Effect of pretreatments and freezing rate on the firmness of potato tissue after a freeze–thaw cycle

The texture of potato tissue after a freeze–thaw process using different freezing rates and different pretreatments was analysed, in order to select the best strategy for optimum preservation of the textural characteristics of pre‐frozen potato. Ten blanching conditions were tested and a two‐step blanching process with calcium chloride (0.07 g mL^?1) proved the most effective in protecting the tissue after a freeze–thaw process (maximum load force around 10–55% of the raw tissue, depending on potato batch, for air‐blast freezing and 20–60% for immersion freezing). Vacuum impregnation at 100 and 400 mbar, even when followed by different pre‐drying treatments to remove excess water, was very detrimental to resistance to a freeze–thaw process (maximum load force below 10% of the raw tissue for air‐blast freezing and below 20% for immersion freezing). Microstructure analysis confirmed better tissue integrity retention with ethyleneglycol immersion freezing instead of air‐freezing. Differences were found between batches with a 6‐month difference in storage time, indicating that the fresher batch was more suitable for freezing.     

复合护色剂预处理及不同冻融条件对冷冻双孢蘑菇品质的影响

本实验针对冷冻双孢蘑菇在冻融过程中的品质劣变问题,研究了柠檬酸、L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸、异抗坏血酸钠等护色剂对双孢蘑菇褐变的影响,进一步分析了不同冷冻温度（－80、－40、－20 ℃）和解冻温度（25、4 ℃）对双孢蘑菇的汁液流失率、质构特征、微观结构、水分含量与分布及过氧化物酶活力等指标的影响。结果表明,复合护色剂配比为3.0 g/L异抗坏血酸钠、1.5 g/L L-半胱氨酸、0.4 g/L抗坏血酸、10 g/L柠檬酸时具有最佳护色效果;－80 ℃冷冻、4 ℃解冻的冻融条件下,双孢蘑菇汁液流失率为1.98%,显著低于其他各处理组;水分含量、质构特征值均高于其他冻融条件处理的双孢蘑菇;因此,－80 ℃冷冻、4 ℃解冻的冻融条件是较合理的冻融处理方式。本研究为冷冻双孢蘑菇产品的开发及冻融技术提供了参考。     

不同贮藏方式对磨盘柿贮藏品质和生理的影响

为了探讨磨盘柿最佳的贮藏方式,研究了不同贮藏方式对柿果品质、生理变化和褐变底物及相关酶的影响。结果表明:冰温贮藏能较好地抑制磨盘柿的采后衰老,具体表现在延缓了果实硬度下降,维持较高的维生素C、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量;抑制呼吸强度的增加、推迟乙烯高峰出现的时间;抑制贮藏后期丙二醛和膜相对电导率的增加、总酚含量的下降和PPO活性的增加,保持较高的SOD活性,有效控制果实褐变的发生等方面。与普通冷藏相比,冰温贮藏可将磨盘柿贮藏期延长45d以上。     

Structure of northern snakehead (Channa argus) meat: Effects of freezing method and frozen storage

This study was conducted to investigate the potential of cryogenic freezing with liquid nitrogen in the shelf-life extension of northern snakehead (Channa argus) and clarify the effects of temperature fluctuations after freezing on the quality attributes and tissue microstructure during frozen storage. The fish fillets were frozen by three methods including freezing using an ultra-low-temperature freezer (?80°C) to the core temperature of ?60°C (T1) or ?18°C (T2), or liquid nitrogen (T3) followed by storage at ?20°C for five months. Cryogenic freezing with liquid nitrogen postponed the decrease in pH and protein extractability. Temperature fluctuations after freezing might promote the accretion of ice crystals and resulted in the loss of tissue integrity and disorganization of myofibrils. The microstructural changes contributed greatly to the increased thawing loss and decreased resilience, as indicated by the enlarged extracellular spacing and the flakiness of myofibrils. Cryogenic freezing with liquid nitrogen showed no superiority in maintaining the microstructure of northern snakehead fillets, which was supposedly attributed to the cracking in tissue during freezing and the accretion of ice crystals during frozen storage.     

短波紫外线处理对贮藏期鲜切马铃薯的护色作用

为研究短波紫外线(ultraviolet-C,UV-C)对贮藏期鲜切马铃薯的护色作用,在输出功率为15 W条件下对鲜切马铃薯辐照处理6 min.检测0～12 d贮藏期内褐变指数(browning index,BI)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD...     

