渠道防渗技术在水库灌区的应用

渠道防渗的重要性日益为人们所认识,要节约用水就必须从农业抓起,节水效益最大的技术就是渠道防渗,本文对水库灌区渠道防渗技术进行阐述。     

灌区渠道防渗节水技术分析

文章主要从灌区渠道的防渗着手,同时分析加固和节水的要素,简要概括了渠道防渗和节水的智力和技术要领,再加上本身历年工作中遇到的问题,着重探讨研究混凝土防渗、土方防渗、水泥防渗、石料防渗、塑料的薄膜防渗等技术手段的实施以及使用环境。     

渠道衬砌与防渗技术及工程措施选择

现在全球水资源危机,我国更是水资源缺乏更严重的国家,所以节水对于我国来说是个大工程,目前在国家大力开展节水灌溉工作中,渠道衬砌与防渗技术显得尤为重要。本文就渠道衬砌与防渗涵义和作用进行了探讨,并对渠道防渗工程措施的选择做以阐述。     

复合土工膜防渗材料在渠道节水工程中的应用研究

复合土工膜是水利工程中一种新颖的防渗加固材料,具有非常良好的防渗节水加固修复效果。结合某渠道运营现状,从渠道复合土工膜防渗加固方案、防渗节水效益等方面,详细介绍了复合土工膜在渠道节水工程中的应用。     

浅谈如何实现农业高效节约用水

节水灌溉是农业节水的重要举措,其中包括渠道防渗、管道输水、喷灌、微灌、短窄畦灌、细流沟灌等。     

田间水利渠道的渠系布局与防渗处理

随着我国经济的持续发展,对于农田水利发展的要求也是稳步提高。目前西藏地区在农田水利的发展相对滞后。尤其林芝地区对节水灌溉实施条件不成熟。对于渠道的布局和防渗处理技术也不是很完善,要想发展西藏的农业经济就必须发展田间水利渠道工程的技术。对于田间水利渠道工程研究的关键点就是田间水利渠道的渠系布局与防渗,因为采取渠道防渗可以在很大的程度上减少水量的流失,增加灌溉面积大量的节约水力资源[1]。     

农田灌溉防渗渠道衬砌施工技术

我国一直以来都是农业大国,因此农业灌溉一直是我国水资源使用的重要内容之一。而我国的灌溉一般都是采用的地面灌溉,这种方式的灌溉技术会在水的运送中浪费大量水资源。而目前全球都面临着水资源匮乏,因此节水就成为了农业灌溉的新型课题和研究热点。而农业灌溉节水中输水的防渗是节水的重点,因此对于输水渠的防渗改造技术的应用成为了研究的关键,本文针对防渗渠的衬砌技术进行了简要的论述。     

水利工程施工中的渠道混凝土防渗阐述

在水利工程的施工过程中,有很多需要注意和重视的工程施工,文章阐述的渠道防渗施工就是必须要重视的工程施工。渠道的防渗工程施工在很大程度上决定了水利工程的节水和农田灌溉,因此我们在整个水利施工过程中,要重视渠道防渗工程的施工质量。在因此文章针对水利工程施工中的渠道混凝土防渗进行详细的阐述和分析,希望通过文章的阐述和分析,能够提升我国水利工程中的渠道混凝土防渗施工的质量,保障水利工程的整体质量,为我国的农业生产提升服务质量。     

防渗施工方法在水利渠道建设中的应用

节水已经成为了现在社会最热门的话题,在节水项目中,灌溉节水的推行已经成为了当前的关注焦点,而节水灌溉中渠道作为核心组成,是节水效果的主要保障。但是目前所使用的渠道渗漏严重,防渗效果较差。灌溉用水在渠道的输送过程中流失很多,降低了利用系数,灌溉面积便会减少,水资源便被浪费。有些地方由于渠道水的渗漏会造成地下水位的非正常升高,引发土地溃害。文章着重对各种防渗处理的措施进行论述,结合工作经验对当前我国渠道适应的防渗方式进行了介绍。     

灌区节水改造工程中渠道防渗施工技术的应用

灌区节水改造工程中渠道防渗施工技术的合理化应用是重点和关键,在整个过程中需要了解技术形式的实际应用要求,合理进行改造和处理。防渗技术改造处理比较重要,在整个阶段需要明确施工方案的类型,防渗施工技术的合理化应用必须符合要求,为了避免出现异常情况,必须提前进行处理,满足要求。本次研究中以渠道防渗施工技术为基础,对如何改造处理进行分析。     

我国烟草优化灌溉技术发展的策略与措施

本文概述了我国烟草灌溉的现状及存在的问题,从节水工程技术、农艺节水措施、烟草灌溉管理等方面,对我国烟草优化灌溉技术进行了评述与分析,并就烟区开展烟水配套工程建设提出了相应的策略和建议。     

