葡萄多种群种间杂种后代抗病性特征研究

本研究以含山葡萄血统的欧山杂种与含有河岸葡萄、美洲葡萄、欧亚种葡萄血统的杂种后代进行杂交获得的多种群杂交群体后代16个典型株系为材料,以‘北玫’‘北红’‘威代尔’‘贵人香’为对照;通过田间自然鉴定法和室内接种鉴定法,鉴定了露地越冬葡萄多种群种间杂种后代对霜霉病和白粉病的抗性。结果表明:杂种优系表现出明显的抗病优势。田间调查发现,有15个优系对霜霉病表现高抗和抗性,12个优系对白粉病表现免疫和高抗。在室内条件下接种霜霉病后,有11个优系为高抗或抗性级别,明显优于对照品种。因此认为,利用含美洲血统的葡萄基因可选育抗病性能强的新优品种,本试验中的优系‘5-1-247’和‘5-1-444’表现抗病性极好,明显优于其他优系。     

烟草品种对低头黑病的抗病性鉴定

室内采用孢子悬浮液和病菌毒素滤液浸根法及盆栽烟株幼茎刺伤菌块接种法测定了27个烟草品种和品系对低头黑病的苗期抗病性。自然重病地鉴定了6个生产推广品种的成株期抗病性。结果表明：烟草品种对低头黑病的抗病性有明显差异，苗期抗病性与田间成株期抗病性反应一致。筛选鉴定出中烟14和G─80两个抗病品种。比较了几种接种方法，证明病菌毒素滤液浸根法测定品种抗病性优于其它方法。苗期抗性测定可用作初筛，选出抗病和中抗品种（系），再进一步进行田间成株期抗病性的鉴定。     

烟草种质资源对黄瓜花叶病毒抗性鉴定研究

进行了９２２份烟草种质资源ＣＭＶ的抗病性室内苗期鉴定,筛选出１６份高抗种质,１６５份中抗种质,４１６份中感种质,３２５份高感种质,未发现免疫种质。在３０份材料进行的对比鉴定中,室内鉴定结果和田间自然发病结果的病情指数相关系数ｒ＝０２６１３（置信度０．８２９０）,相关不显著,分析原因系由田间病毒种类复杂所致。并发现中抗材料铁把子和Ｔ１２４５,特别是铁把子在田间综合表现优异,可能对多种病毒具有广谱的抗性。作者就烟草对病毒病的抗性鉴定中抗性划分方法进行了讨论,认为相对抗性指数较好,并提出了一套标准对照品种,以供烟草种质资源研究参考。     

避雨栽培葡萄花序灰霉病抗性调查与评价

针对广西葡萄花期灰霉病发生严重的状况,采用田间自然鉴定法,于葡萄二茬果开花期间对避雨栽培的14个品种的花序开展灰霉病抗性调查和分析。根据田间自然鉴定结果,对抗性差异大的4个代表品种花序人工接种灰霉病菌,验证田间自然鉴定结果的可靠性。结果表明,田间调查筛选出2个高抗品种（龙紫旺、龙紫宝）、2个抗性品种（金光、沈农脆丰）及3个感病品种和7个高感品种,并且两种方法均显示‘龙紫旺’‘龙紫宝’是高抗灰霉病的葡萄种质。     

‘摩尔多瓦’与‘红地球’葡萄杂交后代对霜霉病抗性的遗传分析

以欧美种葡萄‘摩尔多瓦’与欧亚种葡萄‘红地球’杂交组合的160个F1代群体为试材,采用室外自然发病和室内离体叶盘接种两种鉴定方法,研究杂交群体各单株对霜霉病的抗性并分析其遗传特征。结果表明:母本‘摩尔多瓦’的病情指数为0.42,表现高抗霜霉病;父本‘红地球’的病情指数为91.6,表现为高感霜霉病。杂交群体后代的抗病性发生显著分离,表型表现出免疫、高抗、中抗、感病和高感共5个级别。其中,中抗占比最大,免疫占比最小,表现出数量性状遗传的特征。另外,室内离体接种霜霉病抗性与当年田间抗性调查趋势大体一致,但群体后代中各抗性级别所占比例存在差异。本试验中杂交群体后代发现了部分免疫霜霉病单株,为选育出优质抗霜霉病品种奠定了基础。     

