微波辅助海蓬子油制备共轭亚油酸的工艺研究

研究了微波辅助作用下,以海蓬子油为原料,氢氧化钾为催化剂,丙三醇为溶剂,采用碱异构化法制备共轭亚油酸的工艺条件。单因素及正交实验结果表明,微波辅助法的最优工艺条件为:油:催化剂为1:0.5,油:溶剂为1:4.5,微波作用时间为10min,反应温度为125℃。在此条件下CLA含量为57.56%,亚油酸转化率约为82%。结果显示与常规的油浴方法相比,微波辅助法能够明显缩短反应时间,降低反应温度,提高反应效率。     

响应面法优化山核桃亚油酸碱异构化研究

以山核桃油中的亚油酸为原料,利用响应面分析法对共轭亚油酸(CLA)碱异构化制备工艺进行优化。在单因素试验的基础上,选取反应时间、反应温度、亚油酸原料/KOH为考察因素,以异构化产物CLA的含量为响应值,通过响应面分析法对异构化反应进行优化,并建立了相应的回归模型。试验结果表明,山核桃亚油酸异构化最佳工艺条件为:反应时间4 h,反应温度174℃,亚油酸原料/KOH为1.87,丙二醇/亚油酸原料为2,在此条件下所得CLA质量分数为62.87%,与预测值64.72%相比,误差仅为2.86%。     

异构化棉油甲酯中共轭亚油酸的定量分析研究

研究了棉油甲酯在碘的催化下发生异构化反应的规律,运用气质联用仪和紫外光谱对异构化产物的成分进行了分析.在最佳的异构化条件下,异构化棉油甲酯中共轭亚油酸质量分数可达31.2%,共轭转化率56%;根据不同质量浓度样品的紫外吸收曲线找出样品质量浓度与吸光度之间的线性关系,并参照气质联用分析的共轭亚油酸质量分数结果,得出紫外光谱法分析计算异构化产物中共轭亚油酸质量分数的经验公式为:ω(CLA)=O.00801A/C,吸光系数为O.00801,适宜的质量浓度为0.02～0.04g/L,误差小于5%.实验证实紫外光谱法是分析测定棉油甲酯异构化产物中共轭亚油酸的一种简便、快捷的方法.     

共轭亚油酸合成方法的研究进展

为了满足深入研究共轭亚油酸生理活性和饲料、食品等领域对共轭亚油酸的需要，介绍了共轭亚油酸的合成方法及其研究进展，对各种方法的特点和影响因素进行了评述。认为碱性异构化是目前合成商品共轭亚油酸的最经济方法。     

氧化铝载钌催化植物油异构化制备共轭亚油酸的研究

以棉籽油为原料,氧化铝载钌(Ru/AL2O3)为催化剂,对亚油酸异构化制备共轭亚油酸进行了研究。采用GC-MS分析不同温度、搅拌速率、催化剂添加量条件下产物中主要成分含量。通过判断反应前后棉籽油甘三酯Sn-1,2,3位脂肪酸组成的变化,评价金属钌催化剂的选择异构化催化特性。研究结果表明,165℃下Ru/AL2O3用量为棉籽油质量的2.5%,搅拌速率800 r/min, N2环境,反应36 h条件下,亚油酸转化率可达87.78 %,共轭亚油酸的选择性为57.17%,得到产物中共轭亚油酸含量为289.3 mg/g棉籽油。随反应时间,顺、反共轭亚油酸会向双反式共轭亚油酸转化,产物中的反式油酸含量有所增加,并且,Sn-1,3位的共轭亚油酸选择性异构化率高于Sn-2位。     

高纯度共轭亚油酸的制备

以红花籽油为原料,比较了2种高纯度共轭亚油酸(CLA)的制备方法:(1)碱法异构化-尿素包合、(2)皂化-尿素包合-碱法异构化。针对每种方法确定了尿素包合和碱法异构化的最佳工艺条件,并对所得的CLA异构体组成进行了分析。研究表明:按照方法(2)先获得高纯度亚油酸(LA),再对其碱法异构化制备CLA可以得到纯度更高的产品。该方法在最佳反应条件下,制备得到的CLA的纯度为97.22%,收率为32.08%,其中c9t11-CLA含量为45.14%,t10c12-CLA含量为49.12%。     

