木质素影响木质纤维原料酶解的作用机理及其研究进展

作为木质纤维素生物乙醇制备过程中必不可少的步骤,酶水解可对木质纤维素进行高效且经济的转化,也是实现工业化生产木质纤维素生物乙醇的关键步骤。木质素作为木质纤维素主要组分之一,其对酶促反应的作用,在影响木质纤维素酶水解转化的因素中极其重要。目前,木质素对木质纤维素的酶水解主要表现为抑制,体现在空间位阻、非生产性吸附（包括疏水作用、静电作用、氢键作用）以及生成的可溶性酚类化合物的影响3个方面。本文综述了近年来木质素在木质纤维素酶水解转化作用的研究,并对木质纤维素生物乙醇的发展和工业化生产前景做出了展望。     

纤维原料酶水解的研究进展

木质纤维原料酶水解是利用木质纤维原料生产燃料酒精的关键步骤之一。对纤维素酶及其水解木质纤维原料作用机制、纤维素酶的生产、木质纤维原料酶水解的影响因素和木质纤维原料酶水解动力学作了全面综述．并对提高木质纤维原料酶水解效率和降低水解成本的途径进行了讨论。     

提高木质纤维素酶水解效率的研究进展

利用纤维素酶将预处理后的木质纤维素水解成可发酵性单糖,继而发酵生产所需的液体燃料及其他化工产品,是当前解决资源、环境等难题的有效途径之一.在木质纤维素降解转化工艺中,酶水解效率低、成本高是主要限制因素.如何提高纤维素与纤维素酶的可及度和有效接触面积,从而减少纤维素酶用量及提高酶解效率是水解技术的关键.该文简要归纳了各种提高纤维素酶水解效率方法的最新研究进展,并对其酶解的机理及今后研究的重点进行了分析与展望.     

植物基生物质原料的复合酶协同水解

木质纤维素类生物质复杂的理化组成和多级结构不均一性,是阻碍其经济高效水解产糖的关键.尽管辅助一些经济有效的预处理手段,但单一纤维素酶实现木质纤维素一糖转化依旧难以跨越酶解成本过高的障碍.综述了由纤维素酶和辅助酶(外源性水解酶)组成的复合酶在饲料工业、淀粉加工工业及其副产物附加值提取等方面的研究和应用情况,并对复合酶在木质纤维素-糖平台的未来发展进行了展望,为未来的纤维质生物炼制在提高酶解效率和降低酶解成本方面提供一种新思路.     

木质素对纤维素酶水解抑制作用的研究进展与展望

木质纤维素原料作为新一代生物乙醇发酵的原料备受关注,但在实际生产制备过程中木质纤维素中木质素的存在对纤维素酶水解纤维素这一过程产生了抑制作用,限制了木质纤维素资源在生物乙醇发酵方面工业化规模的推广与应用。本文通过归纳近年来有关减少木质素对纤维素酶水解的抑制、提高酶水解效率的研究进展,明确提出了推动木质纤维生物质炼制实现工业化所需深入探索的策略和方向。     

玉米秸秆发酵生产燃料乙醇的预处理技术研究进展

玉米秸秆经过预处理、酶水解、发酵可生产燃料乙醇,但其自身具有的木质纤维素紧密结构使得酶水解效率很低,导致乙醇产量低。因此,采用适当的方法对玉米秸秆进行预处理,破坏秸秆原有的纤维结构,提高酶水解效率和可利用性。本文对当前国内外玉米秸秆各种预处理最新方法进行了综述,同时对每种预处理方法的优缺点进行了分析,为玉米秸秆发酵生产燃料乙醇预处理方式的选择提供参考。     

木质纤维素原料氢氧化钠预处理及酶解特性研究

木质纤维素组成结构十分复杂,没有经过处理的木质纤维素很难直接被酶解。预处理技术是木质纤维素降解的关键性技术。在我国,开发利用木质纤维素意义重大。对木质纤维素的预处理和水解。用玉米芯最为研究对象,优化了碱液预处理的条件,对预处理温度、时间和氢氧化钠浓度这三个因素对影响玉米芯各组分的分离效果及水解后产量的规律进行研究。研究结果显示,随着预处理反应的进行,在氢氧化钠处理液中,可溶性糖和木质素的量先急剧增加,后逐渐平稳。利用响应曲面法优化水解条件。采用了单因素多水平和正交试验的方法,最终得到了最优响应值的预处理条件为:反应时间2.14h、温度78.18℃和酸质量分数为2.21%,此时糖收率为56.67%,同时在试验设计的最佳水解条件下,进行的验证试验结果与模型预测值几乎相同,表明所设计的实验条件是合适的。     

热水预处理对木质纤维素生物质炼制的影响

阐述了热水预处理在木质纤维素生物质炼制过程中的目的与作用。介绍了近年来木质纤维素生物质热水预处理的部分研究成果与进展,并着重总结了热水预处理对木质纤维素生物质化学组分、微观结构和酶水解效率的影响,以期对木质纤维素生物质热水预处理研究和工业化应用提供借鉴。     

木质纤维原料生产燃料乙醇的蒸汽爆破预处理技术

蒸汽爆破可破坏木质纤维结构,提高水解速率,是很有前景的生物质预处理技术。介绍了蒸汽爆破预处理的原理、影响因素及蒸汽爆破对底物及其后续酶水解的影响,并指出蒸汽爆破技术未来的研究方向。     

木质纤维素水解过程中发酵抑制物的产生与脱毒

木质纤维素是自然界最丰富的可再生资源,含有大量的碳水化合物。自水解/稀酸水解是木质纤维酶解糖化和生物转化高附加值产品的重要预处理手段。水解过程中碳水化合物解聚溶解转化成可发酵糖,但目前所采用的水解预处理方法中,同时还会产生一些低分子发酵抑制性物质,一般包括低分子有机酸、糠醛类和溶解性酚类物质等,这些抑制物严重影响了微生物对水解产物的发酵活性,从而大大降低了发酵目标产物的得率。本文对木质纤维素水解过程中发酵抑制性物质的产生途径和影响因素,发酵抑制物的种类与抑制机理,以及目前对这类物质的脱毒方法进行了综述和前景展望。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.