0.06%糖基化酰基血红蛋白和0.1%甜菜粉复合替代100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加于中式香肠,在亚硝酸盐残留量方面,复合粉亚硝酸盐残留量小于100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠组(P0.05);在色泽和质构方面,与100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠组无显著差异(P0.05);在TBARS值和酸度方面,亚硝酸钠组效果要优于复合粉。结论 :糖基化酰基血红蛋白和甜菜粉复合添加于中式香肠中,起到一定的发色和降低亚硝酸盐残留的作用,且不影响香肠的弹性和内聚性,可部分替代香肠加工中的亚硝酸盐。     

竹叶抗氧化物(AOB)在唯新西式灌肠中的应用

主要探索了竹叶抗氧化物 (antioxidantofbamboo ,AOB)在唯新西式灌肠中的应用效果。以茶多酚和TBHQ为参照 ,采用改良硫代巴比妥酸 (TBA)法 ,结合色差测定、质构分析和亚硝酸盐含量的测定 ,综合评价AOB在肉制品中作为抗氧化剂的使用效果。研究发现 ,添加 0 0 1 %的AOB(以总黄酮计 )能有效防止脂肪氧化 ,改善灌肠风味 ,并显著降低亚硝酸盐的添加量和残留量 ,表明AOB具有作为天然多功能肉类食品添加剂的应用潜力。     

Reduction of acrylamide and its kinetics by addition of antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) and extract of green tea (EGT) in asparagine-glucose microwave heating system

ABSTRACT:  This study investigated the effect of antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) and extract of green tea (EGT) on the formation and kinetics of acrylamide in an equimolar asparagine–glucose model system. The substrates spiked with AOB and EGT were microwave-heated at 180 °C and the acrylamide content in final reaction products was quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that both AOB and EGT could effectively reduce the formation of acrylamide in an asparagine–glucose microwave heating model system and achieved a maximum reduction rate when the addition levels of AOB and EGT were both 10⁻⁶ mg/mL reaction solution. To describe the kinetic behavior of acrylamide, a simplified kinetic model was optimized and relative kinetic rate constants were evaluated under isothermal conditions. The results indicated that the reduction effect of AOB and EGT on the acrylamide formation may partly be ascribed to the decrease of the formation rate constant ( k _F) in both AOB and EGT-spiked systems (43.4% and 32.3% of decrease, respectively, P < 0.05). The kinetic parameter k _E, which represents the elimination rate of acrylamide in both AOB and EGT-spiked systems, was not significantly different (6.9% of increase and 10.9% of decrease, respectively, P > 0.05). The results of the kinetic study indicated that addition of AOB and EGT could significantly reduce the formation rate constant ( k _F) of acrylamide, but could not significantly affect the elimination rate constant ( k _E) of acrylamide.     

Chemical Acylation of Water‐Soluble Antioxidant of Bamboo Leaves (AOB‐w) and Functional Evaluation of Oil‐Soluble AOB (cAOB‐o)

Antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) is a novel natural food antioxidant approved in China since 2004. Natural phenolics contained in the current AOB are usually polyhydroxy derivatives exhibiting hydrophilic character, which has been marked as water‐soluble AOB (AOB‐w). In order to broaden the application fields, oil‐soluble AOB (cAOB‐o) was obtained by chemical acylation of AOB‐w with different chain‐length fatty acids varying from C8 to C18. Results indicated that the yield and solubility of cAOB‐o in 1‐octanol solvent depended on the carbon chain length of acyl donor, and cAOB‐o derived from C12 fatty acid exhibited the more powerful antioxidant activity evaluated by β‐carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Total phenolic content decreased by Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the increase of a carbonyl (C = O) peak at 1701 cm^?1 and a decrease in the intensity of the absorption at 3400 cm^?1 (O‐H stretching) in cAOB‐o. Acylation was inferred to mainly occur on the hydroxyl groups of flavones C‐glycosides according to the change of high‐performance liquid chromatography spectra and the contents of total flavonoids and phenolic acids. cAOB‐o with the addition of 0.02% significantly increased oxidative stability of palm oil 1.59 times, lard 3.74 times, and fried potato chips 2.08 times, which was better than the effect of oil‐soluble tea polyphenol (P < 0.01). Moreover, cAOB‐o was identified to be actually nontoxicity by an acute oral toxicity test. All the above results indicated that cAOB‐o could be used as a novel and effective oil‐soluble antioxidant in the food industry.     