响应面优化红花籽油碱异构化法制备共轭亚油酸的研究

以新疆优质红花籽油为原料,通过碱异构化法制备共轭亚油酸(CLA)。采用单因素试验研究了异构化过程中反应温度、反应时间、PEG-400用量、Fe(OH)_3用量对CLA转化率的影响,同时采用响应面法对制备工艺进行优化。结果表明:在红花籽油质量为20 g前提下,红花籽油碱异构化法制备共轭亚油酸的最佳工艺条件为以PEG-400为溶剂、Fe(OH)_3为催化剂、反应温度178℃、反应时间2.7 h、PEG-400用量265 m L、Fe(OH)_3用量6 g,在此条件下,CLA转化率为96.54%。     

乙醇钾催化共轭化反应合成共轭亚油酸乙酯的研究

以乙醇钾为催化剂催化共轭化红花籽油乙酯制备共轭亚油酸乙酯。产物通过紫外光谱和气相色谱分析表明,亚油酸异构化产物主要为共轭亚油酸结构,其中以c9,t11-CLA和t10,c12-CLA两种异构体为主要产物。考察了催化剂用量、温度、时间、含水量等因素对共轭化反应的影响。结果表明,适宜的工艺条件是:乙醇钾5%,温度95℃,含水量小于0.2%,在真空条件下反应2～3h,共轭转化率可达到95%。     

Ru/Al_2O_3催化植物油异构化制备共轭亚油酸的研究

以棉籽油为原料,氧化铝载钌(Ru/Al O3)为催化剂,对亚油酸异构化制备共轭亚油酸进行了研究。采用GC-MS分析不同温度、搅拌速率、催化剂添加量条件下产物中主要成分含量。通过判断反应前后棉籽油甘三酯Sn-1,2,3位脂肪酸组成的变化,评价金属钌催化剂的选择异构化催化特性。试验表明,165℃下Ru/Al2O3用量为棉籽油质量的2.5%,搅拌速率800 r/min,N2环境,反应36 h条件下,亚油酸转化率可达87.78%,共轭亚油酸的选择性为57.17%,得到产物中共轭亚油酸含量为289.3 mg/g棉籽油。随反应时间延长,顺、反共轭亚油酸会向双反式共轭亚油酸转化,产物中的反式油酸含量有所增加,并且,Sn-1,3位的共轭亚油酸选择性异构化率高于Sn-2位。     

碱异构化花生油制备共轭亚油酸工艺优化

目的:为了获得具有工业化前景的共轭亚油酸(Conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)制备工艺。方法:以花生油为原料,采用碱异构化法制备CLA。测定了花生油中的亚油酸相对含量,考察了反应时间、反应温度、醇油比、催化剂KOH用量等因素对CLA转化率的影响,并通过Box-Behnken试验优化制备条件。结果:花生油富含亚油酸(相对含量达27.85%),是制备CLA的良好原料;碱异构化花生油制备CLA的最优条件为:反应温度200 ℃,反应时间2.6 h,醇油比(m_{1,2-丙二醇}∶m_亚油酸)22∶1,KOH用量(质量分数)7%。在该条件下,CLA转化率为89.81%。结论:采用碱异构化花生油制备CLA的工艺可行,在最优工艺条件下,CLA转化率高。     

乳酸菌发酵生产共轭亚油酸

以盐生植物紫花苜蓿籽油为底物,用嗜酸乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)1.1854催化紫花苜蓿籽油中的亚油酸转化为共轭亚油酸(CLA)。通过单因素实验,分析了发酵过程中pH、预培养、苜蓿籽油的浓度和乳酸菌菌液浓度对生产共轭亚油酸的影响。实验结果表明,预培养时加入一定量的苜蓿籽油可提高CLA转化率,发酵pH6.4,苜蓿籽油浓度0.05%,菌浓度2.5%时CLA转化率较高。     

Pilot-scale production of conjugated linoleic acid-rich soy oil by photoirradiation

