蛋氨酸对肉鸡屠宰性能、肉品质及肌肉抗氧化的影响

为了研究日粮蛋氨酸水平对肉鸡屠宰性能、肉品质及肌肉抗氧化的影响,实验选用1 日龄艾拔益加肉鸡144 只,随机分为3 组,每组6 个重复,每个重复8 只。对照组日粮蛋氨酸水平为0.50%（1～21 d）和0.44%（22～42 d）,高、低蛋氨酸组日粮蛋氨酸水平分别为对照组的130%和70%。结果表明：与对照组相比,日粮高蛋氨酸能够显著提高肉鸡胸肌率（P＜0.05）,低蛋氨酸则显著降低肉鸡全净膛率（P＜0.05）;日粮高蛋氨酸显著降低胸肌剪切力（P＜0.05）、显著提高24 h时胸肌的pH值和a*值（P＜0.05）,而低蛋氨酸显著提高胸肌的L*值（P＜0.05）;日粮高蛋氨酸显著升高胸肌总抗氧化能力（P＜0.05）,低蛋氨酸显著降低胸肌谷胱甘肽含量（P＜0.05）。因此,日粮蛋氨酸水平可能通过调节肌肉蛋白质沉积和抗氧化功能而影响肉鸡屠宰性能和肌肉品质。     

蛹拟青霉发酵菌丝体对青脚土杂肉鸡屠宰性能和肌肉品质的影响

以青脚土杂肉鸡为试验对象,研究了蛹拟青霉液体发酵菌丝体作为饲料添加剂对肉鸡屠宰性能和肌肉品质的影响。结果表明:肉鸡日粮中添加0.25%和0.50%的蛹拟青霉菌丝体时,能显著提高肉鸡的活体重、肌肉中氨基酸、呈味氨基酸的含量,同时也显著提高了肉鸡胸肌肌间脂肪的含量(P<0.05),降低了肌肉的失水率(P<0.05)。但是日粮中添加蛹拟青霉菌丝体对肉鸡的屠宰性能未构成显著性影响。日粮添加蛹拟青霉菌丝体不影响肉鸡的屠宰性能,但可显著改善肉鸡的肌肉品质。     

桃源的月婆子鸡、薄腌鱼及其他

湖南省桃源县九溪乡,是我心中的世外桃源。 那里有起伏不断坡度平缓的大丘陵。最低的地方,桃花夹岸的江水弯弯曲曲流过。走过一层层梯田,就看到翠柳环绕的池塘,也看到桂花树镶边的晒谷场。老家的房子好几十间,或井字形排列,住着我的爷爷和几位伯父。屋后是果园,有柑、橙、柚、桃、李、梨、梅、杏,还有板栗和万寿果,都是祖上在外地做官引进的优良品种。再后面就是郁郁葱葱的原始森林。 桃源鸡举世闻名,在巴拿马博览会上得过金奖。当时送展的是一只12kg重的大阉鸡。中国土鸡好吃,大都个小,桃源鸡个大一般都有十几斤,     

不同月龄莱芜黑山羊屠宰性能及肉质比较研究

通过测定屠宰率、pH值、肉色、蒸煮损失、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、快/慢肌纤维数量等指标,综合分析莱芜黑山羊的屠宰性能、营养品质和加工品质,并进行感官品质评价。结果表明:不同月龄莱芜黑山羊各指标间存在不同程度的差异显著性,12月龄莱芜黑山羊屠宰率(48.21%)与24月龄(48.75%)不存在显著差异,并显著高于8月龄(43.55%),其肉骨比为4.04,低于8月龄及24月龄;8月龄的莱芜黑山羊肉色与其他月龄相比更加红亮,8、12、24月龄的粗蛋白含量分别为19.29%、21.34%、22.00%,粗脂肪含量分别为1.83%、2.08%、2.10%,8月龄的莱芜黑山羊肉剪切力为4985.98 g,显著低于12、24月龄,嫩度最好,且快肌纤维数量及快/慢肌纤维数量比例最高,为6.36,与其他月龄相比差异显著,同时感官评分最高。因此,8月龄莱芜黑山羊肉可作为高档羔羊肉进行生产,以羔羊胴体销售时,12月龄屠宰效益较高。     

乳化剂替代部分油脂对黄鸡生产性能、屠宰性能及血清相关指标的影响

将288只黄鸡随机分为3个组,分别饲喂3种日粮:基础日粮、"基础日粮+乳化剂(0.5 kg/t)-0.5%油脂+0.45%玉米"和"基础日粮+乳化剂(1 kg/t)-1%油脂+0.9%玉米",研究添加不同水平乳化剂替代油脂对黄鸡生产性能、免疫器官指数、屠宰性能及血清相关指标的影响。结果表明:添加乳化剂同时减少油脂不影响黄鸡的生产性能,经济效益有所改善。对器官指数和屠宰性能无明显影响,改善了部分胴体指标;极显著降低了肝脏中甘油三酯的含量。     