葡萄属种间杂交一代果实抗白粉病的遗传

通过对７个欧洲葡萄品种与４个中国葡萄野生种组成的１１个杂交组合的果实抗白粉病田间自然发病调查，结果表明，后代群体的抗病性呈连续性分布，表现出多基因遗传的特征。在供试的中国葡萄资源中，华东葡萄，毛葡萄和秋葡萄具有将其抗性遗传给后代的较强能力。     

葡萄属(Vitis)种间杂交一代(F_1)果实抗白粉病的遗传

通过对７个欧洲葡萄品种与４个中国葡萄野生种组成的１１个杂交组合的果实抗白粉病田间自然发病调查，结果表明，后代群体的抗病性呈连续性分布，表现出多基因遗传的特征。在供试的中国葡萄资源中，华东葡萄、毛葡萄和秋葡萄具有将其抗性遗传给后代（Ｆ１）的较强能力。     

刺葡萄对霜霉病的抗性机理初探

本试验通过室内接种与田间接种的方法鉴定了刺葡萄对霜霉病的抗病性,并通过测定刺葡萄叶片结构特征与叶片内相关抗病物质的含量研究了刺葡萄对霜霉病的抗性机理。试验结果表明:刺葡萄对霜霉病的抗病性与其叶片蜡质含量、木质素含量、单宁含量、接种后PPO、POD酶活性升高幅度成正相关,与叶背气孔密度成负相关;刺葡萄对霜霉病的抗性较低,这与其感染霜霉病菌后叶片内PPO、POD活性降低有重要关系。     

烟草品种对低头黑病的抗病性鉴定

室内采用孢子悬浮液和病菌毒素滤液浸根法及盆栽烟株幼茎刺伤菌块接种法测定了２７个烟草品种和品系对低头黑病的苗期抗病性。自然重病地鉴定了６个生产推广品种的成株期抗病性。结果表明：烟草品种对低头黑病的抗病性有明显差异，苗期抗病性与田间成株期抗病性反应一致。筛选鉴定出中烟１４和Ｇ－８０两个抗病品种。比较了几种接种方法，证明病菌毒素滤液浸根法测定品种抗病性优于其它方法。苗期抗性测定可用作初筛，选出抗病和中抗     

葡萄种间杂交一代果实白腐病抗性遗传的研究

通过田间接种鉴定，研究了葡萄属种间８个杂交组合的亲本及其３１１株杂地果帝白腐病的抗性及其遗传。结果表明，后代群体的抗病性呈连续性分布，表现出多基因遗传的特征。在供试的中国葡萄资源中，毛葡萄，华东葡萄对果产白腐病具有较强的抗性。     

烟草与黄瓜花叶病毒互作中过氧化氢酶活性的变化

研究了12个不同抗性水平的烟草品种接种黄瓜花叶病毒前后过氧化氢酶活性的动态变化及其与烟草抗病性的关系。结果表明,接种病毒后抗、感品种的过氧化氢酶活性总体水平比对照降低,但酶活性的动态变化规律与烟草抗病性之间的相关性并不显著。利用DPS数据处理系统分析表明:酶活性变化差值及其平均值与病情指数之间均不存在显著相关性,说明以接种前后植物体内酶活性的变化值作为抗病性鉴定的指标在烟草-黄瓜花叶病毒体系中是不可行的。     

两个烟草赤星病抗源的遗传分析

以高抗赤星病烟草品种净叶黄(JYH)、Beinhart1000-1(Beinhart)和感病品种NC82为材料分别构建了2个杂交组合的P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂四世代群体,成熟期赤星病菌人工接种鉴定后,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对JYH和Beinhart两个材料进行抗性分析,结果表明,两者的赤星病抗性均受两对加性-完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制。组合1的加性效应以第1对主基因为主,且多基因的加性效应大于显性效应;组合2的两对主基因负向加性效应相等,且多基因的显性效应大于加性效应;2个组合F₂群体主基因遗传率分别为64.72%和63.88%,表明赤星病的抗性遗传以主基因效应为主,并且受环境影响较大。     

