苦瓜皂甙的提取工艺优化研究

研究苦瓜皂甙的提取工艺和测定方法.以人参皂甙Rg1标准品为参照,采用分光光度法对苦瓜中皂甙进行定量分析;以料液比、浸提温度、乙醇的质量分数、提取时间为考察因素,采用二次回归正交旋转组合试验方法对苦瓜皂甙提取工艺条件进行优化.通过贡献率法分析表明,各因子对浸提率影响的相对大小依次为:提取时间＞料液比＞乙醇浓度＞浸提温度;经频率分析得到苦瓜皂甙浸提率＞2.18%的优化条件为:料液比10.190～11.016倍,浸提温度68.80～72.33℃,乙醇浓度71.32～74.32%,提取时间13.484～19.396h,且所建立的数学模型在此范围内能够较准确的预测皂甙的浸提率.料液比1:10,浸提温度70℃,乙醇浓度70%,提取时间为12h,这个条件比较贴近实际生产应用,且比较接近理论值.     

苦瓜皂甙的提取及其对胰脂肪酶抑制活性的研究

苦瓜皂甙可有效抑制胰脂肪酶的活力,是一种潜在的减肥辅助食物补充剂。通过响应面法对苦瓜皂甙的最佳提取工艺进行优化,并测定其对胰脂肪酶的抑制率。研究结果表明:苦瓜皂甙的最佳提取工艺为乙醇提取液的浓度为50%、料液比1∶13.5(g/mL)、提取温度38℃、浸提时间77 min、浸提次数1次,此条件下苦瓜皂甙的提取产率为1.419 1%,其对胰脂肪酶抑制的IC50值为0.384 7 mg/mL。     

分光光度法测定苦瓜总皂甙含量

用甲醇回流浸提苦瓜总甙，并经硅胶柱分离制备单体皂甙Momordicoside A，以Momordicoside A为标样，选择波长546nm，采用分光光度法，建立了苦瓜总皂甙含量测定方法。实验结果表明：全苦瓜干粉中总皂甙质量分数为0．0432％；标准曲线下，皂甙含量自40μg到200μg呈线形关系，回归方程为A=0．0058C-0．1125（R^2=0．9994）加样回收率为102．72％，RSD为3．99％。本法操作简便、快速、准确，可作为苦瓜原料及苦瓜制品质量评价方法。     

低温灌肠制品中苦瓜皂甙抑菌模型的建立

用Gompertz方程对低温灌肠制品冷藏期的特定菌生长曲线进行拟合,模拟Ratkowsky方程腐败菌生长动力学温度模型,建立低温灌肠制品中苦瓜皂甙抑菌模型,对苦瓜皂甙抑菌模型进行数学检验。结果表明,修正的Gompertz方程对接种后低温灌肠制品中特定菌生长曲线拟合性较好。通过苦瓜皂甙抑制模型可得大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和生孢梭菌可耐受的苦瓜皂甙最高浓度分别为212.735、186.103、170.251mg/kg。抑菌模型经数学检验证明,模型的适用性、准确性和拟合性均在可接受的范围内,有应用价值。     

苦瓜多糖的改良苯酚-硫酸法测定和提取工艺

采用改良苯酚-硫酸法测定苦瓜及提取物中多糖的含量，以单糖组成比例组合而成的混合单糖为对照品制作糖的标准曲线，从而消除用葡萄糖做标准引起的系统误差，吸光度的变化与多糖含量呈线性关系，糖浓度在20～100μg范围内线性较好，平均回收率达100．68％，其供试液在2h内显色稳定。通过正交试验确定水溶性苦瓜多糖的最佳提取条件：浸提温度90℃，浸提时间为2h，固液比1：20。乙醇沉淀浓度为85％。苦瓜干粉样品中水溶性苦瓜多糖含量为8．20％．     

苦瓜皂甙的研究进展

综述了苦瓜皂甙的分子结构、理化性质、生理功能等的研究进展情况，并提出了对苦瓜皂甙的研究和开发中应注意的问题。化学研究表明，苦瓜皂甙主要属于四环三萜类葫芦素烷型皂甙，由皂甙元和低聚糖构成，已经提取分离出的有苦瓜皂甙A、B、F、G、I等成分。现代医学研究发现，苦瓜皂甙具有降血糖、抗氧化、提高免疫能力、降低胆固醇、抗肿瘤和抗艾滋病毒等生理功能。苦瓜皂甙具有多种生物学和药学性质，将广泛应用于食品、医药、化妆品和饲料等行业中，开发苦瓜皂甙具有广阔的前景。     