试论土工防渗膜在灌溉渠道中的节水作用

介绍土工防渗膜在农田渠道灌溉防渗防漏节水工程应用中的节水效果和使用方法。用膜的渠道渠水利用率是 95 % ,而没有用膜的渠道渠水利用率只有 5 0 %     

滴灌方式及定额对北疆冬灌棉田土壤水盐分布及次年棉花生长的影响

为探寻解决干旱区棉田冬季灌水问题,明晰北疆棉田不同冬灌方式及灌水定额对土壤水分、盐分分布以及翌年棉花生长及产量的影响,采用大田试验方法,以未冬灌大田作为对照(CK),设置滴灌和漫灌2种灌水方式下4个梯度的灌水定额(1 800、2 400、3 000、3 600、 3600 m3/hm²)共9个处理进行冬灌试验,分析了冬灌灌水后到播种前0~300 cm土层的水分、盐分的动态变化以及翌年各处理棉花的出苗率、群体生理指标(群体光合势、群体净同化率、叶面积指数)和产量数据。结果表明,冬灌对次年播前土壤水盐分布及含量的大小均具有一定的影响,无论漫灌还是滴灌方式进行冬灌,随灌水定额增加土壤水分和盐分的影响深度也随之加深,灌水定额达到3 000和3 600 m3/hm²时,冬灌对土壤水盐影响深度可达300 cm。冬灌可显著改变次年播前土壤盐分的自然分布状态,有效淋洗并降低上层土壤盐分含量;相对漫灌方式而言,滴灌冬灌方式土壤水分入渗更加均匀且规律明显。冬灌对次年滴灌棉花的生长发育及产量均具有重要影响,冬灌后次年棉花群体指标与未冬灌处理的差异随冬灌灌水定额的增加愈加显著,灌水定额3 000 m3/hm²滴灌冬灌处理的次年棉花群体光合势与叶面积指数较未冬灌处理分别提升34.30%和42.60%;冬灌有利于次年棉花产量的提高,滴灌冬灌灌水定额3 000、3 600 m3/hm²处理时的棉花产量相对未冬灌处理分别增产10.66%和12.36%。综合考虑冬灌方式及灌水定额对次年土壤水盐分布及棉花生长和产量的影响,研究认为滴灌条件下灌水定额3 000 m3/hm²的冬灌在试验条件下比较适宜,既可淋洗盐分至耕层以下300 cm处,亦可获得6 107.75 kg/hm²的较高产量。     

石羊河流域甜菜机械穴播膜下滴灌栽培技术

提高水资源利用率已成为关系甘肃河西灌区可持续发展的战略任务,作为甘肃甜菜产区的石羊河流域水资源紧缺,推行甜菜滴灌可起到节水、稳产、增产效果,生产上有较强的实用性和较好的推广价值.甜菜机械穴播膜下滴灌栽培技术实现机械覆膜、打孔、播种、铺设滴灌带一次性作业,全生育期滴水7～9次,每次300～ 500m3/hm2左右,总用水量3800 ～ 4200 m3／hm2,节水20％以上.     

Increasing water productivity on Vertisols: implications for environmental sustainability

BACKGROUND: The availability and quality of irrigation water have become a serious concern because of global climate change and an increased competition for water by industry, domestic users and the environment. Therefore, exploring environmentally friendly water‐saving irrigation strategies is essential for achieving food and environmental security. In northern Ethiopia, where traditional furrow irrigation is widely practiced, water mismanagement and its undesirable environmental impact are rampant. A 2‐year field study was undertaken to compare the traditional irrigation management with surge and deficit irrigation practices on a Vertisol plot. RESULT: Results have shown that surge and deficit irrigation practices increase water productivity by 62% and 58%, respectively, when compared to traditional management. The study also found out that these practices reduce the adverse environmental impacts (waterlogging and salinity) of traditional management by minimizing deep percolation and tail water losses. Total irrigation depth was reduced by 12% (for surge) and 27% (for deficit) when compared to traditional management. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, the study concluded that surge and deficit irrigation technologies not only improve water productivity but also enhance environmental sustainability. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

More ‘crop per drop’: constraints and opportunities for precision irrigation in European agriculture

Dwindling water supplies, increasing drought frequency and uncertainties associated with a changing climate mean Europe's irrigated agriculture sector needs to improve water efficiency and produce more 'crop per drop'. This paper summarizes the drivers for change, and the constraints and opportunities for improving agricultural water management through uptake of precision irrigation technologies. A multi‐disciplinary and integrated approach involving irrigation engineers, soil scientists, agronomists and plant physiologists will be needed if the potential for precision irrigation within the field crop sector is to be realized. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于RZWQM模型的石羊河流域春小麦灌溉制度优化

