一些醇类香料单体在卷烟中的转移研究

采用同时蒸馏萃取和GC、GC/MS,对注射加入卷烟中的15种醇类香料单体在烟丝中的持留率和滤嘴迁移率,以及抽吸后单体向主、侧流烟气粒相和滤嘴中的转移行为进行了研究.结果表明:醇类同系物香料,小分子量低沸点的单体,其烟丝持留率和主流烟气粒相转移率相对较低,散失率相对较高,而大分子量高沸点的单体,其滤嘴迁移率和滤嘴截留率相对较低;醇类同分异构体香料单体的转移情况不完伞相似;4种醇类香料单体的侧流烟气粒相转移率高于其主流烟气粒相转移率,11种醇类香料单体的侧流烟气粒相转移率低于其主流烟气粒相转移率.     

两种加香方式下7种葡萄糖苷配基在烟气中的裂解转移规律

目的:研究7种葡萄糖苷添加到卷烟纸上裂解产生的糖苷配基在主流和侧流烟气中的转移规律。方法:将5-甲基糠醇葡萄糖苷、薄荷醇葡萄糖苷、大茴香醇葡萄糖苷、叶醇葡萄糖苷、苯乙醇葡萄糖苷、乙基香兰素葡萄糖苷和香兰素葡萄糖苷7种单体香料按烟丝重量的0.01%分别涂抹到卷烟纸表面和注射到卷烟中,测定两种加香方式下其裂解的糖苷配基在主流烟气和侧流烟气中的裂解转移率,在此基础上分别以0.001%,0.010%,0.050%的添加量涂抹到卷烟纸上,测定7种糖苷配基在主、侧流烟气中的转移率。结果:烟丝加香方式下7种糖苷配基在主流烟气中的转移率高于卷烟纸加香方式,而侧流烟气中的转移率与之相反;糖苷配基在主流烟气和侧流烟气中转移率最高的为5-甲基糠醇,最低的为薄荷醇,其他依次为叶醇、大茴香醇、苯乙醇、乙基香兰素和香兰素;0.001%添加量条件下,7种糖苷配基在主流、侧流烟气中的转移率分别为0.27%~1.24%,0.42%~1.71%,0.010%添加量下分别为0.38%~1.87%,0.54%~2.52%,0.050%添加量下分别为0.31%~1.56%,0.47%~2.19%。结论:3个添加量下,7种糖苷配基在侧流烟气中的转移率均高于主流烟气中的;糖苷配基在主流和侧流烟气中均表现出随添加量的增加先增加后降低的趋势。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定卷烟烟气、滤嘴和烟灰中5种常用杀菌剂及其转移行为研究

建立了UPLC-MS/MS测定主流烟气总粒相物、气相物、滤嘴、烟蒂烟丝和烟灰中霜霉威、多菌灵、稻瘟灵、三唑醇和三唑酮含量的方法,样品经乙腈或甲醇提取,分散固相萃取后,进行UPLC-MS/MS分析。5种杀菌剂在各基质中的检出限为0.325~1.832ng/cig,平均回收率为90.9%~111.8%,RSD为1.3%~10.1%。应用该方法研究了标准卷烟加标样品和自然高残留样品中杀菌剂的烟气转移率,结果表明:标准卷烟加标样品中,5种杀菌剂向主流烟气总粒相物、滤嘴中的平均转移率分别为29.4%和11.0%,向烟蒂烟丝和烟灰中平均转移率为1.6%和0.2%,主流烟气气相物中则未检出杀菌剂;主流烟气总粒相物中,多菌灵的转移率较低（<5%）,其它4种杀菌剂则接近或超过30%。自然高残留卷烟样品中,5种杀菌剂向烟气总粒相物中平均转移率为3.7%,在滤嘴中平均转移率为2.2%。卷烟实际燃吸过程中5种杀菌剂向烟气总粒相物转移率明显低于加标研究结果;若采用加标研究结果,成品卷烟杀菌剂残留对吸烟者的健康风险将被高估。      

烟丝pH值的变化对卷烟烟气烟碱和感官质量的影响

为了解烟丝pH值对卷烟烟气烟碱和感官质量的影响,用0.2 mol/L盐酸和0.5 mol/L NaOH水溶液分别处理两个牌号卷烟的烟丝,而后测定烟丝的pH值、烟丝烟碱、烟气烟碱和烟气游离烟碱量,并进行了感官评吸.结果表明:①烟丝pH值对其总烟碱和烟气烟碱量没有明显影响;②同一牌号卷烟,烟气游离烟碱量与烟丝pH值极显著正相关;③烟气劲头随着烟丝pH值的增大而增大,而其它感官评吸指标则变化不大.因此,通过调节烟丝pH值可在一定范围内改变其烟气的游离烟碱量和劲头.     