苦瓜皂甙降糖机理研究

本研究从苦瓜皂甙对α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性影响,口服耐糖量试验,苦瓜皂甙对小鼠肝糖原和胰岛素水平影响这几个方面研究了苦瓜皂甙的净血糖机理.结果表明,苦瓜皂甙对α-葡萄糖苷酶没有抑制作用,葡萄糖耐量试验表明苦瓜皂甙能够使葡萄糖表现为正常耐受量,苦瓜皂甙还能使小鼠的肝糖原升高,但对小鼠的胰岛素水平没影响,这些结果表明:苦瓜皂甙不是通过抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性来降低血糖,苦瓜皂甙能够使受损的胰岛β细胞恢复正常的分泌功能.苦瓜皂甙可能是通过刺激肝糖原合成来降低血糖作用.     

水提醇沉法提取苦瓜多糖条件研究

该文对苦瓜多糖的浸提、醇析条件进行研究。考察了料水比、浸提温度和浸提时间对苦瓜多糖浸出率的影响,在单因素试验的基础上进行正交试验确定了浸提的最佳条件;通过醇析体系中乙醇浓度对苦瓜多糖醇析效果的影响,确定了适宜乙醇沉淀体积分数。结果表明,苦瓜多糖最佳浸提条件是料液比1∶30(g∶m L),浸提温度100℃,浸提时间0.5 h,在此条件下,多糖浸出率达3.58%;乙醇体积分数80%时醇沉多糖效果最好,水提醇沉后粗多糖提取率达3.12%。     

大孔吸附树脂对苦瓜皂甙吸附特性的研究

考察5种不同型号树脂对苦瓜皂甙静态吸附和解吸的性能试验,筛选出一种对苦瓜皂甙吸附和解吸均有较好效果的树脂,即AB-8型大孔吸附树脂.在选择了AB-8型树脂后,考察乙醇浓度对苦瓜皂甙解吸率的影响,得出80%的乙醇为最佳洗脱剂.动态吸附和解吸试验表明,AB-8型树脂对苦瓜皂甙的动态饱和吸附量为69.21 mg/g,动态解吸率为90.7%,对洗脱液进行收集浓缩,冷冻干燥得苦瓜皂甙粗品,总皂甙含量为63.2%.     

苦瓜水提物抗幽门螺杆菌作用及其浸提工艺研究

为研究苦瓜水提物对幽门螺杆菌的抑制作用,以纸片扩散法的抑菌圈大小为指标,设计正交试验优化苦瓜水提物抗幽门螺杆菌活性的最佳浸提工艺,并进一步探究苦瓜水提物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)和杀菌动力学。结果表明:苦瓜水提物抗幽门螺杆菌的最佳浸提工艺为浸提温度80℃、料液比1:50(g/mL)、浸提时间1.5h。MIC为32 mg/mL;MBC为128 mg/mL;在4倍MIC下杀菌动力学时间为30min。     

正交试验优化超声辅助法提取三七有效成分工艺

研究超声辅助法提取三七有效成分的工艺。通过单因素试验研究乙醇溶液体积分数、料液比、超声波频率和提取时间对三七人参皂苷Rg1提取率的影响。在单因素试验基础上对4个因素安排L9(34)正交试验,得出影响三七有效成分人参皂苷Rg1提取率的先后次序为:乙醇体积分数>提取时间>料液比>超声频率。选出最佳提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数70%、料液比1:12(g/mL)、超声频率59kHz、提取时间60min。在此最佳工艺下,得到三七干燥后的人参皂苷Rg1含量为1.85%。     

Chemical conversion of ginsenosides in puffed red ginseng

The effects of puffing process on chemical conversion of ginsenosides, extraction yields and crude saponin contents in red ginseng were investigated. To reach a maximum extraction yield, puffed red ginseng took only 8 h, while non-puffed red ginseng required at least 20 h showing extraction yields of 45.7 g solid extract/100 g sample and 44.5 g solid extract/100 g sample, respectively. Extraction yield increased slightly with increasing puffing pressure. Puffed red ginseng showed higher crude saponin contents (201.0-219.0 mg/g extract) than non-puffed one (161.7-189.0 mg/g extract). As the puffing pressure increased, minor ginsenosides (Rg3, F2, Rk1 and Rg5) increased but the contents of major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re and Rg1) decreased. These results indicated that a puffing process may provide an effective method to reduce the extraction time, improve the extraction yield and increase the crude saponin content of red ginseng.     