Resistance of selected Mozambican local and improved maize genotypes to maize weevil,Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky)

Maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) is one of the most important pests of on-farm stored maize in thetropics, particularly where there is no control of moisture content and application of pesticides. This study aimed todetermine the level of resistance among Mozambican maize genotypes against S. zeamais. A total of 17 genotypes,composed of seven experimental hybrids developed from S5 inbred lines from five populations, one released hybrid,two improved open pollinated varieties (OPV), three landraces from Mozambique, two resistant and two susceptiblechecks from Kenya were screened for their resistance to S. zeamais. Four hybrids were screened at their F1 and F2generations. The genotypes were evaluated in the post-harvest laboratory, Kiboko, Kenya in a completely randomizeddesign, replicated 4 times. Data was collected on the number of emerged insects, seed weight loss, seed damage,median development period; and protein, starch and oil contents. The Dobie index of susceptibility was used to groupthe genotypes. Six of the of the eight hybrids at the F1 generation were resistant while two were moderately resistant.Three of the four hybrids evaluated at the F2 generation were moderately resistant while one was susceptible. Two ofthe five OPVs evaluated (EV8430DMRSR and landrace Kandjerendjere) were resistant. Genotypes with high proteincontent showed resistance while those with high starch contents showed susceptibility. Weevils fed on the resistantgenotype produced low number of F1 progeny, had a high median developmental time, caused low seed damage andlow seed weight loss. The resistant genotypes can be either used as cultivars or as sources of resistance in a breedingprogram for weevil resistance.     

Comparison of the canning quality of small white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) canned in tomato sauce by a small‐scale and an industrial method

The use of laboratory canning techniques to predict the commercial canning quality of dry beans is widely accepted in bean breeding. The validation of laboratory canning procedures is determined by its relationship with commercial practices. Laboratory evaluation of the canning quality of industrially canned beans obtained from retailers stressed that canning quality standards for South African small white beans in tomato sauce need defining. Four small white bean cultivars were canned and evaluated according to laboratory procedures and the same cultivars were supplied to an industrial canner to be canned according to industrial procedures. Different canning parameters used in the laboratory (hydration coefficient, percentage washed drained weight, visual appearance, splits, size, texture and colour) and by industry (water uptake, percentage washed drained weight, splits, size) necessitated the use of multivariate analysis to compare the two sets of data. Canonical variate analyses showed the same groupings of cultivars according to canning quality for laboratory and industrial canning. Laboratory procedures were therefore as successful as industrial procedures in grouping cultivars according to canning quality. For bean breeding purposes, it was also shown that the laboratory canning and evaluation method is able to detect the same environmental and genetic effects on canning quality that also affect industrial canning. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

葡萄砧木及酿酒品种抗寒性比较

利用电解质外渗率法和恢复生长法对11个葡萄砧木品种(3309C、5BB、河岸、110R、Fercal、SO4、1103P、8B、贝达、MRH20、Beaument)和5含酿酒葡萄品种(霞多丽、西拉、赤霞珠、梅鹿辄、香百川)的抗寒性进行了鉴定。结果表明:葡萄砧木的抗寒性明显强于酿酒品种。不同砧木及酿酒品种的抗寒性也存在着明显差别,砧木抗寒性强弱依次为贝达>MRH20、5BB>110R>3309C>SO4>Fercal>河岸葡萄、8B>Beaumont、1103P;酿酒葡萄品种抗寒性强弱依次为香百川>霞多丽、赤霞珠>西拉>梅鹿辄。     