马铃薯贮藏期间褐变强度与多酚氧化酶活性变化的研究

测定了十个马铃薯品种在六个月窖藏期间褐变强度和多酚氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:马铃薯的褐变强度和多酚氧化酶活性在品种间的差异达极显著水平,除渭薯8号外,其它品种在贮藏期间的变化也达到极显著水平。在贮藏期间,不同品种的褐变强度和多酚氧化酶活性的变化趋势不同,但同一品种褐变强度与多酚氧化酶活性之间存在中度的正相关,相关系数r为0.736。      

真空浸渍辅助L-半胱氨酸处理对贮藏期鲜切马铃薯的护色作用

为研究L-半胱氨酸(L-cysteine,L-cys)对鲜切马铃薯的抗褐变机制,以鲜切马铃薯为研究对象,采用真空浸渍技术辅助0.7 g/L的L-cys溶液处理鲜切马铃薯,分析贮藏期鲜切马铃薯褐变指数(browning index,BI)、多酚氧化酶活性(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶活性(peroxidase,POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性(phenylalanineammonialyase,PAL)、总酚含量及抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明,在贮藏期,试验组鲜切马铃薯BI值、PPO活性、POD活性、PAL活性均显著低于对照组(p<0.05)。试验组总酚含量在贮藏0~6 d,显著低于对照组(p<0.05),但贮藏后期则显著上升(p<0.05)。另外,两组鲜切马铃薯抗氧化活性在贮藏期,均呈先上升后下降趋势。因此,结果表明,L-cys处理可以抑制鲜切马铃薯酶活性,从而延缓鲜切马铃薯在贮藏期间的褐变。     

冰温贮藏延缓莲藕的品质劣变

为延长莲藕的贮藏时间,以“鄂莲5号”莲藕为实验材料,在冰温-1 ℃贮藏条件下,研究了莲藕外观品质、质构、淀粉微观结构、总酚、酚类物质的变化规律,4 ℃贮藏作为对照组。研究结果显示-1 ℃贮藏延缓了外观品质的劣变、L*值和总酚含量的下降。-1 ℃贮藏的莲藕硬度和弹性比4 ℃贮藏分别高出了16.88%和21.43%,但咀嚼度差异不显著（p>0.05）。同时-1 ℃贮藏延缓了莲藕中淀粉粒断裂,维持了淀粉粒的光泽和细胞壁排列状态。运用高效液相色谱法测定了莲藕中酚类物质的变化,研究结果表明-1 ℃贮藏抑制了莲藕中没食子酸和绿原酸含量的升高,从而抑制了褐变底物的生成;延缓了黄酮类物质含量的降低,维持了非黄酮类物质的含量。因此,冰温贮藏能延缓莲藕品质的劣变并有效维持酚类物质的含量,该研究为莲藕的长期贮藏提供了理论参考依据。     

影响鲜切马铃薯褐变相关酶及底物的研究

本文通过对克新4号和克新13号马铃薯鲜切贮藏期间,褐变相关酶活性、相关底物的比较研究,探讨鲜切马铃薯褐变机理。结果表明:鲜切后1 h,克新4号即出现轻微褐变,4 h后褐变明显,而克新13号鲜切后12 h仍具有较好颜色,2 d后出现轻微褐变。两个品种马铃薯汁液颜色在初始时比较接近,而25 min后汁液颜色差异明显,克新4号褐变程度明显重于克新13号。褐变重的马铃薯,PPO活性高。切割后贮藏期间,克新4号PPO活性始终高于克新13号。克新4号酪氨酸酶活性高于克新13号,POD活性始终低于克新13号,两个品种的PAL活性差异不显著(p0.05)。褐变相关的主要底物可能是原儿茶酸,不是绿原酸。机械伤害增加了膜脂过氧化作用,导致了丙二醛含量的升高。     

海藻酸钠结合超低温冷冻处理对甘薯淀粉颗粒结构和性质的影响

为改善甘薯淀粉耐低温、耐热和抗剪切稳定性,通过测定甘薯淀粉颗粒的粒度分布、观察微观结构并测定结晶特性、热力学特性以及糊化特性,研究不同冷冻温度和添加海藻酸钠处理对甘薯淀粉颗粒尺寸、结晶结构、表面结构、糊化性质和热性质的影响.结果表明,冷冻温度由-20℃降至-80℃时,甘薯淀粉颗粒粒径减小,淀粉颗粒表面由数量少的大孔洞转...     