玉米须总皂苷的微波辅助提取及抑菌活性研究

玉米须(Corn silk)是禾本科玉蜀属植物玉米的花柱和柱头,含有多糖类、黄酮类、皂苷类等多种活性成分。以玉米须为实验材料,总皂苷含量为考察指标,对玉米须总皂苷的微波辅助提取工艺进行了探讨,并对总皂苷提取物的抑菌活性进行了研究。在乙醇浓度、微波功率、微波时间、液料比等单因素试验的基础上,通过L9(34)正交试验,确定总皂苷微波辅助提取的最佳提取条件为:乙醇浓度70%、微波功率500W、微波时间60s、液料比40∶1。在上述条件下,总皂苷含量达2.905g/100g。微波辅助提取玉米须总皂苷的提取时间短,提取效率较高。玉米须总皂苷提取物对供试菌株均有不同程度抑制作用;其中,对沙门氏菌的抑制能力最强,其次为枯草杆菌、变形杆菌,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最差。     

3种不同固定相对皂苷异构体分离度的对比研究

目的分析3种不同固定相对皂苷异构体的分离效果。方法 3对皂苷异构体gypenoside L和gypenoside LI、damulin A和damulin B、20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3和20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3,通过C_(18)色谱柱、五氟苯基丙基色谱柱及双苯基色谱柱进行分离比较。以Inertsill ODS-SP色谱柱、Shim-pack Velox PFPP色谱柱和Shim-pack Velox Bipheny1色谱柱作为固定相,用不同比例的流动相分离gypenoside L、gypenoside LI、damulin A、damulin B、20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3和20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3。结果 Shim-pack Velox PFPP色谱柱分别在29%和33%乙腈水溶液以1.0 mL/min等度洗脱,gypenoside L和gypenoside LI的分离度达到2.27,20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3和20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3的分离度达到3.50,分离效果最佳;Shim-pack Velox Biphenyl色谱柱在33%乙腈水溶液以0.5 mL/min等度洗脱,damulinA和damulinB的分离效果最佳,分离度达到2.73。结论五氟苯基丙基色谱柱因键合五氟苯基丙基,对差向异构体具有更好的分离度,双苯基色谱柱因键合二苯基,对位置异构体有更好的分离度。     

Ginsenoside Composition and Antiproliferative Activities of Explosively Puffed Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

ABSTRACT: The puffing process was evaluated as an alternative to the steaming process for producing a biologically more active ginseng product, like red ginseng, from raw ginseng. A puffing treatment of dried raw ginseng roots induced an overall increase in crude saponin content. As puffing pressure increased, the content of ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2 decreased, while ginsenoside Rg3 increased significantly as compared to raw ginseng. The content of ginsenoside Rg3 in puffed ginseng at a pressure of 490 kPa was similar to that of red ginseng. Cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, and HepG2) showed that antiproliferative effects of saponin extract of puffed ginseng increased with an increase in puffing pressure. Ginseng explosively puffed at 490 kPa had similar saponin constituents and antiproliferative effects as those of red ginseng. Practical Application: The puffing process could provide an alternative mean to produce functional ginseng products, along with a reduction in processing time as compared to traditional red ginseng processing by steam.     

β-Glycosidase-assisted bioconversion of ginsenosides in purified crude saponin and extracts from red ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)

Major ginsenosides in ginseng (Panax ginseng) and its products are highly glycosylated, hence poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. β-Glycosidase-assisted deglycosylation of pure ginsenosides was peformed to study bioconversion mechanisms. Ginsenoside standard compounds, crude saponin, and red ginseng extracts were incubated with β-glycosidase (0.05% w/v, 55°C). β-Glycosidase has a broad specificity for β-glycosidic bonds, hydrolyzing the β-(1→6), α-(1→6), and α-(1→2) glycosidic linkages. The final metabolite of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides was Rg3 while the metabolite of protopanaxatriol ginsenosides was Rh1. β-Glycosidase treatment of red ginseng extracts resulted in a decrease in the amounts of Rb1, Rc, Re, and Rg2 after 24 h, whereas levels of the less glycosylated Rd, Rb1, Rg, Rg3, Rg1, and Rh1 forms increased. When crude saponin was incubated with β-glycosidase for 24 h, levels of Rb1, Rc, Re, and Rg1 decreased while levels of Rd, Rg3, and Rh1 increased as deglycosylated ginsenosides.     

