转基因食品及其安全性研究进展

随着生物技术的发展，转基因食品逐渐走进我们的生活。本文概述了转基因食品及其类型。简要回顾了转基因食品的国内外发展现状，探讨了国际上倍受关注的转基因食品安全性问题，详细阐述了转基因食品的功能及其检测技术，最后对转基因食品的发展前景进行了展望。     

转基因食品及其检测技术的发展现状

概述了转基因食品的国内外发展现状，以及各国对转基因食品的不同管理模式。还着重介绍了转基因食品检测技术的基本方法、发展方向以及所面临的一些问题。     

转基因食品检测技术的应用与发展Ⅱ.检测技术的分类、比较、应用及检测步骤

本文对转基因食品的检测技术进行了分类,比较了各种检测方法的应用特点,介绍了主要检测技术在转基因食品中的应用,并概括了转基因食品的检测技术路线、程序与步骤。     

转基因食品的安全性评价及检测技术进展

就转基因食品的安全性、转基因化生物的检测进展以及对转基因食品安全性的评价进行了综述,最后对转基因食品未来的发展进行了展望。     

转基因食品检测技术的应用与发展Ⅲ.检测技术的影响因素和发展方向分析

本文着重概述了转基因食品检测技术的影响因素,展望了转基因食品检测技术的发展方向,对指导转基因食品的检测具有重要意义。     

应用于转基因食品检测的PCR技术及其进展

近几年全球转基因作物种植面积连年大幅度增加,随之产生的转基因食品更是琳琅满目,然而在转基因食品安全性尚无定论情况下,转基因食品的检测技术便显得尤为重要。在转基因食品检测中,PCR技术由于具有快速、灵敏、准确等一系列优点,从而得到了迅猛发展。本文介绍了转基因食品检测中使用的各种PCR技术,并根据它们各自的原理对其优缺点进行了比较和探讨,同时阐述了检测过程中应该注意的一些问题。此外,一些新技术与PCR的结合,对PCR技术的完善和发展提供了有力的支持,并在转基因食品检测中取得了良好的效果。     

转基因食品安全评价及展望

介绍了转基因食品的实验室操作步骤和外源基因在转基因动、植物上的表达方法，同时叙述了目前国内外在转基因食品方面所采用的先进的检测手段，探讨了人们对转基因食品的安全性评定及其现存的危害，最后展望了转基因食品的发展前景。     

转基因食品安全性的商榷

转基因生物技术近年来发展非常迅速，被广泛应用于食品领域，转基因食品的安全性在全球范范围内引了激烈的争论。转基因食品被越来越多的国家要求贴示标签，相应的法规相继出台。不论转基因食品安全与否，对其的检测技术都是必不可少的。     

转基因食品及其检测技术的发展现状

概述了转基因食品的国内外发展现状 ,以及各国对转基因食品的不同管理模式。还着重介绍了转基因食品检测技术的基本方法、发展方向以及所面临的一些问题。     

转基因食品及其检测技术的研究进展

基因工程通过DNA重组技术，能够获得有特殊生物遗传性状和功能的遗传工程生物体（GMO）。基因工程技术应用于农业、食品工程，产生了转基因食品。本文概述了转基因食品在国内外的发展状况，并简要介绍了转基因食品检测技术的原理、优缺点及应用情况。     

Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Quantification of Genetically Modified Foods

The rapid spread of Genetically Modified (GM) crops globally and the mandatory labeling of GM food and feed imposed by many countries has led to the development of relevant detection techniques. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – based methods are presently the most effective and reliable for GM detection even in processed food products. This study evaluated the effect of electron beam irradiation, used for food pasteurization, on the detection and quantification of dry GM soyabean and maize products; qualitative and quantitative (real-time TaqMan^TM probe) PCR analysis showed that electron beam irradiation treatment, even at a high dose (10 kGy), did not affect the traceability of transgenes.     

转基因食品安全与环境分析

转基因食品可为人类的发展提供食品安全保障,它对人体健康基本是安全的。尽管转基因食品的生产与加工对生物多样性、土壤生态可能有一些影响,杀虫剂、除草剂等的使用会带来一些环境污染,但其拥有的优点也很明显。可通过完善转基因技术,降低转基因食品的不良效应,加强转基因食品的安全检测,健全转基因食品安全评价体系等措施来解决这些问题。     

Detection of GM Canola MS11, DP-073496-4, and MON88302 events using multiplex PCR coupled with capillary electrophoresis

As of 2020, 11 GM canola events have been authorized as food for humans in Korea. However, there are no simultaneous multiplex detection methods for 3 GM canola events (DP-073496-4, MON88302, and MS11). Thus, we established the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method coupled with capillary electrophoresis to detect 3 GM canola events. To verify the specificity of event-specific primers, various GM crops of 3 GM soybean events, 6 GM maize events, 2 GM cotton events and 11 GM canola events were prepared. The limit of detection of the developed multiplex PCR was approximately 0.0125% for 3 GM canola events. Certified GM canola and stacked events were analyzed to validate the developed multiplex PCR. This study focuses on establishing multiplex PCR coupled with capillary electrophoresis for newly approved GM canola events and contributes to efficient monitoring GM canola samples in Korea.     