卷烟侧流烟气焦油、烟碱的测定方法研究

采用根据CORESTA推荐的分析卷烟侧流烟气的方法和原理研制的鱼尾罩侧流烟气捕集装置 ,结合气相色谱 (GC)与紫外光谱 (UV)分析技术 ,对卷烟侧流烟气焦油、烟碱的测定方法进行了研究。共进行了两组重复实验 ,并与同一时期日本烟草公司测定的侧流烟气焦油和烟碱的分析结果进行了比较。结果发现 ,实验采用的侧流烟气焦油、烟碱的测定方法具有很好的重复性 ,所有测试项目如抽吸口数、滤片和鱼尾罩上的焦油、烟碱等的变异系数都在 10 %以下 ,侧流烟气总焦油和总烟碱的变异系数都小于 5 % ,且与日本烟草公司的测试结果非常接近 ,说明该方法适用于侧流烟气焦油和烟碱的测定。同时 ,还对卷烟侧流烟气的捕集原则、侧流烟气的测试条件选择等进行了讨论。     

有机酸对无序烟丝型加热卷烟烟碱释放行为的影响

为了解有机酸对无序烟丝型加热卷烟烟碱释放行为的影响,采用GC-MS分析方法考察了添加不同质量分数的柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酰丙酸、乳酸、丙酸和乙酸对加热卷烟总烟碱转移率、烟气总粒相物（简称烟气）pH及烟气中烟碱存在形式的影响。结果表明：(1)添加有机酸对加热卷烟总烟碱转移率没有明显影响。(2)添加非挥发性有机酸对烟气pH无明显影响;而添加挥发性有机酸使烟气pH略有降低,且随添加量增加,烟气pH持续下降。(3)添加非挥发性有机酸对烟气中游离态烟碱所占比例无明显影响;添加挥发性有机酸使烟气中游离态烟碱所占比例下降明显,且随添加量的增加,烟气中游离态烟碱所占比例持续下降。     

磷酸氢二铵对卷烟烟气游离烟碱释放量及感官品质的影响

为探索磷酸氢二铵(DAP)对卷烟烟气游离烟碱释放量及感官品质的影响,在等量烟丝上喷洒DAP溶液,使DAP在烟丝中的质量百分比为0(对照样)、0.2%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%;优化了烟气中游离烟碱释放量的分析方法;测定了烟丝p H、烟气游离烟碱释放量,并进行了感官评价;对DAP添加量与烟气游离烟碱释放量、烟丝p H进行了相关性分析。结果表明:1用三氯甲烷-中性水体系对烟气中游离态与结合态烟碱进行萃取分离,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.46%,回收率在84.7%~88.7%之间。2添加DAP可提高烟丝的p H以及烟气游离烟碱的释放量,在所研究的添加量范围内,DAP添加量与烟丝p H、烟气游离烟碱释放量均显著正线性相关。3随DAP添加量的增大,卷烟烤香味增加,劲头总体呈上升趋势;DAP添加量不宜超过1.0%;在低添加量的情况下,其主要作用是促进烟叶内部的美拉德反应,提升烟气的烤香,丰富烟香。      

连续流动分析法测定卷烟侧流烟气中的氢氰酸

建立了一种用稀氢氧化钠溶液吸收、应用异烟酸与1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸显色体系在连续流动分析仪上检测卷烟侧流烟气中HCN的方法.在6.2×10-2～15.0 mg/L浓度范围内,该方法具有良好的线性(相关系数为0.9999),检测限(S/N=3)为1.95×10-2mg/L,加标回收率均值为99.1%,RSD=4.32%.利用所建立的方法测定了21种卷烟样品主、侧流烟气中的HCN,结果表明:①侧流烟气中HCN的含量比主流烟气高约10%～70%;②其含量大小与焦油量相关,焦油含量高的卷烟样品,主、侧流烟气中HCN的含量相应较高.     

