电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定谷物样品中 铝的样品处理方法研究

目的建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定谷物样品中铝的准确分析方法。方法本文研究了4种样品前处理方法:干灰化法、微波消解(硝酸-双氧水体系)、微波消解(硝酸-氢氟酸-双氧水体系)、微波消解(硝酸-氢氟酸-双氧水体系消解,加高氯酸二次消解法),消化大米标准物质(GBW 10010),采用ICP-MS法测定铝,同时添加回收率来验证不同处理方法的准确性与可靠性。结果对测定结果进行比较分析,前3种消解法的测定值均低于标准值;最后一种消解法在标准值允许范围内;4种前处理方法的检出限在0.42~0.52 mg/kg之间,相对标准偏差3.61%~4.77%(n=6),加标回收率在92.2%~97.8%之间。结论谷物样品中可能存在酸不溶铝,采取硝酸-氢氟酸-双氧水体系微波消解,加高氯酸二次消解法的方式能将其消解完全,该法可用于谷物样品中铝的测定。     

食品中铝含量国标测定法的改进

目的通过优化微波消解试剂和微波消解条件,解决国标推荐方法对生物样品消解不彻底的问题,使其能够准确测定食品中铝含量。方法采用国标推荐的微波消解方法和优化后的微波消解方法迚行样品的前处理,消解河南小麦、芹菜、猪肝、大虾和粉丝粉条等标准参考物质,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铝含量。结果采用国标推荐的微波消解前处理方法,试样测定结果进低于参考值。采用优化的微波消解程序(硝酸-氢氟酸体系),标准参考物质的铝含量测定结果较为接近标准参考值。铝含量在0～10.0μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998),标准参考物质中铝含量的回收率为71.9%～110%,相对标准偏差为1.3%～6.3%。结论硝酸-氢氟酸体系与优化的微波消解程序方法能将样品消解更为彻底,使检测结果更加准确,该法可用于食品中铝含量的测定。     

ICP-OES法测定坚果中微量元素的研究

采用微波辅助消解样品,建立了轴向观测电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法同时测定坚果中B、Na、Mg、Al、Si、S、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Mo、Ba等16种微量元素的分析方法。样品采用硝酸+双氧水混合酸微波辅助消解,优化了仪器的最佳测定条件,确定了各待测元素合适的分析谱线。采用国家一级标准物质(芹菜,GBW10048)进行方法验证,测定结果与标准物质所提供的参考值一致,所有待测元素的检出限为0.31～18.38μg/L,方法具有良好的精密度和准确度。     

食品中铝含量检测优化技术体系研究

目的建立高效的测定食品中总铝和可溶性铝的测定方法。方法采用微波消解法(HNO_3、HNO_3+H_2SO_4、HNO_3+HF)与湿法消解法(HNO_3、HNO_3+H_2SO_4)进行样品前处理,在铬天青S分光光度法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry,ICP-OES)下测定标准参考物质与普通样品铝含量,同时用添加回收实验验证方法的可靠性与准确性。结果采用微波消解法(HNO_3+HF)-优化铬天青S分光光度法和微波消解法(HNO_3+HF)-ICP-OES时,标准参考物质的铝含量测定结果在标准参考值范围内,这2种方法的加标回收率为86.5%~101.1%;采用微波消解(HNO_3)-ICP-OES法、微波消解(HNO_3)-铬天青S分光光度法与湿法消解(HNO_3+H_2SO_4)-铬天青S分光光度法时,测得普通样品的标准偏差为0.50~4.22 mg/kg,加标回收率为74.3%~99.0%。结论微波消解法(HNO_3+HF)-优化铬天青S分光光度法和微波消解法(HNO_3+HF)-ICP-OES法,均可准确测得总铝含量;微波消解(HNO_3)-ICP-OES法、微波消解(HNO_3)-铬天青S分光光度法与湿法消解(HNO_3+H_2SO_4)-铬天青S分光光度法测得的结果是可溶性铝。     

食品添加剂中二氧化钛的测定方法及来源的研究

通过采用硝酸-硫酸-盐酸和硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢的不同酸体系进行样品的微波消解前处理和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)进行测定,建立了食品添加剂中二氧化钛的测定方法。硝酸-硫酸-盐酸体系中二氧化钛的最低检出限为0.14mg/kg,加标回收率为94.8%~100.8%,硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系中二氧化钛的最低检出限为0.30mg/kg,加标回收率为96.1%~104.3%,这两种方法检出限低,分析准确,是很好的复配食品添加剂中二氧化钛的测定方法和实验验证比对方法。同时对食品添加剂中二氧化钛的来源进行了实验探讨,发现其主要来源于碳酸钙。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定油炸面制品中的铝

采用硝酸-过氧化氢体系微波消解处理样品,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)对22份油炸面制品(油条、麻圆、糍粑块)中的铝含量进行了测定。结果有11份样品检出铝,检出率50.0%,7份样品铝含量超标,超标率31.8%。方法检出限:2.5mg/kg,回收率:96.1-102.5%。     

原子荧光光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定紫菜中总砷的3种前处理方法比较

目的 比较微波消解、湿法消解、干灰化法3种前处理对原子荧光光谱法(atomic fluorescence spectrometry, AFS)与电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定紫菜中总砷(As)结果的影响。方法　用微波消解、湿法消解、干灰化法对紫菜标准物[总As参考值：(27±6 )mg/Kg]进行前处理和总砷衍生萃取,分别采用AFS与ICP-MS对总砷进行测定。结果　AFS和ICP-MS测定总砷的线性相关系数均达到0.999。结果显示3种前处理应用于AFS和ICP-MS测定紫菜中总As符合标准物质总As参考值范围的包括：硝酸微波消解后ICP-MS测定总砷为26.45 mg/Kg;硝酸：双氧水=3:2, V/V微波消解后ICP-MS测定总砷为27.85 mg/Kg;硫酸1.25 mL、硝酸：高氯酸=4:1, V/V湿法消解后AFS测定总砷为27.84 mg/Kg;硝酸湿法消解后ICP-MS测定总砷为24.63mg/Kg;硝酸：高氯酸=4:1, V/V湿法消解后ICP-MS测定总砷为28.04 mg/Kg;干灰化法后AFS测定总砷为27.62 mg/Kg;干灰化法后ICP-MS测定总砷为26.49mg/Kg。结论　不同的前处理方法、仪器对紫菜样品中总As的测定结果不同。3种前处理后均可用于ICP-MS测定紫菜中的总As,平均值24.63 mg/Kg ~28.04 mg/Kg,RSD2.8%~5.6%,回收率90.1%~106.5%。干灰化法平均值27.62 mg/Kg,RSD6.7%,回收率99.2%~100.9%,可用于AFS测定紫菜中总As。湿法消解采用硫酸1.25 mL、硝酸：高氯酸=4:1, V/V此介质最为理想,总As平均值27.84 mg/Kg,RSD1.8%,回收率101.5%~105.6%;微波消解后AFS测定总As为8.92、12.31、12.25 mg/Kg,远低于紫菜成分分析标准物质中总砷的参考值范围,不适合用于测定紫菜样品中总的As。     

不同消解方式对电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定 水产品中无机元素的影响

目的为研究不同消解方法对水产品中重金属元素测定的影响,找到最佳的前处理方法。分别采用高压消解罐消解、微波消解和湿法消解3种方法对紫菜(GBW10023)、扇贝(GBW10024)、大虾(GBW10050)等成分分析标准物质进行前处理。方法在电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)优化条件下,测定3种标准物质3种消解方法的9种元素(Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Sn、Ni、Cu、Mn、Sr)含量,与标准参考值做对比,并测定各元素的回收率。结果 3种消解方法的测定结果基本在参考范围内,消解效果均较为理想,而微波消解法消解最彻底且消解液澄清,所受环境干扰最小,测定值更接近参考值,回收率也基本在90%~105%之间,较为理想;紫菜标物的湿法消解和高压消解罐消解法中均有剩余残渣;且湿法消解的回收率结果较不理想;9种元素标准曲线的线性关系较好,相关系数均大于0.999,仪器灵敏度、精准度较高。结论综合比较认为,微波消解法更适合扇贝、大虾、紫菜等水产品中无机元素测定的前处理要求。     

前处理方法对3种谷物样品总铝含量测定的影响

方法采用微波消解处理3种谷物样品,增加赶酸提取步骤,溶解试样中酸不溶铝,应用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定总Al含量,研究3种不同前处理方法对样品中总Al含量测定的影响。优化微波消解条件、ICP-MS仪器测定条件,选择国际通用EPA200-8标准干扰校正方程;利用小麦全粉(GBW10011)国家标准物质及添加回收率试验验证方法的准确度与可靠性。前处理方法差异对样品中总Al测定值的影响:直接消解法测定值低于标准值;硫酸赶酸法和高氯酸赶酸法测定值均在标准值允许范围内;3种方法的添加回收率均较好。说明直接消解法处理试样存在着酸不溶铝,后两种处理方法准确、可靠,是ICP-MS法测定3种谷物中总Al最佳的样品前处理方法。     

原子荧光法测定食品中总砷的3种前处理法比较

目的建立准确、可靠、稳定的测定食品中总砷的分析方法。方法利用湿消解法、微波消解法、干灰化法分别处理食品样品,用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定食品中总砷的含量。结果鱼粉、紫菜(GBW 10023-GSB-14)、大米(GBW 10010)、鸡肉(GBW 10018)干灰化法测定总砷的结果为3.18±0.052、27.01±0.063、0.104±0.002、0.115±0.004 mg/kg均在参考值范围,加标回收率为93.7%~98.5%,RSD≤2.31%;湿消解法测定结果为3.12±0.041、26.93±0.072、0.103±0.003、0.112±0.003 mg/kg均在参考值范围,加标回收率为89.2%~97.5%,RSD≤1.92%;微波消解法处理鱼粉和紫菜的测定结果为1.74±0.032、15.40±0.096 mg/kg不足参考值的60%,但大米、鸡肉的测定值为0.102±0.001、0.114±0.005 mg/kg在参考值范围,加标回收率为96.3%~97.5%,RSD≤2.51%。湿消解法具有灵活调节消解温度,消解酸种类、用量和消解时间等优点,可适用于大部分食品样品的前处理;微波消解法耗费时间短,但用酸量大,适用于砷存在形态相对简单的样品;干灰化法耗费时间较长,适用于挥发温度高、油脂含量高、砷存在形态比较复杂的样品。结论湿消解法、干灰化法适用于大部分食品样品的前处理,微波消解法使用有局限性,仅适应于砷存在形态相对简单的样品。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.