七种养殖淡水鱼类肌肉营养组成及对比研究

本文采用国家标准方法分析了我国常见的七种淡水养殖鱼类肌肉中的水分、灰分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸等营养成分。七种鱼的水分含量范围在74.7%⁸0.5%;草鱼肌肉中蛋白质最高为20.5%;乌鳢肌肉中灰分含量最高为1.4%;鲫鱼的粗脂肪含量最高11.9%。七种淡水鱼氨基酸总量在15.4%¹6.8%（鲜重计）;它们的必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比值（WEAA/WTAA）在40.45%⁴3.5%之间,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值（WEAA/WNEAA）为在86.8%⁹4.2%之间,它们的第一限制性氨基酸都是Met+Cys,其中鳜鱼的EEAI值最高,达85.8,最理想的均衡补充氨基酸的营养食品。在七种鱼中鲫鱼肌肉中脂肪酸总量最高达3.79%;其EPA和DHA的含量也达到最高,分别为0.01%和0.16%;鳊鱼肌肉中亚油酸:亚麻酸值达到了6.3,最接近中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量均衡比例。本文为常见淡水经济鱼种的养殖和加工利用提供基础资料。      

海蜇不同组织营养组成分析及评价

为了实现海蜇资源的高值化综合加工利用,对新鲜海蜇不同组织(伞体、胃柱、肩板、口腕、棒状附属器、生殖腺和环肌)的基本营养组成、氨基酸组成、脂质组成及脂肪酸组成进行分析与评价。结果表明,海蜇不同组织水分均在93%以上,其中胃柱水分含量最高(97.93%);灰分含量也较高,其中伞体、棒状附属器、胃柱和口腕的灰分含量均高于50%(干质量)。以除去灰分后的干质量计,棒状附属器和环肌的粗脂肪含量较高,分别为18.80%和18.76%,其他组织的粗脂肪含量均较低;所有组织的粗蛋白含量均较高,特别是伞体、肩板和口腕,粗蛋白含量达62.81%~80.94%;总糖含量均较低,为6.28%~13.36%。海蜇的生殖腺和环肌组织检出20种氨基酸,必需氨基酸含量高于其他组织,且不同组织的必需氨基酸均在25%以上。海蜇各组织的磷脂含量较多,胆固醇含量相对较少;伞体和棒状附属器的饱和脂肪酸含量多于不饱和脂肪酸,其他组织相反。以上结果说明,海蜇各组织均含有较为丰富的营养价值,且各个组织的营养价值具有一定的特点,可针对不同组织的营养特点进一步开发与利用。     

内蒙白兔肌肉脂肪酸组成的探讨

本文探讨了内蒙白兔胴体肩胛肉、背腰肉和后大腿肉的脂肪酸组成及它们的相互关系,测试结果表明兔胴体肌肉主要脂肪酸组成,即软脂酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生四烯酸的累积组成占脂质总脂肪酸的98.34～97.97%;高级不饱和脂肪酸的组成在29.01～35.64%之间;花生四烯酸的组成在5.26～11.25%之间;兔胴体肌肉的脂肪酸组成中,油酸和亚油酸占支配地位;兔胴体肌肉部位间,脂肪酸组成的相关,随着肌肉解剖部位的接近越加明显.     

鮸鱼肌肉和副产物营养组成分析及评价

为分析淡水鱼不同部位中甘油三酯脂肪酸的含量与位置分布,本文以草鱼、青鱼、鲫鱼等淡水鱼为代表,经过固相萃取、专一性脂肪酶酶解,再利用气相色谱法测试了四个不同部位（头部、尾部、背部、内脏）中脂肪酸在甘油三酯Sn-1,2,3上的含量及位置分布。结果显示：三种淡水鱼共检测到21种脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acids,MUFAs）含量在29.58%~49.48%,除草鱼和青鱼内脏外,三种鱼类其余各部位甘油三酯Sn-1,3位置上MUFAs的含量显著高于Sn-2位（P<0.05）;多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs）含量范围为17.51%~46.55%,除草鱼背、尾部以及青鱼头、内脏,其他样品中甘油三酯Sn-2位置上PUFAs的含量显著高于Sn-1,3位（P<0.05）;三种淡水鱼中,花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid,ARA）在甘油三酯上位置分布均匀,二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）主要分布于Sn-1,3位上,二十二碳五烯酸（docosapentaenoic acid,DPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）主要分布于Sn-2位上。因此,不同淡水鱼以及不同部位脂肪酸组成不同,相同脂肪酸在不同淡水鱼不同部位甘油三酯上的位置分布也存在差异。     

