聚合酶链式反应和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱方法鉴定克罗诺杆菌

目的 采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术快速鉴定克罗诺杆菌的方法,实现对该菌显色培养基上生长的可疑菌落高通量、低成本初筛。方法 通过内转录间隔区(its)基因设计针对克罗诺杆菌的属特异性引物,以7株参考菌株为对照,对2013年国家食品安全污染物监测网上报、初步鉴定为克罗诺杆菌的214株菌株进行复核鉴定。同时随机挑选其中84株菌,采用MALDI-TOF-MS技术和VITEK革兰阴性细菌鉴定卡鉴定。结果 7株参考菌株的PCR结果与对应大小一致,214株待测菌株PCR结果均为阳性。84株菌MALDI-TOF-MS和VITEK鉴定的结果均为克罗诺杆菌,符合率为100%。结论 PCR和MALDI-TOF-MS技术具有高通量、低成本、耗时短等优势,可以实现大量可疑菌落的初筛,为我国克罗诺杆菌的监测和防控提供技术支持。     

不同选择性培养基中沙门氏菌和干扰菌的分离鉴定

目的提高食品中沙门氏菌的检测水平。方法将4种沙门氏菌(甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、肠炎沙门菌双相亚利桑那亚种、沙门氏菌食品分离菌株)和6种干扰菌(铜绿假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、粘质沙雷氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌)分别接种到不同选择性培养基中,观察菌落形态特征及显色情况,结合生化实验和血清学实验结果比较不同选择性培养基的分离鉴定效果。结果研究发现沙门显色培养基的分离鉴定效果最好,甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌不产H_2S,而弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和奇异变形杆菌这2种干扰菌产H_2S,肠炎沙门菌双相亚利桑那亚种在沙门显色培养基中的菌落形态区别于其他沙门氏菌。结论在实际检测过程中,不能将产H_2S作为判定是否检出沙门氏菌的唯一标准。在挑取和鉴定典型、可疑菌落时必须结合不同的选择性平板和显色平板进行综合分析,不能只从单一平板上的菌落形态下结论。     

主要食源性致病菌的PCR检测方法优化及在冷鲜猪肉病原污染调查中的应用

为优化针对主要食源性致病菌的PCR鉴定体系,以及了解猪肉制品中主要食源性致病菌的污染状况,对文献中报道的沙门氏菌属(鼠伤寒沙门氏菌及肠炎沙门氏菌)的5套PCR体系及大肠杆菌O157:H7的6套PCR体系进行比较分析,结果筛选出2套最优体系。基于这两套体系以及本实验室研究人员建立的单增李斯特菌的特异性检测方法,对从杭州市场上采集的50份常温鲜猪肉及150份冷鲜猪肉中单增李斯特菌、沙门氏菌及大肠杆菌O157:H7的污染状况进行调查。调查结果显示,200份样品中致病菌总检出率为21%。冷鲜猪肉中的致病菌检出率(24.7%)明显高于常温鲜猪肉(10%)。单增李斯特菌在常温鲜猪肉中的检出率为2%,而在冷鲜猪肉中检出率达14.7%;沙门氏菌在冷鲜猪肉中的检出率(11.3%)亦高于常温鲜猪肉(8.0%);大肠杆菌O157:H7均未检出。在检出的沙门氏菌中,有4株为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,均来自冷鲜猪肉。本研究结果提示,市场上冷鲜猪肉存在微生物性安全隐患,这可能是由于其较为复杂的生产流通环节受到污染所致。     

冷却猪肉中腐败微生物鉴定及其消长规律的研究

目的对冷却猪肉中腐败微生物进行鉴定,研究其在0～4℃条件下贮藏时的消长规律。方法采用选择性培养基对冷却猪肉中的腐败微生物进行分离培养,利用Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统对菌株进行鉴定。结果共鉴定出11株具有代表性的细菌:肠杆菌4株,假单胞菌1株,热杀索丝菌1株,不动杆菌1株,乳酸菌2株,葡萄球菌2株。冷却猪肉中腐败微生物初始菌相结构为:热杀索丝菌54.9%,肠杆菌科8.7%,假单胞菌属3.6%,乳酸菌属29.5%,葡萄球菌/微球菌0.6%,霉菌/酵母菌2.7%。在0～4℃条件下贮藏时,热杀索丝菌、肠杆菌科和假单胞菌属是冷却猪肉中的优势腐败菌,假单胞菌属和肠杆菌科在菌相结构中的比例增长最高,特别是假单胞菌属的数量增长最快。结论鉴定出了冷却猪肉中的主要腐败微生物,确定了其初始菌相和优势腐败菌。     

生鲜猪肉中沙门氏菌的分离、鉴定及耐药性检测

调查本地区生鲜猪肉中沙门氏菌的污染情况及耐药性情况,为进一步对肉及肉制品中耐药性沙门氏菌的风险评估奠定基础。采集超市和集贸市场的生鲜猪肉,采用实时荧光定量PCR对生鲜猪肉中沙门氏菌污染进行初筛,然后根据沙门氏菌检验国家标准进行分离鉴定,并对分离到的沙门氏菌进行耐药性检测。结果从83份肉样中分离到21株沙门氏菌,沙门氏菌检出率为25.3%。21株沙门氏菌中有7株对11种抗生素中的至少一种产生耐药性,耐药率33.3%。结果表明本地区生鲜猪肉微生物污染较为严重,沙门氏菌检出率较高且四环素耐药严重;另外在菌落总数和沙门氏菌检出率方面冷却肉的质量好于热鲜肉,超市和集贸出售的肉的质量无显著差异。     

中式熟食咸鸡主要细菌的分离与初步鉴定

采用嗜冷菌选择性培养基和含盐选择性培养基对咸鸡微生物菌群进行分离筛选。根据细菌的菌落形态、革兰氏染色反应等常见特征,由嗜冷菌选择性培养基分离出6 株菌C1～C6,含盐选择性培养基分离出4 株NaCl 胁迫条件下细菌S1～S4。提取单菌落DNA,对其16S rDNA 序列进行PCR 扩增后测序,结合形态、常规生理生化特性初步鉴定为：松鼠葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sciuri)C3,土生克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella terrigena)C6,不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)C1、C2、C4、C5;日勾维肠杆菌(Enterobacter gergoviae)S1,表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusepidermidis)S2、S3,假蕈状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pseudomycoides)S4。     

显色培养基上沙门氏菌及干扰菌的分离鉴定

研究比较沙门氏菌显色培养基(CAS)上干扰菌与沙门氏菌的区别,提高沙门氏菌的分离鉴定效率。使用沙门氏菌和7株干扰菌(铜绿假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌、施氏假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、斯氏普罗威登斯菌、摩氏摩根菌摩根亚种、粪产碱菌亚种)分别接种CAS、BS、XLD和HE培养基,观察菌落形态特征,分析生化试验结果,考察TTB和SC选择性增菌液对7株干扰菌的选择效果。7株干扰菌在CAS培养基上都是紫色菌落,仔细辨认大部分都可与沙门氏菌区分,无法从菌落形态区分的恶臭假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌通过在BS上的生长情况或生化试验可以排除,TTB和SC选择性增菌液对7株干扰菌的选择效果各不相同,提示检测过程中TTB和SC两种增菌液须同时使用,相互补充,提高检出率。     

16S rDNA技术在乳粉阪崎肠杆菌监测中的应用

通过对婴幼儿奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的检测,利用16S r DNA基因测序方法验证沙门显色培养基上分离到的蓝绿色的菌落进行监控的必要性。在进行监测的环境和原料样品中,通过对依据GB4789.4-2010监测沙门氏菌时从沙门氏菌显色培养基上分离出的,经API20E鉴定为阳性的阪崎肠杆菌的蓝绿色菌落进行基因测序。利用Micro SEQ ID微生物鉴定系统(ABI)进行16S r DNA基因测序分析,构建系统发育树,鉴定种属。结果表明:7株从沙门显色培养基上分离到的环境中的阪崎肠杆菌,经16S r DNA基因测序验证其中5株为阪崎肠杆菌,其余两株均为梨形肠杆菌。2株从沙门显色培养基上分离到的原料中的阪崎肠杆菌,经16S r DNA基因测序验证一株为梨形肠杆菌,另一株为溶解肠杆菌。实验过程中的9株菌,被证实为阪崎肠杆菌阳性的为5株,比例高达55.6%。由此可见,对沙门显色培养基上蓝绿色菌落进行监控十分必要,这一结论也为乳品企业中阪崎肠杆菌的防治、排查及溯源提供依据。     

双重PCR检测生鲜猪肉中大肠杆菌O157∶H7和沙门菌方法的建立与应用

目的建立生鲜猪肉中大肠杆菌和沙门菌的双重PCR检测方法,并初步调查生鲜猪肉中大肠杆菌和沙门菌的污染情况。方法以大肠杆菌O157∶H7 rfb E基因和沙门菌inv A基因为靶基因设计引物。通过对单个基因PCR和多重基因PCR扩增进行特异性、敏感性试验以及优化反应体系,建立快速检测大肠杆菌和沙门菌的双重PCR法。在郑州市不同地区的综合性超市、冷鲜肉专卖店和农贸市场随机抽检144份生鲜猪肉样品,分别进行了PCR检测和常规微生物学检验。结果建立的双重PCR方法特异性好,抗干扰能力强,灵敏度可达到10 pg/μl。在144份样品中检测出大肠杆菌的样品数为10份,检出率为6.94%;检出沙门菌的样品数为13份,检出率为9.03%;大肠杆菌和沙门菌同时检出的有2份,占总样品的1.39%。结论初步建立了同步、简便、快速、灵敏地检测生鲜猪肉中大肠杆菌、沙门菌的双重PCR方法;生鲜猪肉中存在致病菌的污染问题,将威胁到食品安全和人体健康,不容忽视。     

白斑狗鱼中特定优势腐败菌的鉴定与特征

本文利用传统分离培养的方法,从市售白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)中分离菌落形态差别比较明显的菌株共21株。根据细菌的菌落形态特征、革兰氏染色、生理生化结果进行研究。鉴定白斑狗鱼中主要腐败微生物为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp)、肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)、乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)、腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)、酵母菌(Yeast)、热死环丝菌(Brochothrix thermosphacta)、葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)等,为有效抑制白斑狗鱼中腐败微生物的生长和延长白斑狗鱼的货架期提供理论依据。     

Presence and characterisation of verotoxin producing E. coli in fresh Italian pork sausages, and preparation and use of an antibiotic-resistant strain for challenge studies

One hundred and twenty six samples of fresh pork sausages were analysed for the presence of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC). Selective enrichment followed by DNA extraction and PCR amplification of the stx1 and stx2 genes highlighted the occurrence of the above mentioned genes in 20 out of 126 samples screened. From the stx positive enriched cultures, isolation was performed on CT-SMAC agar plates after immuno-magnetic separation of E. coli O157. Fifty three non-sorbitol fermenting isolates were obtained and further characterised, along with the reference strain E. coli ATCC 35150(T). All the isolates were characterised by PCR assays, assessing the presence of stx1, stx2, rfbE(O157:H7), eae and hlyA genes. The overall prevalence of VTEC was found to be 16%. VTEC strains were also characterised by plasmid profiling and REA-PFGE analysis, which allowed strain clustering into 5 and 8 groups, respectively. In addition, an antibiotic resistant E. coli O157:H7 strain was selected and used in challenge tests of raw pork at 4°C. This strain could be selectively counted in the presence of a normal background microflora and it was shown that it could survive for 1week at 4°C in the raw food studied.     

Multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in meat samples

A multiplex PCR method was developed for simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in meat samples. DNA detection sensitivity for this method was 10(3) CFU/ml for each pathogen. When this protocol was used for the detection of each of the above pathogenic bacteria in spiked pork samples, 1 cell per 25 g of inoculated sample could be detected within 30 h. In the samples of naturally contaminated meat, Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 were detected over the same time period. Excellent agreement was obtained for the results of multiplex PCR and the conventional culture method, which suggests that the multiplex PCR is a reliable and useful method for rapid screening of meat products for Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 contamination.     

