啤酒酵母发酵产有机酸的初步研究

利用效液相色谱技术，对通风发酵过程中的啤酒酵母细胞的胞外、胞内6种有机酸含量的动态变化进行了定性定量跟踪检测，研究结果表明，通风培养的酿酒酵母代谢产酸时，细胞胞外、胞内有机酸的动态变化存在差异性，胞外有机酸含量远大于胞内含量；酵母细胞对有机酸代谢存在着精确保守性和经济效能性，在发酵后期阶段（〉84h），大部分有机酸含量逐步降低；发酵终点时，胞外、胞内乳酸、苹果酸含量较高。摘要：利用高效液相色谱技术，对通风发酵过程中的啤酒酵母细胞的胞外、胞内6种有机酸含量的动态变化进行了定性定量跟踪检测．研究结果表明，通风培养的酿酒酵母代谢产酸时，细胞胞外、胞内有机酸的动态变化存在差异性，胞外有机酸含量远大于胞内含量；酵母细胞对有机酸代谢存在着精确保守性和经济效能性，在发酵后期阶段（〉84h），大部分有机酸含量逐步降低；发酵终点时，胞外、胞内乳酸、苹果酸含量较高。     

啤酒酵母发酵产有机酸的生理代谢机制

以微波破壁和高效液相色谱法,对通风发酵过程中的啤酒酵母细胞胞外、胞内六种有机酸含量的动态变化进行了跟踪检测。研究结果表明,酵母细胞对一部分有机酸有着非常亲缘性的代谢途径和生理机制;柠檬酸等某些有机酸在酵母细胞衰老凋亡时作为碳底物代谢,存在着非常严格的精确保守性、经济效能性调控机制。     

离子对啤酒酵母代谢产酸的影响

在离子型培养基中分别添加6.804,13.610,27.216 g/L 的KH2PO4以及66.39,138.75, 277.4 mg /L 的CaCl2,对通风发酵过程中的不同K^＋、Ca^2＋浓度影响啤酒酵母代谢产6种有机酸含量的动态变化进行了跟踪检测.研究结果表明,K^＋、Ca^2＋可能通过作用于酵母细胞膜上的膜蛋白或调控生理代谢网络中代谢流相关的酶,从而使不同的K^＋、Ca^2＋浓度影响啤酒酵母响应产酸的峰值和峰值响应时间;在通风发酵过程中,啤酒酵母代谢产乳酸较多（多达8.3 mg/mL）,产琥珀酸较少（不超过250 μg/mL）;发酵终点时,随K^＋、Ca^2＋浓度增大,啤酒酵母代谢产酒石酸和琥珀酸等含量减少.     

啤酒酵母乙醛代谢关键酶相关性研究

乙醛是啤酒中的主要风味物质,其代谢主要来自酵母细胞。酵母中乙醇脱氢酶及乙醛脱氢酶是乙醛代谢的关键酶,对乙醛变化起着重要作用。跟踪啤酒酵母发酵过程中相对酶活力及乙醛变化,发现两种乙醇脱氢酶和乙醛脱氢酶的相对酶活力与发酵过程乙醛含量变化具有一定相关性。同时对低产乙醛啤酒酿酒酵母kb2-4与出发菌株啤酒酵母kb进行发酵试验,跟踪检测相对酶活力及乙醛含量,其乙醇脱氢酶Ⅰ和乙醇脱氢酶Ⅱ及乙醛脱氢酶相对酶活力均高于出发菌株,平均增幅分别为15.5%,11.6%和5%。3种酶活性的变化协同作用可以使乙醛含量降幅最大为33.8%。     

啤酒酵母细胞活性检测的新方法——细胞分析仪法

提出了一种新的检测啤酒酵母细胞活性的方法———细胞分析仪检测法。通过这种方法 ,研究了啤酒酵母自溶对酵母细胞活性的影响 ,以及高低温贮存时酵母细胞活性的变化情况。结果表明 ,低温贮存较高温条件贮存细胞活性下降幅度小。另外 ,还对不同代数酵母在发酵过程中的细胞活性进行了跟踪测定与比较分析 ,指出了啤酒发酵过程中酵母细胞活性的变化趋势 ,同时发现酵母的细胞活性影响啤酒中双乙酰的还原。     