ABSTRACT:  Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is found naturally in dairy and beef products at levels of 0.2% to 2% of the total fat. A more concentrated source of dietary CLA, low in saturated fat, would be highly desirable to obtain optimum CLA levels of about 3 g/d. We recently reported photoisomerization of soy oil with iodine catalysis to be a simple way of producing CLA in laboratory without high-energy input or expensive enzymes and microorganisms. However, a long irradiation time of 144 h has been a limitation for this technique to be of practical value. The objectives of this study were to build a pilot plant unit to rapidly produce high-CLA soy oil by photoirradiation and optimize the processing parameters to obtain high-CLA soy oil. Degassed oil with dissolved-iodine catalyst was irradiated by UV lamps in an illuminated laminar flow unit (ILFU). The ILFU consists of 2 borosilicate glass plates in a silicone lined stainless steel frame. The static mode of operation yielded 5.7% of total CLA isomers and performed twice as well than the continuous mode with 2.5% of total CLA. Irradiating oil in a static mode with reflective surfaces increased the CLA yields 3-fold to 16.4%. About 22% of total CLA isomers can be rapidly produced from soy oil linoleic acid with 0.35% iodine catalyst in a 0.5-cm-thick oil layer maintained at 48 °C for 12 h. The peroxide value and GC-MS analysis did not identify any volatile compounds characteristic of lipid oxidation. This study is a definitive step toward the commercialization of large-scale production of CLA-rich soy oil.     

海篷子籽油制备共轭亚油酸及其组分分析

研究海篷子籽油中亚油酸转化制备共轭亚油酸的工艺条件。以海篷子籽油为原料,KOH为催化剂,乙二醇为溶剂,碱异构法转化共轭亚油酸。采用Box-Behnken试验设计,优选海篷子籽油共轭亚油酸的最佳制备技术条件。结果表明海篷子籽油是制备共轭亚油酸的良好原料,所得产品中共轭亚油酸质量分数达87%以上,共轭亚油酸两种活性异构体9c,11t-CLA和10t,12c-CLA质量分数达68%以上。用海篷子籽油制备共轭亚油酸最适条件为:反应温度在180℃,反应时间3.9 h,溶剂用量为油质量的2倍,催化剂用量为籽油质量的25%。本研究所优选的工艺条件可使籽油中亚油酸转化率高达94.6%,所制得的海篷子共轭亚油酸产品的各项理化指标接近食用油标准,工艺条件实际可行,制备的共轭亚油酸产品安全无毒,有望开发成一种高附加值的保健食用油。     

Increase of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Content in Milk by Fermentation with Lactic Acid Bacteria

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to identify the factors and procedures responsible for increasing the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in fermented milk. Fourteen lactic acid bacteria were screened for CLA-producing ability using sunflower oil (containing 70% linoleic acid) as a substrate. Among the screened strains, Lactococcus lactis I-01 showed the highest CLA-producing ability. The optimal concentration of sunflower oil for CLA production was 0.1 g/L in whole milk, which accounted for 0.25% of total milk fat. Our results demonstrated that CLA formation in fermented milk could be affected by numerous factors such as bacterial strain, cell number, optimal substrate concentration, and the period of incubation at neutral pH.     

Conjugated linoleic acid conversion by six Lactobacillus plantarum strains cultured in MRS broth supplemented with sunflower oil and soymilk

Six strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, isolated from traditional dairy products of minority nationalities, were evaluated for their ability to produce conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from free linoleic acid in vitro. All the 6 strains were found to be capable of converting linoleic acid to CLA when using sunflower oil as substrate or during soymilk fermentation. The inhibitory effect of linoleic acid on the growth of the L. plantarum was also discussed. The production of CLA was increased with adding high concentration of substrate in sunflower oil and IMAU60042 produced the highest CLA both in sunflower oil and soymilk. The CLA was composted by 2 isomers: cis9, trans11-CLA and tran10, cis12-CLA, and cis9, tran s11-CLA covered the most part of the total CLA formed except for L. plantarum P8. The production of CLA was decreased during the storage of fermented soymilk. The CLA contents decreased significantly in the first week, also more quickly in 2 wk. Especially, tran10, cis12-CLA decreased more rapidly than cis9, tran11-CLA. No dramatic change was observed among other 8 fatty acids in soymilk. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids varied after fermentation with different L. plantrum strains, but all decreased the during storage. The research on the ability of converting CLA of L. plantrum strains could be basis for the future research and development of fermented soymilk products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Desirable probiotic traits, such as acid and bile tolerance, aggregation activity, and antibacterial activity, have been proved for the 6 Lactobacillus plantarum strains. The 6 L. plantarum strains might be used in the fermentation of soymilk to produce multifunctional probiotic soymilk products, especially the rich CLA contents.     