Formation and mitigation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in fried pork

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are potent mutagens and carcinogens generated during the heat processing of meat. HAAs, which are abundant in processed meat products, include 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP). The content of these three HAAs in fried pork was determined by LC-MS/MS. The effects of frying time and temperature, sample shape, and addition of antioxidants on the generation of HAAs were investigated. The results show that HAAs were produced during frying, and their levels increased with increasing frying time and temperature. Pork patties had the highest concentration of HAAs compared with pork meatballs and pork strips. The addition of antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB), liquorice extract, tea polyphenol, phytic acid and sodium iso-ascorbate to pork before frying had an inhibitory effect on HAA generation, with AOB being the most effective antioxidant. Inhibition levels of nearly 69.73% for MeIQx, 53.59% for 4,8-DiMeIQx and 77.07% for PhIP in fried pork were achieved when the concentrations of AOB added were 0.02, 0.01 and 0.10 g kg^?1, respectively.     

壳聚糖/竹叶抗氧化物复合处理对鲜切生姜保鲜效果的影响

目的：为研究壳聚糖（chitosan,CTS）/竹叶抗氧化物（antioxidant of bamboo leaves,AOB）复合处理对鲜切生姜保鲜效果的影响。方法：将鲜切生姜分别采用蒸馏水、0.3% AOB、1.5% CTS以及0.3% AOB＋1.5% CTS浸泡处理 5 min,取出沥干分装于市购的聚乙烯保鲜袋中,置于（14±1.0）℃恒温库中贮藏,每5 d测定各项生理生化指标。结果：与对照组相比较,3 种不同处理均能对鲜切生姜起到不同程度的保鲜效果;均能抑制鲜切生姜的褐变;减缓VC含量的下降,抑制营养物质的损失;减少丙二醛的积累;抑制微生物生长;维持良好的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性,抑制生姜质构品质的下降。同时,CTS与AOB复合处理能够有效抑制鲜切生姜细胞内含物的破坏及质壁分离现象的发生。结论：在研究的3 种不同处理方式中0.3% AOB＋1.5% CTS处理效果最为明显,其次是1.5% CTS处理组,0.3% AOB处理组的保鲜效果不显著。     

Real-time PCR quantification of nitrifying bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Real-time PCR assays using TaqMan or Molecular Beacon probes were developed and optimized for the quantification of total bacteria, the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria Nitrospira, and Nitrosomonas oligotropha-like ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using a single-sludge nitrification process. The targets for the real-time PCR assays were the 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA) for bacteria and Nitrospira spp. and the amoA gene for N. oligotropha. A previously reported assay for AOB 16S rDNA was also tested for its application to activated sludge. The Nitrospira 16S rDNA, AOB 16S rDNA, and N. oligotropha-like amoA assays were log-linear over 6 orders of magnitude and the bacterial 16S rDNA real-time PCR assay was log-linear over 4 orders of magnitude with DNA standards. When these real-time PCR assays were applied to DNA extracted from MLSS, dilution of the DNA extracts was necessary to prevent PCR inhibition. The optimal DNA dilution range was broad for the bacterial 16S rDNA (1000-fold) and Nitrospira 16S rDNA assays (2500-fold) but narrow for the AOB 16S rDNA assay (10-fold) and N. oligotropha-like amoA real-time PCR assay (5-fold). In twelve MLSS samples collected over one year, mean cell per L values were 4.3 +/- 2.0 x 10(11) for bacteria, 3.7 +/- 3.2 x 10(10) for Nitrospira, 1.2 +/- 0.9 x 10(10) for all AOB, and 7.5 +/- 6.0 x 10(9) for N. oligotropha-like AOB. The percent of the nitrifying population was 1.7% N. oligotropha-like AOB based on the N. oligotropha amoA assay, 2.9% total AOB based on the AOB 16S rDNA assay, and 8.6% nitrite-oxidizing bacteria based on the Nitrospira 16S rDNA assay. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the wastewater treatment plant were estimated to oxidize 7.7 +/- 6.8 fmol/hr/cell based on the AOB 16S rDNA assay and 12.4 +/- 7.3 fmol/hr/cell based on the N. oligotropha amoA assay.     