两株lager啤酒酵母在传代及自溶过程中生理性能差异的比较

以2株拉格型啤酒酵母菌株为研究对象,通过研究其在传代及自溶过程中细胞形态、细胞活性活力、胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)以及DNA的损伤等指标,分析啤酒酵母在传代发酵及自溶过程中的生理性能变化。结果表明,在传代培养过程中,原本表面圆润饱满且呈椭圆型的啤酒酵母细胞会在活力下降后出现褶皱,甚至因为细胞内部结构的严重水解而干瘪失型。同时,细胞壁厚度在传代过程中也会逐渐变薄;高活力的菌株所表现的抗自溶能力、抗压能力都强于活力低的菌株,而且高活力的菌株所产生的ROS含量相对少、且稳定,DNA损伤速度也相对缓慢。研究啤酒酵母在传代及自溶过程中具体的生理性能变化,不仅有助于了解酵母细胞在传代发酵过程中的自我防御机制,对选育优良啤酒酵母也有重要指导意义。     

啤酒发酵过程有机酸代谢特征变化规律的研究

对发酵过程中几种主要有机酸的变化进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,有机酸大致可以分为三类：第I类,发酵过程中基本不分泌到胞外、或被酵母吸收的有机酸,包括柠檬酸、苹果酸、富马酸和甲酸;第II类,发酵过程中有较多增加的有机酸,包括乳酸和乙酸;第III类,麦汁中含量较少,但发酵过程中会大量产生,包括的有机酸为琥珀酸。     

谷氨酸发酵过程不同溶氧水平产有机酸

运用HPLC法对标准溶氧水平和低溶氧水平谷氨酸发酵液中的α-酮戊二酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸进行了跟踪检测。结果发现,在不同溶氧水平谷氨酸发酵过程中,四种有机酸的变化趋势比较相似,但其浓度有一定差别。产酸期有机酸分泌到胞外;发酵后期琥珀酸和柠檬酸作为碳源被细胞吸收利用,而乳酸较少被吸收到胞内。低溶氧水平发酵液中乳酸的大量积累,耗糖快、最终糖酸转化率偏低。     

羧甲基壳聚糖对啤酒酵母脱苦的特性研究

为了脱除啤酒酵母泥中主要的苦味,利用羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)吸附啤酒酵母泥中的苦味物质,研究表明在35 min内,羧甲基壳聚糖对破壁的酵母泥脱苦速率大于未破壁酵母泥的脱苦速率。通过傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱仪对吸附前后羧甲基壳聚糖的表征以及对羧甲基壳聚糖吸附啤酒酵母中苦味物质过程中的吸附热力学特性、吸附动力学的分析,研究了羧甲基壳聚糖对啤酒酵母脱苦特性。结果表明:羧甲基壳聚糖脱苦未破壁和破壁酵母泥的化学基团可能相同,羧甲基壳聚糖对啤酒酵母泥脱苦过程中参加反应的主要基团是-COOH,-OH也参与了反应。羧甲基壳聚糖对未破壁和破壁的啤酒酵母泥的吸附热力学特性符合Langmuir等温线性模型,吸附动力学过程遵循拟二级动力学模型,吸附过程以单层化学吸附为主。     

红枣白兰地发酵过程中酒醅氨基酸和有机酸的变化分析

利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对红枣白兰地酒醅发酵过程中的氨基酸和有机酸含量,及发酵过程中酒度、酸度的动态变化进行了分析研究。研究表明:红枣白兰地发酵酒醅中检测到16种氨基酸和7种有机酸,其中脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸是红枣白兰地发酵的主要氨基酸,发酵过程中平均含量分别为39.749、35.477、11.888 mg/g;乙酸、苹果酸、乳酸是红枣白兰地发酵的主要有机酸,在发酵结束时含量分别为8.189、4.243、3.646 mg/g。发酵过程中,氨基酸和有机酸整体含量呈增长趋势;甜味氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸为总氨基酸含量的45.39%、35.79%,苦味氨基酸含量较低,酒醅中氨基酸是红枣白兰地中风味成分的重要前体物质,并赋予红枣白兰地柔和的风味;比例协调的有机酸有利于增强酒的醇厚口感。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.