北京市售鸽肉中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌分离鉴定及耐药性分析

目的对北京市售鸽肉中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌进行分离鉴定,并对分离菌株进行抗生素耐药性分析。方法使用缓冲蛋白胨水增菌液淋洗肉鸽样品后,使用大肠杆菌(E.coli,EC)增菌肉汤和丹麦国家血清研究院(Statens Serum Institute, SSI)肠道细菌琼脂分离大肠杆菌,使用四硫磺酸盐(tetrasulfonate, TT)增菌肉汤和木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆盐(xyloselysinedeoxycholate,XLD)琼脂平板分离沙门氏菌,使用生化鉴定进行可疑菌确认。参照CLSI2016版推荐的肉汤稀释法,测定15种抗生素对所分离大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的最低抑菌浓度(minimalinhibitory concentrations,MICs)。结果样品(n=200)中大肠杆菌(n=104)检出率为52.0%,沙门氏菌(n=41)检出率为21.0%。所分离的42株沙门氏菌菌株均对头孢他啶、氨曲南、厄他培南和替加环素敏感,对氨苄西林、萘啶酸、环丙沙星、四环素、复方新诺明和氯霉素的耐药率在30%以上,部分菌株对头孢噻肟(4.8%)和黏菌素(2.4%)耐药。所分离的104株大肠杆菌菌株均对替加环素敏感,对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、氨曲南、萘啶酸、环丙沙星、四环素、复方新诺明、氯霉素和卡那霉素的耐药率在30%以上,部分菌株对头孢他啶(2.9%)、厄他培南和(1.0%)和黏菌素(9.6%)耐药。结论北京市售鸽肉是耐药大肠杆菌和沙门菌的重要储存库,相较于我国其他地区市售猪肉,鸡肉,牛肉等分离的耐药菌株,表现出不同的耐药谱,耐药率相对较低,但是北京市售鸽肉所携带的菌株已经累积了复杂的耐药特征,有必要对其中存在的耐药机制进行系统研究。     

Application of a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella and Shigella in raw and ready-to-eat meat products

Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella and Shigella might contaminate similar types of meat products and cause deadly diseases in humans. Traditional microbiological analyses to detect these pathogens are labor-intensive and time-consuming. The objective of this study was to apply a multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of the pathogenic bacteria in certain raw and ready-to-eat meat matrices. The tested samples had aerobic plate counts ranging from non-detectable, in chicken nuggets and salami, to 8.36log(10)CFU/g in ground pork. The pH of homogenates spanned from 6.86, in ground beef, to 7.17 in salami. Following a 24-h enrichment, the multiplex PCR assay could concurrently detect the three pathogens at 0.2log(10)CFU/g in ground beef, roast beef, beef frankfurters, chicken nuggets, salami and turkey ham, and 1.2log(10)CFU/g in ground pork. This multiplex PCR offers an efficient microbiological tool for presumptive detection of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella and Shigella in meat.     

食品中沙门氏菌快速检测技术方法对比结果分析

目的比较VITEK2COMPACT、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法(matrixassistedlaser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF-MS)、实时荧光PCR法(real-time PCR)、环介导等温扩增法(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)4类方法,分析其对沙门氏菌的快速检测效果。方法挑取12株阳性野生菌株复苏,配以1株标准菌株作为对照,分别用VIKEK2COMPACT、MALDI-TOF-MS、Real-timePCR、LAMP四类方法对其进行检测,并比较4类方法的结果差异。结果 Real-time PCR与LAMP单对通用引物能鉴定到属水平,此外, LAMP测定沙门氏菌时会有假阴性的情况出现;VITEK2生化鉴定能将少数沙门菌株鉴定到种的水平;质谱方法能鉴定到亚种水平,同时会出现鉴定不准确的情况。结论基于沙门氏菌属水平上, 4类方法都能快速准确鉴定沙门氏菌,但在使用快速检测技术时均应考量该方法的优点对实际工作的帮助以及缺点对检验结果的影响,才能提高检测效率。     

Prevalence of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli virulence factors in bulk tank milk and in-line filters from U.S. dairies

The zoonotic bacteria Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli are known to infect dairy cows while not always causing clinical signs of disease. These pathogens are sometimes found in raw milk, and human disease outbreaks due to these organisms have been associated with the consumption of raw milk or raw milk products. Bulk tank milk (BTM) samples (536) and in-line milk filters (519) collected from dairy farms across the United States during the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2007 study were analyzed by real-time PCR for the presence of S. enterica and pathogenic forms of E. coli and by culture techniques for the presence of L. monocytogenes. S. enterica was detected in samples from 28.1% of the dairy operations, primarily in milk filters. Salmonella was isolated from 36 of 75 PCR-positive BTM samples and 105 of 174 PCR-positive filter samples, and the isolates were serotyped. Cerro, Kentucky, Muenster, Anatum, and Newport were the most common serotypes. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 7.1% of the dairy operations, and the 1/2a complex was the most common serotype, followed by 1/2b and 4b (lineage 1). Shiga toxin genes were detected in enrichments from 15.2% of the BTM samples and from 51.0% of the filters by real-time PCR. In most cases, the cycle threshold values for the PCR indicated that toxigenic strains were not a major part of the enrichment populations. These data confirm those from earlier studies showing significant contamination of BTM by zoonotic bacterial pathogens and that the consumption of raw milk and raw milk products presents a health risk.     

