澄清型欧李汁加工工艺研究

本实验对澄清型欧李汁的前处理、榨汁工艺、澄清工艺进行了研究。结果表明：适度漂烫能提高出汁率和总色度,适宜的漂烫时间为3min;匀浆机3000r／min打浆30s处理,可获得较高的出汁率;榨汁前加入适量VC对抑制褐变有一定效果,其用量在0．06％以上时,总色度显著降低。加入果胶酶榨汁,果汁出汁率和总色度高于冷冻解冻榨汁和热浸提色榨汁,总糖、单宁、钙、铁含量均较高。用0．02％干酪素、明胶、PVPP澄清处理透光率均在90％以上,总色度在2．50以上,干酪素处理的钙、铁、总糖和总酸的保存量均较高。     

果胶酶在欧李果汁加工中的应用

文章介绍了果胶酶在欧李果汁加工中的作用,研究发现:欧李果汁澄清中最适的果胶酶添加量为20mg/L,处理温度为30℃,时间为24h。用此工艺生产的欧李果汁,澄清度较高,果胶基本分解完全;在果浆加工中,同样添加量的果胶酶使果汁出汁率提高了12%,果胶含量下降了76.7%。     

不同加工工艺对黑莓浆果出汁率及果汁品质的影响

三种取汁方法的实验结果表明,制取黑莓果汁采用酶法液化法,出汁率、果汁澄清度、可溶性固形物含量高;直接榨汁法出汁率和可溶性固形物含量较高,但果汁浑浊;浸提取汁法出汁率低,果汁稀薄,可溶性固形物含量低,但色素获得率高.酶解正交试验结果表明,果胶酶用量0.04%～0.06%,处理时间1～2h,处理温度45～55℃,黑莓浆果出汁率高,果汁得率在80%以上,果汁澄清,质量好,果汁透光率在90%左右.     

大樱桃果汁加工工艺研究

以新鲜的大樱桃果(红灯)为原料,研究大樱桃果汁的加工工艺。通过单因素试验确定大樱桃的最佳烫漂时间,正交试验确定果胶酶的适用条件。经过试验确定最佳的热烫处理条件为深红色大樱桃果烫漂10s,果胶酶的最适使用条件为:果胶酶添加量为0.20%,酶解时间120 min,酶解温度45℃,出汁率达到70.34%。     

大樱桃果汁加工工艺研究

以新鲜的大樱桃果(红灯)为原料,研究大樱桃果汁的加工工艺。通过单因素试验确定大樱桃的最佳烫漂时间,正交试验确定果胶酶的适用条件。经过试验确定最佳的热烫处理条件为深红色大樱桃果烫漂10s,果胶酶的最适使用条件为:果胶酶添加量为0.20%,酶解时间120 min,酶解温度45℃,出汁率达到70.34%。     

欧李果汁加工工艺研究

以红色的欧李果实为原料,研究了欧李果汁的加工工艺及主要工艺参数,主要结果如下确定了欧李果汁的原汁浓度为30%,糖酸比35∶1,白砂糖的质量浓度11.0%;采用浓度为0.04%的果胶酶,在50℃下酶解1h,可使欧李果汁的出汁率提高到70.2%;加入0.06%壳聚糖、0.03%明胶及0.01%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮处理后,在4000r/min的转速下离心20min,可有效控制欧李果汁易沉淀的难题.     

酶-热浸提法提高野樱莓出汁率的工艺优化

为了提高野樱莓果汁的出汁率,以野樱莓原果的可溶性固形物含量为基础进行出汁率计算,对野樱莓榨汁工艺进行优化。先采用酶解法第一次榨汁,得到的果渣再采用热浸提法进一步榨汁,分别在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交试验、响应面试验对酶解法、热浸提法的工艺进行优化。结果表明,酶解法提取野樱莓果汁最优工艺条件为酶用量0.20%,酶解时间2 h,酶解温度50 ℃。在此最佳酶解工艺条件下,野樱莓果汁出汁率为77.70%±0.88%;热浸提的最优工艺条件为水料比21:1,浸提温度63 ℃,浸提时间4.2 h。浸提液与酶解后榨汁获得的果汁混合测得总出汁率为94.07%±0.19%。酶法-热浸提后的总出汁率相较于单一榨汁工艺(出汁率57%)提高了37%。     

冷冻与酶解相结合澄清芦柑果汁的工艺研究及质量评价

研究冷冻法与果胶酶酶解法相结合对芦柑果汁的澄清作用,同时探讨此澄清方式对果汁品质的影响。实验以新鲜芦柑果肉为原料,先进行冷冻预处理,自然解冻榨汁、离心后再用果胶酶对果汁进行澄清。结果表明,芦柑果肉冷冻预处理的最佳温度为—20℃、时间为60 min,得到的果汁透光率和出汁率分别为80.57%、82.86%;果胶酶酶解的最优工艺参数为:酶添加量0.05 g/L、酶解温度45℃、酶解时间0.5 h,酶解处理后果汁的透光率和出汁率分别达到94.16%、90.38%;经冷冻与酶解相结合处理后汁液的Vc含量由26.77 mg/100 g降为25.48 mg/100 g,可溶性固形物及总糖下降较多,分别由9.6%、10.2 g/100 mL降为8.4%、7.8 g/100 mL,果胶和可溶性蛋白质几乎被完全分解;澄清汁储存稳定性良好。因此,该复合澄清工艺合理可行,可为芦柑果汁的深加工提供理论依据。     

大兴安岭红豆果汁及果汁饮料的研制与加工

详细阐述了野生红豆浆果的加工工艺、果汁的无菌处理、冷藏方法及果汁饮料的研发。由于红豆浆果的果胶含量较高（达0.3%以上），在果汁加工中采用添加果胶酶的方法，以提高果汁的出汁率，同时对果汁进行澄清处理，使最终果汁产品澄清透明，长期贮存无沉淀。     

酶解法提取蓝莓果汁的研究

为提高蓝莓果汁的提取率和营养品质,利用酶解技术,在单因素试验的基础上进行正交试验优化酶解工艺条件,并对果汁出汁率、总可溶性固形物、花青素含量进行测定。结果表明,酶解法提取蓝莓果汁最优工艺条件为果胶酶∶纤维素酶=3∶1,酶用量0.20%,酶解时间180 min,酶解温度50 ℃。在此最佳酶解工艺条件下,蓝莓果汁出汁率为73.37%,总可溶性固形物含量为11.8 °Bx,花青素含量为300.7 mg/kg。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.