CuO-CeO2催化氧化CO性能及其在卷烟中的应用

采用共沉淀法和焙烧法制备了CuO-CeO2,并考察了Ce含量、焙烧温度对CuO-CeO2催化氧化CO性能的影响,以及应用于烟丝中对卷烟烟气焦油、烟碱、CO含量和卷烟吸味的影响.结果表明:①于250℃下焙烧3 h制备的含10?O2的CuO-CeO2催化氧化CO的性能较好;②与对照相比,烟丝中添加0.4%CuO-CeO2的卷烟烟气CO降低12%～13%,但其吸阻、烟气焦油、烟碱释放量和吸味均变化不大,且放置时间对CuO-CeO2催化降低卷烟烟气CO的效果影响不大.     

卷烟烟气pH与烟气总粒相物中游离烟碱的关系

对烟气总粒相物pH的测定方法进行了实验研究,确定了准确测定烟气总粒相物pH的方法.对烟气总粒相物中游离烟碱含量的测定方法进行了实验研究,确定了用配备FID的气相色谱仪准确测定烟气总粒相物中的游离烟碱含量的方法.按照国标方法测定烟丝中总植物碱、还原糖、总氮、挥发碱的含量;按照国标方法测定卷烟的焦油、烟碱、水分.请评吸专家对卷烟进行评吸,针对烟气劲头和刺激性进行打分.对测定结果进行分析比较,研究结果表明:烟气中游离烟碱占总烟碱的比例与烟气总粒相物pH呈现显著的线性相关关系;烟丝总氮含量与烟气总粒相物pH呈显著线性相关;烟气烟碱、烟丝总烟碱、还原糖对烟气劲头有较大影响,而对烟气刺激性影响较大的因素有烟气总粒相物pH、烟叶pH、总氮等.     

Roll-your-own smoke yields: theoretical and practical aspects

OBJECTIVE—To identify the key parameters that influence smoke yields from roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes and to compare smoke yields of cigarettes made under laboratory conditions with those made by habitual RYO consumers.
DESIGN AND SETTING—One-way parametric variations in the laboratory-based production of RYO cigarettes complemented by a consumer survey conducted in a busy street at Romford, Essex, United Kingdom.
SUBJECTS—26 habitual RYO consumers.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—Cigarette weights, puff numbers, and yields (carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar).
RESULTS—Smoke yields vary for specimen changes in weight of tobacco used, paper porosity, and the incorporation of a filter in the cigarette. Yields of cigarettes produced by 26 RYO smokers ranged from 9.9 to 21.0 mg tar per cigarette and from 0.9 to 1.8 mg nicotine per cigarette, and were generally lower than yields of laboratory-produced RYO cigarettes.
CONCLUSIONS—Laboratory studies can provide useful information concerning the parameters that affect smoke yields of RYO cigarettes such as the incorporation of a filter to reduce yields. However, such studies must be complemented by surveys of cigarettes made by actual current RYO smokers. In one such investigation, it was found that the mean tar yields from cigarettes produced by 57% of the smokers were above the current maximum of 15 mg per cigarette for manufactured cigarettes. Currently 8% of manufactured cigarettes in the UK have a declared nicotine yield of greater than 1.1 mg per cigarette whereas 77% of RYO smokers produced cigarettes with a nicotine yield greater than this value.


Keywords: roll-your-own cigarettes; smoke yield; carbon monoxide; tar; nicotine     

烟碱转化率与卷烟感官评吸品质和烟气TSNA含量的关系

用具有不同烟碱向降烟碱转化能力的白肋烟鄂烟一号上部叶(2003年)和中部叶(2004年)分别卷制试验卷烟,研究了烟碱转化率与卷烟感官评吸品质和烟丝及烟气中TSNA含量的关系.同一年份的卷烟样品间总生物碱含量无显著差异,烟碱含量和降烟碱含量呈相反趋势变化,从而形成样品间烟碱转化率的梯度差异.感官评吸由5-6名评吸专家组成的评吸小组进行.结果表明,随着烟碱转化率的增高,白肋烟风格程度直线下降,香气质逐渐下降,香气量减少,烟气浓度变淡,生理强度下降,杂气有增加的趋势,余味变劣,口腔残余加重,但刺激性有减小的趋势.两年卷烟样品基本表现相同的趋势,但2003年样品,由于生物碱水平高,不同样品间烟碱转化率的幅度较大,所以各项评吸指标的变化更为明显.随着烟碱转化水平的增高,烟丝和烟气亚硝基降烟碱(NNN)含量和总的烟草特有亚硝胺(TSNA)含量大幅增加,而其它3种烟草特有亚硝胺含量无较大变化.     