低温胁迫肌原纤维蛋白结构和热稳定性的变化

本文研究了冻藏温度(-5,-18,-26,-35,-70℃)、冻藏时间(0,1,3,6,9,12 mon)对猪肉背最长肌中的蛋白质结构(ATPase酶活性、巯基含量、SDS-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳)和热稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着冻藏温度的降低,12 mon蛋白质总巯基含量、活性巯基含量、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、K^+-ATPase活性呈递减趋势;通过DSC测定蛋白的热稳定性,冻藏过程中肌肉蛋白的热转变温度和焓值均降低,且冻结温度越高冻藏时间越长,温度和焓值降低得越明显;蛋白的SDS-PAGE电泳图谱结果显示,冻藏时间越长冻藏温度越高,蛋白质分子降解越明显。     

磁场辅助冻结对马铃薯块冻结及贮藏特性影响

为确定马铃薯块在冻结过程中施加不同强度直流磁场对其冻结特性以及后期贮藏品质影响,在冻结实验中分别施加0、4.6、9.2、18、36 Gs的磁场强度,然后在-18 ℃下贮藏70 d,定期测定产品汁液流失率、细胞膜透性、硬度和咀嚼度。结果表明,磁场可增加马铃薯块过冷度,缩短冻结时间,减少细胞汁液流失,能更好地保持马铃薯块品质。当磁场强度在18 Gs时,马铃薯块通过最大冰晶生成带的速率最快,在贮藏末期(第70 d)时马铃薯块的各项品质指标均优于其他组,更利于马铃薯块的贮藏。     

Browning Inhibition and Textural Changes of Pre-Peeled Potatoes Caused by Anaerobic Conditions

Sulphite treatment is often used for inhibition of enzymatic browning of pre-peeled potatoes. Introduction of CO₂ or N₂ gases in the immersion water was investigated as an alternative to sulphite. The samples were stored at 4 °C. Daily introduction of the gases reduced the O₂ content from approx. 8.8 mg/L (measured at 20 °C) to 0.2-1.9 mg/L during the immersion period. The CO₂ treatment inhibited the browning completely and N₂ treatment did not. It is assumed that this is due to the lower pH in the CO₂ water. When CO₂ was added only one time at the start of the experiment, it also inhibited discoloration, but the immersion water developed a weak brown colour. Both the CO₂ and the N₂ treatment induced hardening in the outer potato tuber tissue after cooking after 4-7 d of storage, as did Na₂SO₃ solutions.     

冻藏时间对猪肉中肌原纤维蛋白氧化程度的影响

对在-18℃下贮藏不同时间(0,1,4,8,12周)的原料猪肉进行肌原纤维蛋白提取,对其羰基、总巯基、自由氨基、表面疏水性和内源性色氨酸荧光进行测定。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,羰基含量显著升高(P<0.05),总巯基、自由氨基、表面疏水性和内源性色氨酸荧光含量整体上呈下降趋势(P<0.05);贮藏时间与羰基、总巯基、自由氨基或表面疏水性之间具有显著相关性。因此,即便在冻藏条件下,肌原纤维蛋白也会出现一定程度的氧化,导致原料肉品质下降。     

冷冻鸡肉品质的研究进展

冷冻是加工鸡肉的一种普遍且有效的方法.本文主要介绍了快速冻结能够使鸡肉的汁液流失率降低、肌原纤维盐溶性蛋白及Ca2+-ATPase活性下降减少,并且提高鸡肉色泽的亮度.随冻藏时间的延长,鸡肉的脂肪氧化和蛋白质变性加剧;但在一定冻藏期内,冷冻鸡肉的脂肪氧化和蛋白质变性程度不大,鸡肉还是新鲜的.一般认为快速冻结和低温冷藏是加工鸡肉产品比较理想的加工工艺.但考虑到实际生产应用,超快速冻结和极低温冷藏对鸡肉加工是不必要的.     

鲜切马铃薯褐变抑制效果研究

本文采用含硫化合物L-半胱氨酸、酸化剂苯甲酸、酶底物竞争性抑制剂肉桂酸、防腐剂山梨酸;螯合剂β-环糊精等褐变抑制剂对鲜切马铃薯褐变的抑制效果进行了研究。通过褐变度与多酚氧化酶活性相关分析和比较确定了不同抗褐变剂实际效果。结果表明,L-半胱氨酸、肉桂酸、苯甲酸对鲜切马铃薯具有良好的抗褐变效果。