Volatile oxidation compounds in a conjugated linoleic acid-rich oil

In this study, volatile oxidation compounds formed in a commercial conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-rich oil were quantified and results compared to those found in safflower oil (rich in linoleic acid, LA). Intact oil samples and pure triacylglycerols obtained following elimination of tocopherols and minor compounds were oxidised at 60 °C, and volatile oxidation compounds were analysed by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector and mass spectrometer. Results showed that while, as expected, hexanal was the major volatile oxidation compound found in oil and triacylglycerols rich in LA, both hexanal and heptanal equally were the most abundant compounds in oil and triacylglycerols rich in CLA. Besides, samples rich in CLA also showed significantly high quantities of trans-2-octenal and trans-2-nonenal and the latter, along with heptanal, were absent in samples rich in LA. Results for CLA samples were not easy to interpret since major volatiles found are not expected from theoretically stable hydroperoxides formed in CLA and could in part derive from dioxetanes coming from 1,2-cycloadditions of CLA with oxygen. Overall, results obtained support evidence that oxidation mechanisms of CLA may differ than those of LA. Also, it was concluded that heptanal determination could serve as a useful marker of oxidation progress in CLA-rich oils.     

Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Fatty Acid Composition of Yogurt Produced from Milk of Cows Fed Soy Oil and Conjugated Linoleic Acid

ABSTRACT: Yogurt was processed from milk from Holstein cows whose diets were supplemented with soy oil (5%) and/or conjugated linoleic acids (CLA, 1%) to determine the effect of processing and dietary supplementation on CLA and fatty acid composition. Processing and storage for 7 d did not significantly affect CLA or fatty acid composition. CLA contents of milk and yogurt increased 2.8- and 2-fold by soy oil and CLA supplementation, respectively. Contents of saturated fatty acids decreased and trans -octadecenoic acids increased with the soy-oil-supplementation. The addition of CLA to soy-oil-supplemented diets did not significantly affect the CLA and fatty acid composition of the yogurt.     

Screening of some potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria for their ability to synthesis conjugated linoleic acid

Strains of potentially probiotic lactobacilli, propionibacteria, leuconostoc, lactococcus, enterococcus, and pediococcus, were tested for their ability to convert linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Growth and CLA production were followed during incubation for 48 h in reconstituted skim milk containing 0.2% lipolysed sesame oil. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides gave the highest CLA production. Also, the effect of lipolysed oil concentration on the growth and CLA production of six strains were studied in medium containing 0.0–1% lipolysed oil. Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and Lac. lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis gave maximum dienes in medium containing 0.6% and 0.8% lipolysed oil respectively.     

Production of conjugated linoleic acid-rich potato chips

ABSTRACT:  Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is found primarily in diary and beef products, but the health benefits of CLA can only be realized if they are consumed at much greater levels than a normal healthy dietary intake. We have recently shown that a CLA-rich soy oil can be produced by simple isomerization of linoleic acid in soy oil by photoirradiation. This oil may allow greatly increased dietary CLA without significantly elevating fat intake. The objective of this study was to prepare CLA-rich potato chips by frying in CLA-rich soy oil. Soy oil was photoisomerized in the presence of iodine catalyst with UV/visible light. The irradiated oil was clay processed to remove the residual iodine and this oil was then used to fry potato chips. Oil was extracted from fried chips and analyzed for its CLA content with gas chromatography. A 1-oz serving of CLA-rich potato chips contained approximately 2.4 g CLA as compared to 0.1 g CLA in 3-oz serving of steak fillet and 0.06 g CLA in 8-oz serving of whole milk. The peroxide value of the oil extracted from potato chips was found to be 1 meq/1000 g sample, which was within the acceptable commercial standards. This study may lead to the commercialization of CLA-rich food products.