Ultra high pressure extraction (UHPE) of ginsenosides from Korean Panax ginseng powder

To elucidate the potential of ultra high pressure (UHP) processing on ginseng, effect of UHP on extraction yield, crude saponin content, and ginsenoside contents of ginseng powder was investigated. Ginseng slurries (70, 80, and 90% moisture content) were put into a retortable pouch then hermetically sealed. These mixtures were pressurized at room temperature up to 600 MPa for 5–15 min. UHP ginseng showed relatively higher extraction yield (312.2–387.1 mg) and amounts of crude saponins (19.3–32.6 mg/g ginseng) than control ginseng (189.9 and 17.5 mg/g ginseng, respectively). Correlation coefficient between extraction yield and crude saponin content was relatively low (R²=0.2908). In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, amounts of measured total ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) increased with UHP processing but pressure level and pressing time did not proportionally influence the ginsenosides content. This work shows a potential of UHP processing on extraction of ginseng powder and provides basic information on UHP extraction of ginseng powder.     

茶树叶片中茶皂素提取工艺优化

以夏季茶树老叶为原料,利用乙醇水溶液提取茶皂素,考察液料比、乙醇体积分数、浸提温度和浸提时间对粗提物中茶皂素含量及茶叶中茶皂素得率的影响。单因素试验结果表明,液料比10︰1(mL/g)、乙醇体积分数70%、浸提温度60℃和浸提时间1.5 h时为宜。通过正交试验确定了茶皂素提取的最佳工艺:液料比20︰1(mL/g)、乙醇体积分数60%、浸提温度70℃、浸提时间2 h。试验结果为夏秋茶资源中茶皂素的提取提供参考。     

Standardization of ginseng processing for maximizing the phytonutrients of ginseng

This study was designed to optimize the process conditions, such as steaming, drying, and extracting, for obtaining the maximum content of prosapogenin (Rg3, Rg2, Rh1, and Rh2) from red ginseng, which has antitumor and anti-cancer properties. The steaming process was performed in an autoclave and the drying and extracting processes were done in dryer and heat extractor, respectively, and content of each prosapogenin was analyzed by HPLC. In the steaming process, prosapogenin values did not show any significant increase at 80 or 90°C, but tended to increase sharply as the steaming period became longer at 100°C, and the maximum value was obtained at 100°C with 6 h of steaming without any significant difference between local Gyeonggi areas. Drying red ginseng at 70°C for 24 h was the optimal condition to enhance prosapogenin extraction without affecting the quality. Maximal crude saponin and prosapogenin contents were obtained using 70% ethanol as the solvent at 70°C in the extracting process. Using these standardization processes such as steaming, drying, and extraction, maximum prosapogenin values could be obtained at ginseng factories.

     

Effects of steaming the root of Panax notoginseng on chemical composition and anticancer activities

The root of Panax notoginseng has been shown to change its saponin composition upon steaming. This study examines the effects of different steaming times and temperature on notoginseng root for saponin composition and anticancer activities. Steaming decreased the content of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, R2, Rb3 and Rd, but increased the content of Rh1, Rg2, 20R-Rg2, Rg3 and Rh2. Steaming significantly influenced the transformation of Rg3. The amount of ginsenoside Rg3, an anticancer compound, was 5.23-fold greater in root steamed for 2 h at 120 °C than at 100 °C, and 3.22-fold greater when steamed for 4 h than for 1 h at 120 °C. For anticancer effects, the extract of steamed root significantly inhibited proliferation of SW-480 human colorectal cancer cells. The IC₅₀ of the steamed extract for 1, 2, 4 and 6 h at 120 °C was 259.2, 131.4, 123.7 and 127.1 μg/mL, respectively; the effect of unsteamed extract was low. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the apoptotic cell induction rates of SW-480 cells were 56.3% and 64.4% with 150.0 and 200.0 μg/mL extract steamed for 6 h. Compared with Rg1 and Rb1, only Rg3 had a significant antiproliferative effect.