转基因水稻食用安全性评价国内外概况

转基因水稻的研制与开发已经达到了可商业化阶段,但是出于对其食用与环境安全性的忧虑,目前还没有国家批准转基因水稻商品化。我国已经发现有疑似转基因稻种出现在市场上,这就迫切要求我们加快对转基因水稻的安全性评价尤其是食用安全性评价的研究,建立相应的评价标准,以规范转基因水稻的商业化及生产。本文主要从转基因水稻的营养成分实质等同性分析,动物营养学评价,体内及体外毒理学评价,致敏性评价及外源基因的水平转移五个角度对转基因水稻的国内外食用安全性评价工作进行了综述,以期为以后的食用安全性评价及标准体系的建立提供参考。     

我国食品转基因标识研究

21世纪是生物技术的世纪,转基因食品的研究与开发已经成为学术界乃至广大公众的话题。转基因作物的成本低、产量高;具有抗除草荆、抗虫和抗病毒等特性;提高转基因食品的品质和营养价值;转基因食品便于运输、贮藏;增加保鲜性。转基因食品在给人类带来巨大效益的同时也存在着各种风险以及问题。转基因食品是否安全?转基因食品是否应该进行标识?对转基因食品应该如何标识才能保障广大消费者利益?本文正是在这一大背景下。在论证转基因食品标识必要性的基础上论述了美国和欧盟两大发达国家的标识制度;分析了我国转基因食品标识制度的现状,同时借鉴发达国家经验指出了转基因食品标识所存在的问题并在此基础上提出了一系列建议措施。     

Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Protein and Genetic Traits in Genetically Modified Food

Due to the market introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in crops, foods, and ingredients, legislation worldwide came face to face with the question of the use and labeling requirements on GMO crops and their derivatives. In this review, protein- and DNA-based methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blots, and qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction PCR (Q-PCR) are reviewed. Qualitative detection methods for genetically modified (GM) sequences in foods have evolved rapidly during the past years. The sensitivity of these systems is extremely high, even for processed foodstuffs. However, the availability of quantitative detection methods for GMO analysis is an important prerequisite for the introduction of threshold limits for GMOs in food. The recently introduced labeling threshold for GMOs in food ingredients by the European Union has forced official food control laboratories to apply quantitative PCR methods. Taking the precision of quantitative PCR detection methods into account, suitable sample plans and sample sizes for GMO analysis are discussed. As quantitative GMO detection methods measure GMO contents of samples in relation to reference material, priority must be given to international agreements and standardization on certified reference materials. The rapidly increasing number of GM foods on the market demands the development of more advanced multidetection systems, such as microarray technology. Challenges and problems arising from the inability to detect GM foods for which the modified sequence is unknown, the lengthy standardization procedures, and the need to continuously update databases comprising commercially available GM foods and the respective detection strategies are also discussed.     

Establishment of a quadruplex real-time PCR for screening of genetically modified tomatoes

With the increase in number of the genetically modified (GM) crops authorized worldwide and specific labeling legislation established by many countries, a reliable and efficient method for routine screening of raw material or processed food products needs to be developed. In this paper, a quadruplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) system is described which allows simultaneous detection of one tomato endogenous gene and three most frequently used transgenic elements in GM products: cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase terminator, and neomycin phosphotransferase II gene. The specificities of the assays are optimized and validated. In the quadruplex qPCR system, the detection ranges for all of the four genes were determined to be 8–80,000 copies per reaction. Finally, the established detection system was applied in amplification of exogenous and endogenous genes from 33 raw materials and 35 processed products samples. The results indicate that quadruplex qPCR method is feasible for screening of GM tomato products, even for some processed food. As this detection system could be easily applied to the detection of transgenic elements in other plant species, we expect it will meet the challenges of routine GM crop detection resulting from a rapid increase in the number of GM crops in the future.     

肉制品中致病菌的在线检验技术

细菌性食物中毒是食物中毒的重要因素。以前国内检测食品中致病菌主要采用传统的培养方法,操作繁琐,检测时间较长。现在一些致病微生物的快速检测技术得到了迅速地发展。本文主要对肉制品中致病菌的检验进行综述,如免疫学中的酶免疫分析、荧光免疫分析等;分子生物学中的核酸探针和聚合酶链反应的检测技术等,旨在对肉制品中致病菌的在线检验技术做出较全面的总结,为食品安全提供理论依据。     

The consumption of genetically modified foods in Italian high school students

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be defined as organisms in which the DNA has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally. Such methods are used to create GM plants – which are then used to grow (GM) food crops. GM foods have the potential to solve many of the world’s hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides. Nevertheless, the consumption of GM foods provokes doubts and hesitations among consumers, especially in Italy. This paper has two aims, the first is to investigate genetically modified (GM) foods consumption in Italian high school students through a large sample size survey on 2122 students randomly selected in 39 schools of a metropolitan area (Naples, South-Italy). The second, by examining the behavioural process that drives individual’s perceptions of GM food taking advantage of an empirical choice methodology that corrects for endogeneity in decision making relationships, namely structural equation model (SEM). The results show that a very large percentage of students never or rarely eat GM food and a lot of them do not suggest the consumption of GM food. The proposed SEM is a full formative measurement model and shows that GM foods consumption in Italian students depends on the knowledge of GMO and on the impact of the GMO on the men’s health and on the environment. Therefore, in order to orient population it could be realized a standardized evaluation systems relative to human health and environment consequences produced by GM organisms and GM foods.