Effect of dynamic process conditions on nitrogen oxides emission from a nitrifying culture

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from nitrifying ecosystems are a serious threat to the environment. The factors influencing the emission and the responsible microorganisms and pathways were studied using a laboratory-scale nitrifying reactor system. The nitrifying culture was established at growth rates relevant to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). During stable ammonia oxidation, 0.03% of ammonium was emitted as NO and 2.8% was emitted as N2O. Although mixed cultures were used, clear responses in emission of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) could be detected and it was concluded that the denitrification pathway of AOB was the main source of the emissions. Emissions of nitrogen oxides in the system were strongly influenced by oxygen, nitrite, and ammonium concentrations. Steady state emission levels greatly underestimate the total emission, because changes in oxygen, nitrite, and ammonium concentrations induced a dramatic rise in NO and N2O emission. The data presented can be used as an indication for NO and N2O emission by AOB in plug-flow activated sludge systems, which is highly relevant because of the atmospheric impact and potential health risk of these compounds.     

Study on Mitigation of Acrylamide Formation in Cookies by 5 Antioxidants

Abstract: This study investigated the capacity of various antioxidants in reducing the formation of acrylamide during cookie processing. Five antioxidants, antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB), sodium erythorbate (SE), tea polyphenols (TP), vitamin E (VE), and tert‐butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), were individually added into cookie formulas, and acrylamide content was determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Cookie quality indexes, including flavor, brittleness, and water activity, were also evaluated. Results showed that the maximum inhibitory rate of acrylamide by AOB was achieved with addition of 0.2 g/kg AOB. Addition of AOB (0.2 g/kg), TP (0.1 g/kg), VE (0.1 g/kg), SE (0.1 g/kg), and TBHQ (0.2 g/kg) mitigated the formation of acrylamide by 63.9%, 43.0%, 71.2%, 49.6%, and 54.1%, respectively. Sensory evaluation showed that the color, texture, and flavor of cookies processed with either AOB (0.2 g/kg) or VE (0.1 g/kg) had no significant difference compared to control cookies (P > 0.05). The present study indicated that AOB (0.2 g/kg) and VE (0.1 g/kg) could not only effectively mitigate the formation of acrylamide, but also retain acceptable sensory attributes of cookies. This work shows the potential effectiveness of antioxidants in food processing to decrease acrylamide formation. Practical Application: There is an urgent need for reducing the level of acrylamide produced during food processing. This study found that certain antioxidants (antioxidant of bamboo leaves and vitamin E) could effectively inhibit acrylamide formation in cookie processing without affecting sensory properties. The results suggested that the application of antioxidants could be an effective method to decrease acrylamide formation.     

Analysis of the time dependency of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community dynamics in an activated sludge bioreactor

An autoregressive error term model was applied to examine the dynamic oscillation of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) lineages found in an activated sludge bioreactor. The current abundance of AOB lineages was affected by the past abundance of AOB lineages and past environmental and operational factors as well as current influencing factors.     

抗氧化剂对金华火腿储藏过程中被膜时间影响研究

采用Rancimat法,通过比较110℃条件下火腿油脂的诱导时间和抗氧化系数,比较了竹叶抗氧化物(AOB)、茶多酚、维生素E和维生素C棕榈酸酯(AP)添加量为0.02%时对火腿油脂的抗氧作用,结合感官评价,研究了复配抗氧化剂对火腿被膜时间的影响。实验结果显示:添加0.02%AOB、茶多酚、VE和AP都能有效延长火腿油脂的诱导时间,VE和AP的Pf分别为2.85和3.06,表现出很好的抗氧化作用;VE和AP等量复配添加量为0.02%时对火腿油脂抗氧化效果最好;实际应用结果表明,复配抗氧化剂在被膜油脂中添加量为0.02%时可以延长被膜时间4～13d。结合感官指标,AP和AOB等量复配,添加量0.02%时,可以在保证风味的前提下,有效减少金华火腿在后期储藏过程中的涂油被膜次数,降低劳动强度。