Detection of Escherichia coli and identification of enterotoxigenic strains by primer-directed enzymatic amplification of specific DNA sequences

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify DNA sequences from the malB operon of Escherichia coli. All E. coli strains tested yielded the specific DNA fragment. No amplification products were obtained with other Enterobacteriaceae. E. coli strains which produce enterotoxins were identified with additional primer pairs specific for the genes coding for the heat-labile toxin type I (LTI) and the heat-stable toxin type I (STI). Amplification products were identified by DNA-DNA hybridization. Alternatively, restriction endonuclease analysis was used for identification and to distinguish between different alleles of the enterotoxin genes. The detection limit was 10 bacteria. The PCR systems were validated by testing 27 E. coli of known enterotoxigenic properties. The PCR results were consistent with factual toxin production as determined by immunoassays. In addition, 58 E. coli strains isolated from soft cheese and mayonnaise were analyzed by PCR. One strain from a cheese sample was found to have the genetic information for STI production. This strain produced STI as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.     

Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant enterobacteriaceae isolated from chicken and pork meat purchased at the slaughterhouse and at retail in Bavaria, Germany

The purpose of this study was to investigate chicken and pork meat sampled at the slaughterhouse and at retail for differences in the presence of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria. For this aim, Escherichia coli (n=677), Enterobacter spp. (n=167), Citrobacter spp. (n=83), Serratia spp. (n=116), Klebsiella spp. (n=125), and Salmonella spp. (n=89) were isolated from 500 chicken and 500 pork samples purchased at the slaughterhouse and at retail (in the same amounts) in Germany. Salmonella were present in 17% of the chicken, and in 0.4% of the pork meat samples. There was a clear shift in the spectrum of coliforms from slaughterhouse to retail: Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Klebsiella were the most frequently detected coliforms (other than E. coli) from slaughterhouse samples, whereas the prevalence of Serratia spp. was up to eight times higher in retail samples. The prevalence of E. coli was higher in slaughterhouse samples, whereas the prevalence of other coliforms and Salmonella spp. was higher in retail samples. E. coli strains were often resistant to penicillins, streptomycin, spectinomycin, doxycycline and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Resistance rates of the other coliforms were generally low. Resistant and multi-resistant isolates were significantly more common in chicken meat. Compared to samples from the slaughterhouse, the prevalence of resistant bacteria tended to be higher in retail samples, probably due to good conditions for resistant bacteria on the matrix meat and/or due to secondary contamination with resistant strains. Therefore, stringent hygiene measures should be observed to reduce the risk of transmission of resistant bacteria from food to humans.     

猪肉源大肠杆菌分离鉴定及其生物被膜形成

为研究猪肉来源大肠杆菌分离菌株的生物被膜形成及相关基因表达变化，首先从生猪屠宰线、猪胴体表面及生鲜猪肉中采用选择平板和特异性聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction，PCR）分离鉴定大肠杆菌，采用微孔板结晶紫染色法评价分离菌株15 ℃培养72 h时生物被膜形成能力，进而选取代表菌株研究生物被膜形成过程中被膜量、胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances，EPS）组成，以及基于反转录荧光定量PCR的成膜基因表达的变化。结果表明：共分离到猪肉源大肠杆菌31 株，包括生猪屠宰线11 株、猪胴体表面4 株、生鲜猪肉16 株；微孔板结晶紫染色结果显示，被膜形成能力存在明显菌株差异，64.52%菌株成膜能力较弱，选取其中1 株（D4-18）进行成膜过程研究；微孔板中菌株D4-18 15 ℃培养168 h过程中被膜量持续增加，培养72 h和168 h时，菌株D4-18分泌EPS，培养72 h时，papC、fimH、csgA基因表达量分别为0.095、0.933、0.435 copies/cm2，随着培养时间延长，松散型EPS中蛋白质及多糖含量、紧密型EPS中蛋白质含量极显著增加（P＜0.01），培养168 h时，papC和fimH基因表达量增加，csgA基因表达量无显著变化，表明上述基因在大肠杆菌生物被膜形成过程中发挥了不同程度的调控作用。