不同滤嘴稀释度对卷烟主流烟气中重要香味成分输送量的影响

本文对滤嘴稀释度（通风度）分别为０（不打孔）、１０％、３０％、５０％、７０％的卷烟烟气中２０种香味成分和总粒相物、烟碱、ＣＯ等常规成分进行了分析研究。香味物质试验采用标样加入法进行。总粒相物的二氯甲烷浸提液经同时蒸馏萃取并用碱液和饱和氯化钠溶液处理后,把抽提液浓缩,用毛细管气相色谱法和气相色谱／质谱法做了定性与定量分析,并按国标测定了总粒相物、烟碱、ＣＯ等组分输送量的变化。结果表明：这２０种香味成分的输送量都是随着稀释度的增加而减少的,烟气中常规成分也都是随着稀释度的增加而减少的。但各种物质减少的程度不同,常规成分中ＣＯ和焦油减少较多,烟碱减少较少;香味成分中分子量较小、沸点较低的物质减少较多,而分子量较大、沸点较高的物质减少较少。随着稀释度的增加,卷烟烟气组分不仅量减少了,而且质也有所变化;不仅烟味减弱,而且香气质也发生一定的变化。这是应用通风稀释技术制造低焦油卷烟时进行叶组配方与加香加料所必须考虑的。     

Effects of low nicotine content cigarettes on smoke intake.

Cigarettes with selective reductions in nicotine delivery have been considered as potential tools to prevent or treat nicotine dependence or to reduce harm by virtue of reduced nicotine and nitrosamine delivery. An important question is whether individuals smoke these products more intensively, as has been shown to occur with ventilated-filter cigarettes. To investigate this issue, we compared conventional highly ventilated filter cigarettes, having very low tar and nicotine yields when smoked by Federal Trade Commission method (1 mg tar, 2 mg carbon monoxide [CO],.2 mg nicotine), with low nicotine content cigarettes, manufactured from a genetically modified strain of tobacco, which had higher tar but lower nicotine yield (14 mg tar, 13 mg CO,.02 mg nicotine). A total of 16 cigarette smokers participated in two 8-hr sessions (order counterbalanced) during which they smoked each type of cigarette ad libitum. Expired-air CO, plasma nicotine, and smoking topography measures were collected. Subjects showed significant increases in smoking when using the highly ventilated filter cigarettes, and puff volume was significantly greater than with the low nicotine content cigarettes. Subjects achieved an expired-air CO level 74% as high as with the low nicotine content cigarettes; the latter produced CO levels similar to those measured at baseline when subjects smoked their habitual brands of cigarettes. Plasma nicotine levels obtained when subjects smoked the highly ventilated filter cigarettes also were significantly higher than when they smoked the low nicotine content cigarettes. These results indicate that the delivery of substantial amounts of smoke, with selective reductions in nicotine yield, appears to prevent compensatory smoking behavior. Further studies should determine whether similar results are obtained in naturalistic environments.     

Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the mainstream smoke of selected international cigarettes

Objective: Survey of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) smoke deliveries from 77 cigarette brands purchased in 35 countries was conducted using a standardised machine smoking method. The goal of this study was to determine regional variations and differences in the tar, nicotine, and CO smoke yields of a cigarette brand manufactured by a leading transnational corporation and of non-US locally popular cigarette brands.

Design: The majority of the cigarettes were purchased in each of the participating countries by delegate members of the World Health Organization and forwarded to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for analysis. Smoke deliveries were determined using a standardised smoking machine method and subsequent gravimetric and gas chromatography analysis.

Results: The smoke deliveries varied widely. Mainstream smoke deliveries varied from 6.8 to 21.6 mg tar/cigarette, 0.5 to 1.6 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 5.9 to 17.4 mg CO/cigarette. In addition to the smoke deliveries, the cigarettes were examined to determine physical parameters such as filter composition, length, and ventilation levels.

Conclusion: Analysis of the smoke deliveries suggested that cigarettes from the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific WHO regions tended to have higher tar, nicotine, and CO smoke deliveries than did brands from the European, American, or African WHO regions surveyed.

     

Activation of platelets exposed to shear stress in the presence of smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes: the protective effect of nicotine.

Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of both high-tar and low-tar cigarettes have been shown to increase platelet activation directly and to sensitize them to further activation by exposure to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress. However, nicotine has an inhibitory effect on platelet activation, opposite to that of whole cigarette smoke extracts. To distinguish between the nicotine-dependent and non-nicotine-dependent effects of smoke, platelets were exposed to mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes in vitro under flow conditions comparable with the normal circulation, and their activation state was measured using a modified prothrombinase-based assay. Both low-nicotine and zero-nicotine extracts caused increased platelet activation upon exposure to shear stress, and they caused significantly greater activation than extracts from ordinary high-tar, high-nicotine cigarettes. That nicotine was crucial was confirmed by adding 50 nM nicotine (comparable with the nicotine level in smokers' plasma) to zero-nicotine smoke extracts and demonstrating a reduction in the shear-dependent rate of platelet activation of more than 75%.     

Higher nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in menthol cigarette smokers with and without schizophrenia.

This study examined whether smoking menthol cigarettes was associated with increased biochemical measures of smoke intake. Expired carbon monoxide (CO) and serum nicotine and cotinine were measured in 89 smokers with schizophrenia and 53 control smokers immediately after smoking an afternoon cigarette. Serum nicotine levels (27 vs. 22 ng/ml, p = .010), serum cotinine levels (294 vs. 240 ng/ml, p = .041), and expired CO (25 vs. 21 ppm, p = .029) were higher in smokers of menthol compared with nonmenthol cigarettes, with no differences in 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratios between groups when controlling for race. Backward stepwise linear regression models showed that, in addition to having a diagnosis of schizophrenia, smoking menthol cigarettes was a significant predictor of nicotine and cotinine levels. Individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder smoked more generic or discount value brands (Basic, Doral, Monarch, USA, Wave, others) compared with control smokers (28% vs. 6%, p = .002) but did not smoke more brands with high nicotine delivery as estimated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission method. Although rates of mentholated cigarette smoking were not higher in smokers with schizophrenia overall, they were significantly higher in non-Hispanic White people with schizophrenia compared with controls of the same ethnic/racial subgroup (51% vs. 28%, p<.0001). The higher exhaled CO in menthol smokers suggests that the higher nicotine levels are at least partly related to increased intake of smoke from menthol cigarettes, although menthol-mediated inhibition of nicotine metabolism also may be a factor. Menthol is an important cigarette additive that may help explain why some groups have lower quit rates and more smoking-caused disease.     

Incomplete compensation does not imply reduced harm: yields of 40 smoke toxicants per milligram nicotine in regular filter versus low-tar cigarettes in the 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study.

The yields of 40 toxic smoke constituents per mg nicotine were computed in three matched pairs of higher- and lower-tar cigarettes tested in the 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study. In the three pairs, 19, 20 and 17 compounds, respectively, exhibited significantly greater yields per mg nicotine in the lower-tar than the corresponding higher-tar brand. Based on the assumption that toxicant yields per mg nicotine were independent of smoking intensity, the minimum degree of nicotine compensation necessary to obtain equal or greater dosages of these toxic compounds from the lower-tar cigarette ranged from 0% to 73%. A smoker who compensates only incompletely for nicotine may thus obtain a higher dosage of a specific smoke toxicant from a lower-tar cigarette than from a higher-tar cigarette. From the toxicological standpoint, incomplete compensation for nicotine does not necessarily translate into harm reduction.     

凹凸棒石吸附剂在卷烟滤嘴中的应用实验

为寻求一种能够有选择性地去除卷烟烟气中有害物质的吸附剂 ,进行了凹凸棒石在卷烟滤嘴中的添加应用实验。在滤棒成形机上将 3%的凹凸棒石悬浊液均匀施加到开松后的醋酸纤维丝束上 ,制备成合格的滤棒样品 ,控制每支滤棒中的吸附剂含量约为 1.5mg ;取普通醋酸纤维滤棒作对照 ,与添加凹凸棒石吸附剂的醋酸纤维滤棒于同一卷接机组、同一原材料、同一卷制条件下卷接成烟支 ,进行卷烟烟气分析和评吸对比。实验结果表明 ,在醋酸纤维滤棒中添加凹凸棒石吸附剂 ,能使焦油降低 1.4mg 支 ,一氧化碳降低 1.1mg 支 ,而烟碱量保持不变 ,且卷烟的内在质量不受影响 ,能够保持卷烟原有的吸味风格。