不同粒色藜麦营养品质及多酚组成与抗氧化活性比较分析

以青白藜1号(白粒)、贡扎4号(红粒)和青藜2号(黑粒)藜麦为原料,探究不同粒色藜麦营养物质含量、多酚品质与组成及抗氧化性间的差异性。结果表明:3种粒色藜麦营养品质差异显著(P<0.05),其中黑藜纤维、灰分与总氨基酸、白藜粗蛋白、红藜淀粉与脂肪含量分别最高。多酚以游离型为主要形式且含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),游离酚和结合酚含量依次为黑色>红色>白色,黄酮较少。共19种酚类被检出,其中p-香豆酸最丰富,没食子酸均未检出。3种藜麦结合型DPPH·清除力均较强,黑色结合型、白色和红色游离型FRAP和ABTS+·清除力较强,黑黎多酚抗氧化相较最高;藜麦粗纤维、蛋白含量与游离酚、黄酮及其结合型FRAP和ABTS⁺·清除力显著相关,可用来评估黎麦多酚含量与抗氧化性高低。     

高粱丝黑穗病菌营养成分分析及评价

对高粱丝黑穗病菌的营养成分进行了分析和评价。结果表明,高粱丝黑穗病菌含有丰富的蛋白质、碳水化合物、矿物质、维生素等营养成分。尤其是人体8种必需氨基酸、真菌多糖和膳食纤维等活性多糖、矿物质K、Fe、Se、VB2、VB6、VE等含量较高,是理想的天然保健食品。研究为进一步开发和研制高粱丝黑穗病菌营养食品提供了基础资料和理论依据。     

不同油脂配比对黄羽肉鸡生产性能、屠宰性能和器官指数的影响

在黄羽肉鸡玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加不同比例的饲料级动物性脂肪(猪脂)和植物油(大豆油)组成的混合油脂,研究对其生产性能、屠宰性能和肌肉抗氧特性的影响。各组猪脂占混合油脂的比例分别为0%(Ⅰ组)、25%(Ⅱ组)、50%(Ⅲ组)、75%(Ⅳ组)和100%(Ⅴ组),试验分前期(25～45 d)和后期(46～65 d)两个阶段。结果表明:(1)黄羽肉鸡前、期后期各组生产性能指标差异不显著;但从全期来看,Ⅲ组料肉比最低,比Ⅱ组低4.7%(P0.05)。(2)屠体率、半净膛率和全净膛率各组间均无显著性差异;胸肌率Ⅲ组比Ⅳ组高15.1%(P0.05),Ⅲ组腹脂率比Ⅴ组低42.4%(P0.05)。(3)心脏、肝脏和胰腺指数及免疫器官指数各组差异不显著,但Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组脾脏指数和胸腺指数有升高的趋势(P0.05)。25～65 d黄羽肉鸡(母鸡)日粮中猪脂与大豆油的适宜添加比例为1:1。     

留兰香茎叶粉对肉兔生长性能和屠宰性状的影响

在肉兔饲料里用5%、10%和15%留兰香茎叶粉替代相应苜蓿草粉探讨留兰香茎叶粉对肉兔生长性能和屠宰性状的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,5%留兰香茎叶粉组和10%留兰香茎叶粉组平均日采食量、平均日增重有改善向好的趋势(P>0.05),15%留兰香茎叶粉组平均日增重显著降低(P<0.05),3个组全净膛重、半净膛重、全净膛率和半净膛率均有提高的趋势(P>0.05)。添加10%留兰香茎叶粉替代苜宿草粉效果较好。     

橄榄果肉营养成分的分析

对橄榄果肉中的主要营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,橄榄果肉中含总糖6.1%,粗纤维4.1%,蛋白质1.7%,灰分1.4%,脂肪1.1%,其中,可溶性糖类主要为蔗糖和果糖,还包括少量的葡萄糖、棉籽糖和麦芽糖。有机酸成分主要为苹果酸,其次为柠檬酸、酒石酸、奎宁酸、草酸,以及少量的富马酸和乙酸。橄榄果肉蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全,谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、赖氨酸含量相对较高。橄榄果肉中矿物元素丰富,其中钙含量为101.7mg/100g,远高于普通水果。      

Effect of supplemental ram horn hydrolysate (RHH) at different levels on growth performance and slaughter traits of broilers

This study was carried out to determine the influence of ram horn hydrolysate (RHH) supplementation on the growth performance and slaughter traits of broilers. A total of 240 male broiler chicks (Ross 308), received from a commercial hatchery at 1 day of age, were allocated to four dietary treatments (H₀, H₁, H₂ and H₃ groups) in a completely randomized experimental design. Feed and water were offered ad libitum and lighting was continuous throughout the experimental period. The H₀ group was fed with basal diet plus normal drinking water. The H₁, H₂ and H₃ groups were fed with basal diet plus 1%, 2% and 3% RHH‐added water, respectively, in place of normal drinking water to meet the daily water requirements of broiler chicks from 1 to 28 days of age. All birds were housed in batteries from 1 to 21 days, and in grower broiler pens to 49 days. Feed intake and body weight gain were recorded weekly per pen. The average final body weights were 2524.9, 2601.2, 2441.7 and 2424.9 g for the H₀, H₁, H₂ and H₃ groups, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The average daily weight gains were 50.66, 52.25, 49.05 and 48.65 g, respectively, and the supplementation had no significant effect on this parameter. Daily feed consumptions were 96.18, 95.25, 91.70 and 90.75 g, respectively, and the difference between control and treatment groups was significant (P < 0.01). The feed conversion ratios (FCR) were, respectively, 1.79, 1.71, 1.73 and 1.81 (P > 0.05). At the end of the trial all birds were slaughtered to determine the slaughter traits. The hot carcass weights and yields were 1874.0, 1934.7, 1767.0, 1845.3 g and 75.78, 77.80, 75.00, 77.41%, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.01). In addition, offal weights were determined and it was observed that there was no difference among the groups. Abdominal fat pad weights were similar in all groups. The H₁ group experienced more effects on some performance and slaughter traits than the control and the other RHH‐treated groups, and the supplementation of diets with RHH at a level of 1% improved broiler performance. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

甜高粱秸秆主要营养成分含量及分布研究

通过对甜高粱秸秆主要营养成分含量及分布的研究,为提高甜高粱秸秆的能量密度和饲料质量提供依据。对甜高粱组织进行人工分离、分别测定其营养成分,结果发现糖分主要存在于髓,其次是皮中,占总量的91%以上;蛋白质、脂肪、灰分主要存在于叶中;纤维素主要存在于皮中;穗中的各营养素含量很高,但总量很少。营养素在秸秆,组织中的不均衡分布为秸秆的分离利用提供了条件。     

Growth performance,nutrient digestibility and immune response of broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with a culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus

BACKGROUND: Probiotics are being developed for use in animal feed to enhance production performance and prevention of gastrointestinal infections. The ban on using antibiotics as growth promoters, antibiotic resistance and the inherent problems of developing new vaccines make a compelling case for developing alternatives for in‐feed antibiotics. The alternatives of choice have to be considered under the environmental conditions of the animal. Among the probiotics in use today, Lactobacillus has been shown to play a vital role in disease prevention, immune enhancement, improved growth and carcass yield in poultry. The present study investigates the effect of Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB)‐based probiotic on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune response of broilers under tropical environmental conditions. RESULTS: Broilers fed LB diets consumed more feed (P < 0.05) and had greater body weight gain than the control group. Feed/gain ratio improved significantly (P < 0.05) with the 20, 40 and 60 mg kg^?1 LB diets compared with the control or 80 mg kg^?1 LB diet. The apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and fat increased with LB supplementation. However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in fibre digestibility. White blood cell count increased significantly in broilers fed higher levels (>40 mg kg^?1) of LB compared with the control group. Antibody production measured as antibody titre against Newcastle disease vaccine showed a curvilinear response over the range of LB concentrations examined. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that LB addition to broiler chick diets significantly improved growth performance, increased nutrient digestibility and stimulated humoral immune response. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Differential response of ducks and chicks to dietary sorghum tannins

White Pekin ducklings were reared in floor pens and given access to nipple-type waterers in order to eliminate a feeding behaviour previously observed in battery brooder-raised ducks in which sorghum tannins were possibly detoxicated by exposure of the ground grain to water. High-tannin sorghum (HTS)—soya bean meal and low-tannin sorghum (LTS)—soya bean meal diets, suboptimal in protein, with or without supplemental methionine, and either in dry mash or pellet form, were fed to both day-old ducks and chicks for either 14 or 17 days, respectively. The chicks were reared in battery brooders. In contrast to previous findings with ducks raised in battery brooders, HTS-fed ducks reared in floor pens exhibited reduced weight gain and feed efficiency values compared with LTS-fed ducks. However, the magnitude of the growth depression caused by feeding ducks HTS versus LTS was much less than that observed in chicks fed the identical diets (17 versus 33%, respectively). Methionine supplementation of the HTS diets completely overcame the reduced weight gain in ducks, but feed efficiency values were still significantly poorer than those of ducks fed methionine-supplemented LTS diets. In contrast, although HTS-fed chicks responded to dietary methionine supplementation, they still exhibited poorer weight gain and feed eficiency values compared with birds fed LTS diets similarly supplemneted. Increasing the dietary level of supplemental methionine did not result in any further improvement in performance of chicks fed either LTS- or HTS-based diets. It was concluded that, compared with chicken, ducks are less affected by dietary sorghum tannins.