不同品种金针菇特征挥发性物质的差异分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS）联用技术和电子鼻技术对金针菇5 个品种川金3号、川金11号、川金54号、L4和L7中的挥发性物质进行鉴定并定量分析,并结合主成分分析和聚类分析对金针菇品种归类。结果表明：5 种金针菇中共检测到53 种化合物,8 类挥发性物质,其中醇类、醛类和芳香烃类占总含量的60%～95%。仅鉴定出2 种共有挥发性成分,即1-己醇和2-十一烷酮。电子鼻能将所有品种很好地区分且使各品种样品成团,说明电子鼻数据稳定性和重复性较好,可以辅助SPME-GC-MS数据分析不同品种金针菇挥发性物质。主成分分析和聚类分析都可以将5 个品种有效区分。将SPME-GC-MS和电子鼻结合的多技术鉴别方法可以准确区分金针菇品种,可为不同品种金针菇的选育及后期的加工开发提供一定参考依据。     

引进烤烟品种的抗旱性生理评价

通过盆栽试验 ,研究了我国引进的V 2 ,RG 1 1 ,K 32 6 ,K 34 6共 4个烤烟品种在干旱胁迫条件下抗旱性的差异。对干旱胁迫下各烤烟品种生长损失率的比较以及叶绿素含量、细胞膜透性、过氧化氢酶活性和丙二醛含量等有关生理指标的研究表明 :在土壤干旱条件下 ,不同烤烟品种抗旱能力不同 ,其大小顺序为K34 6 >RG1 1 >V2 >K32 6。随着干旱程度的加深 ,各品种的抗旱能力差异逐渐减弱     

Total sugar content in sorghum stalks and grains of selected cultivars from the world germplasm collection

Seventy sorghum cultivars from the world germplasm collection maintained at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) were screened for total sugar content of the stalks. The total sugar content in stalks harvested after physiological maturity ranged from 17.8 to 40.3% on dry weight basis. The total sugar content in grains of 15 selected cultivars ranged from 1.02 to 2.23%. Nine cultivars having more than 34% total sugar content in stalks showed consistency for sugar content when grown for two seasons. Juiciness of stalks from five cultivars as estimated by the quantity of juice extracted varied from 266 to 464 ml per kilogram of fresh stalks. The total sugar content in the juice of five cultivars varied from 7.0 to 15.9%.     

不同烤烟品种的类胡萝卜素、多酚含量及感官品质的比较

采用反相高效液相色语法对2009年云南种植的5个烤烟品种烟叶的类胡萝卜素和多酚含量进行了测定,并进行了感官评吸.结果表明:①不同品种烤烟的类胡萝卜素和多酚含量存在一定差异,烟叶类胡萝卜素含量以云烟85最高,K326最低,NC297,KRK26和云烟87居中;多酚含量以云烟87最高,NC297次之,KRK26最低.②各烤烟品种不同部位的含量差异表现为:云烟85、云烟87,K326和NC297的中部叶类胡萝卜素含量高于上部叶,KRK26的上部叶高于中部叶;各烤烟品种多酚类含量均为上部叶高于中部叶.③烤烟品种云烟87、云烟85和KRK26的感官质量优于NC297和K326,多酚类物质含量越高对感官质量越不利,类胡萝卜素含量过高或过低对烟叶的感官质量也不利.初步试验结果,类胡萝卜素的适宜含量为115～133μg/g,在此范围内多酚含量越低,烤烟感官品质越好.     

向日葵菌核病田间接种方法及品种抗病性研究

为建立有效的向日葵菌核病田间接种鉴定方法,以菌核病菌菌丝体悬浮液和高粱粒菌丝体作为接种物,分别对不同抗感向日葵品种在始花期和盛花期进行人工接种,从而筛选出最佳接菌物类型、浓度及接种时期,并用此方法对52个品种进行抗性评价。试验结果表明：两种接种物均可使向日葵感病品种产生盘腐症状。用菌丝体悬浮液接种时,7．5～15．0 g／L浓度即可区分出向日葵品种间抗感性差异。始花期接种较盛花期可获得更高的发病率及病情指数。同时筛选出5个对盘腐型菌核病表现抗病的向日葵品种。本研究所建立的田间接种方法能够有效地对向日葵进行抗菌核病筛选和鉴定。