为探讨石羊河流域春小麦适宜灌水上限及不同生育期计划湿润层深度,在该地区开展田间试验。利用田间试验资料对RZWQM(root zone water quality model)模型进行率定和验证,并应用模型模拟了灌水上限及不同生育阶段计划湿润层深度对春小麦籽粒产量、灌水量、籽粒灌溉水利用效率及灌水次数的影响。结果表明:不同灌水处理间产量差异较小,但所需灌水量有较大差异,存在节水空间;灌水上限对于灌水量的影响要远远大于对产量的影响,灌水上限的降低会增加灌水次数,从而提高小麦产量;适宜的计划湿润层深度可以保证灌溉水尽可能多的分布于根系吸收范围内,避免浪费,达到节水目的;试验证明,通过调控灌水上限和各生育期计划湿润层深度可以达到节水增产的目的。综合考虑各控制因素对产量、所需灌水量及籽粒灌溉水利用效率的影响,建议该地区春小麦灌溉制度为:灌水上限选择80%田间持水量,苗期计划湿润层深度为30 cm,拔节期计划湿润层深度为60 cm,抽穗期计划湿润层深度为50 cm,灌浆期计划湿润层深度为70 cm。     

基于物联网和专家决策系统的农田精准灌溉系统

提出了一种基于物联网和专家决策系统的农业精准灌溉系统的技术思路,采用土壤水分传感器收集实时信息,自定义信息格式,通过无线模块传输给服务器终端,终端专家系统给出农田灌溉命令。系统通过气候监控信息节点获得的环境湿度、温度传感信息,给出农田区块工作节点水泵出水量控制和水分阈值设定;通过农业区块信息节点信息的土壤水分传感信息,给出农田区块工作点电磁阀开关信息。这种模式可以实时监控农田种植信息,远程控制农业灌溉,能有效实现现代精细农业作业。     

Effects of water-saving superabsorbent polymer on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in corn (Zea mays L.) under drought stress

BACKGROUND: Drought is the most important abiotic stress factor limiting corn (Zea mays L.) growth and productivity. Therefore efficient management of soil moisture and study of metabolic changes in response to drought are important for improved production of corn. The objective of the present study was to gain a better understanding of drought tolerance mechanisms and improve soil water management strategies using a water‐saving superabsorbent polymer (SAP) at 30 kg ha^?1 under three irrigation levels (adequate, moderate and deficit) using a new type of hydraulic pressure‐controlled auto‐irrigator. RESULTS: The results showed that relative water content and leaf water potential were much higher in corn treated with SAP. Although application of SAP reduced biomass accumulation by 11.1% under adequate irrigation, it increased the biomass markedly by 39.0% under moderate irrigation and 98.7% under deficit irrigation. Plants treated with SAP under deficit irrigation showed a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in leaves compared with control plants. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that drought stress causes the production of oxygen radicals, leading to increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in plants, and the application of a superabsorbent polymer could conserve soil water, making it available to plants for quenching oxidative stress and increasing biomass accumulation, especially under severe water stress. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effectiveness of a water-saving super-absorbent polymer in soil water conservation for corn (Zea mays L.) based on eco-physiological parameters

BACKGROUND: The objective was to study soil water conservation and physiological growth of corn (Zea mays L.) using water‐saving super‐absorbent polymer (SAP) at 30 kg ha^?1. The effectiveness of SAP was studied under three irrigation levels (adequate, moderate and deficit) using a new type of negative hydraulic pressure controlled auto‐irrigator in the years 2009 and 2010 in a greenhouse at Beijing, P.R. China. RESULTS: Eight weeks after sowing, plant height and leaf area increased significantly by 41.6 and 79.6% under deficit irrigation for SAP treatment. The SAP had little effect on shoot dry mass under adequate and moderate irrigation but increased it significantly by 133.5% under deficit irrigation. Similarly, the efficiency of water use also increased by 97.1%. Leaf water potential under adequate and moderate irrigation differs slightly for SAP application, whereas under deficit irrigation the values were exceeded significantly by 27.8%. The superior growth and water use efficiency of corn treated with SAP under deficit irrigation was ascribed to maintenance of higher relative water contents in leaves as well as intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, net photosynthesis and transpiration rate. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that plant growth and different physiological activities are restricted by drought stress and the application of super‐absorbent polymer could conserve soil water, making same available to plants for increased growth and biomass accumulation especially under severe water stress. Thus, application of SAP is a suitable soil management practice for the locations characterised by severe water stress. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry