紫外线防护织物

文中概述了影响织物紫外线防护性能的因素,详述了紫外线防护织物的制备方法,介绍了国内外防紫外线辐射编织品的开发情况、测试和评价标准.     

防紫外线纺织品的开发与应用

介绍了紫外线辐射对人类的影响,纺织品防紫外线辐射的机理,着重介绍并分析了纺织品防紫外线技术,包括紫外线遮蔽剂,防紫外线纺织品的加工方法和和特点、防紫外线纺织的加工方法和特点、防紫外线织物的效能评价和测试方法,简要介绍了防紫外线纺织品的应用,并探讨了防紫外线纺织品的发展趋势。     

防紫外线织物的性能研究

通过对防紫外线涤纶织物的遮蔽性能、回潮率、遮热性、人体过敏性的试验研究,表明该织物具有明显的防紫外线效果和其它性能优良。     

防紫外线织物的最新研究进展

概括介绍了防紫外线织物的制备方法及其效果评价,着重讨论了纺织品防紫外辐射的性能和紫外线屏蔽剂的最新研究进展。     

防紫外线织物的开发与研究进展

本文主要介绍了紫外线的分类及其对人体的危害,织物抗紫外线的机理和整理剂,以及防紫外线织物的加工方法和评价标准。并叙述了抗紫外线织物在服装及其他领域的消费情况,说明其市场前景远大。     

防紫外线服装面料

介绍了防紫外线伤害的必要性，探讨了防紫外线辐射的机理和防紫外线整理的工艺，给出了防紫外线效果的测定方法，简述了防紫外线服装面料的发展前景。     

真丝织物防紫外线多功能整理

采用XF－KWS－16防紫外线柔软剂和配套的XF－KWS－96防紫外线交联剂对真丝织物进行防紫外线整理，通过正交试验对紫外线透过率进行了测试和分析，探讨了主要影响因素，并在此基础上得出优化工艺参数。试验结果表明，整理后的真丝织物可获得良好的防紫外线性能，且能保持织物原有的风格。     

防紫外线织物的护肤作用和测试

经过紫外线防护整理的纺织品可实现有效的紫外防护。文中从新的测试原理、防紫外线纺织品对皮肤的防护效果、防紫外线纺织品防护DNA基因受到损伤和按照紫外线标准801测定的纺织品紫外线防护指数等方面阐述了纺织出是否能对皮肤提供足够防紫外线辐射的作用和是否能进行有效测试等问题。新的生物试验方法在实际应用中初次模拟日光紫外线辐射和人体皮肤之间的相互作用影响，并定量分析由此产生的损伤。     

防紫外线织物的研究新进展

文中在总结防紫外线助剂以及防紫外线性能测试方法的基础上,对磁控溅射法、纺丝法、织物后整理法制备防紫外线织物的研究现状进行了分析。指出常规的防紫外线织物制备方法普遍存在纤维适用品种受限制、透气性不好、影响手感等问题,磁控溅射法制备的防紫外线织物具有附着力良好,对紫外线具有更好的反射性,适用于各种纤维和织物的加工,这种方法绿色环保,有着广阔的应用前景,且多功能性、高效性是利用磁控溅射技术制备防紫外线织物未来的研究重点。     

防紫外线织物及其开发

通过叙述紫外线对人体的危害，导出防紫外线织物的设计思想及产品发展前景。     

抗紫外线辐射机理及其产品开发

探讨了织物防紫外线辐射机理，织物的纤维种类，组织结构，色泽深浅及后整理与防紫外线能力的关系，利用紫外线吸收剂－Cibatex UPF助剂开发防紫外线辐射织物，达到防紫外辐射要求。     

纳米TiO_2在织物后整理中的应用

 讨论了纳米TiO2在纺织品抗菌、抗紫外线辐射整理中的作用机理以及在纯棉织物上的应用。结果表明,整理后织物经30次水洗后对金黄葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌率为100%,对白色念球菌的抑菌率大于90%,整理后染色布和未染色布的紫外透过率为5%,达到了最小饱和值;纳米TiO2赋予织物优良的抗菌、抗紫外效果,且服用性能不受影响。     

Sunscreens – another endangered species?

Skin cancer continues to increase in incidence year-on-year and represents the most common form of cancer across the globe. Every human undergoes premature ageing, particularly on the face, neck and hands. Both phenomena are driven primarily by chronic, daily exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). While sunscreen products play a primary role in the prevention of UVR skin damage, the active ingredients, i.e., UVR filters, are facing unprecedented challenges in the coming 10 years and their future is by no means certain. This article, therefore, reviews afresh the facts around photoprotection and the role of sunscreen products in the prevention of acute (sunburn) and chronic (cancer, photoageing) skin damage and compares/contrasts these with various emerging questions and opinions around UVR filter technology. We present a passionate defence of this remarkable technology, but also attempt to imagine a world without it.     

UV–vis light transmittance through tinted contact lenses and the effect of color on values

PurposeTo assess the transmittance, in the 200–700 nm electromagnetic radiation spectrum, by popularly used tinted soft contact lenses (CLs).MethodThe spectra transmittances of ultraviolet (UV)-blocking (I Day Acuvue Define, Freshlook ONE DAY) and non-UV-blocking (Durasoft 3, Tutti, and NeoCosmo) tinted soft CLs were tested. The transmittance of each lens, including nine different colors of Freshlook CL was recorded on spectrophotometer, and the data used to also calculate a UV protection factor (PF) for each lens brand tested, with a higher value indicating a higher level of protection.ResultsThe UV-blocking CLs significantly reduced UVC, UVB & UVA transmission and thereby meet the American National Standards Institution standard for class 2 UV blockers: a maximum of 30% transmittance of UVA and 5% transmittance of UVB wavelengths. In contrast, the Durasoft 3, Tutti, and NeoCosmo CLs demonstrated negligible UV-blockage. The Acuvue Define CL offered the greatest protection from UVC (PF = 69) and UVB (PF = 55), but with only 35% luminous transmittance, while the Freshlook CL (especially gemstone green) offered the best protection from UVA (PF = 24) and showed about 55% translucency. Overall, the UV-blocking CLs performed equally well across the UV spectrum. Different colors of Freshlook CL transmitted statistically and clinically significantly different amounts of visible light but similar amounts of UVR.ConclusionFreshlook and Acuvue Define CLs which are designated as UV-blockers significantly reduced UVR transmission to safe levels whereas Tutti, NeoCosmo and Durasoft 3 did not. Transmission within the Freshlook CL family was more dependent on color in the visible light spectrum, but not in the UV-spectrum, where the gemstone green performing best among the tested colors.     

纺织品抗紫外线辐射性能的测试方法比较

文章回顾了国内外不同国家有关紫外线防护纺织品／服装的测试方法,比较分析了其异同点,给出了影响纺织品紫外线透过率的因素。     

The adverse consequences of not using sunscreens

The adverse effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on normal skin are well established, especially in those with poorly melanized skin. Clinically, these effects may be classified as acute, such as erythema or chronic such as keratinocyte and melanocyte skin cancers. Apart from skin type genetics, clinical responses to solar UVR are dependent on geophysical (e.g., solar intensity) and behavioural factors. The latter are especially important because they may result in ‘solar overload’ with unwanted clinical consequences and ever greater burdens to healthcare systems. Correctly used, sunscreens can mitigate the acute and chronic effects of solar UVR exposure. Laboratory studies also show that sunscreens can inhibit the initial molecular and cellular events that are responsible for clinical outcomes. Despite public health campaigns, global trends continue to show increasing incidence of all types of skin cancer. Large-scale epidemiological studies have shown the benefits of sunscreen use in preventing skin cancer, though it is likely that sunscreen use has not been optimal in such studies. It is evident that without substantial changes in sun-seeking behaviour, sunscreen use is a very important part of the defence against the acute and chronic effects of solar exposure. Ideally, sunscreens should be able to provide the level of protection that reduces the risk of skin cancer in susceptible skin types to that observed in heavily melanized skin.     

Mercury emission to the atmosphere from experimental manipulation of DOC and UVR in mesoscale field chambers in a freshwater lake

Mesocosm experiments in an optically transparent lake allow the manipulation of both dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and incident ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in order to study mercury reduction and emission processes. In the absence of UVR and the presence of visible light, mercury emission is very low (approximately0.3 ng/m2/h). When UVR is permitted in the mesocosm chambers, mercury emission increases, with emission rates ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 ng/m2/h. At concentrations between 1.5 and 2.5 mg/L DOC, mercury emission does not appear to depend on either the concentration or the optical properties of the DOC. In particular, the addition of 1.0 mg/L DOC from a nearby wetland to a photobleached mesocosm did not increase the emission of mercury. The similarities between mercury emission from highly photobleached 1.5 mg/L DOC and from terrestrially enriched 2.5 mg/L DOC suggest that the moieties responsible for mercury reduction are far in excess of that needed for mercury reduction. Using the measured flux rate of mercury from the water surface, we calculated a dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) concentration thatwould need to be present to drive the emissive flux. The buildup of DGM was used to approximate a kinetic rate constant for the net mercury reduction in this system of approximately 0.17 h(-1), which is consistent with existing published values.     

Impacts of yarn twist and staple length on UV protection of plain-knitted cotton fabrics

Yarn construction is an important attribute in knitting and end use performance of knitwear. Holistically, yarn construction affects fabric thickness and weight, and thereby influences ultraviolet (UV) protection of fabrics. Although impact of yarn construction on UV protection of fabrics is apparent, there appears to be limited research on it. This paper studied the UV protection of plain-knitted fabrics made of three types of ring-spun cotton yarns varying in yarn twist level and staple length. The results show that these yarn properties affect UV protection of fabrics differently before and after laundering. The modified low-twisted yarn possesses a bulky feature which creates a porous fabric structure for more ultraviolet radiation (UVR) transmission. The extra-long staple yarn offers uniform fabric appearance for higher UVR reflection. However, the regularity of yarn also restricts the fabric shrinkage in laundering and thus improvement in UV protection by shrinkage is not as obvious as that provided by the conventional short-staple yarn.     

International multi-centre study of potential benefits of ultraviolet radiation protection using contact lenses

PurposeTo examine the effects of long-term ultraviolet radiation (UVR) blocking wearing contact lenses on ocular surface health, eye focus and macular pigment.Method210 pre-presbyopic patients were recruited from Birmingham UK, Brisbane Australia, Hong Kong China, Houston USA and Waterloo Canada (n = 42 at each site). All patients had worn contact lenses for ≥ 5 years, half (test group) of a material incorporating a UVR-blocking filter. Ocular health was assessed using slit-lamp biomicroscopy and UV autofluorescence. Accommodation was measured subjectively with a push-up test and overcoming lens-induced defocus. Objective stimulus response and dynamic measures of the accommodative response were quantified with an open-field aberrometer. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was assessed using heterochromatic flicker photometry (MPS II).ResultsThe two groups of participants were matched for age, sex, race, body-mass-index, diet, lifestyle, UVR exposure, refractive error and visual acuity. Limbal (p = 0.035), but not bulbar conjunctival redness (p = 0.903) was lower in eyes that had worn UVR-blocking contact lenses compared to controls. The subjective (8.0 ± 3.7D vs 7.3 ± 3.3D; p = 0.125) and objective (F = 1.255, p = 0.285) accommodative response was higher in the test group, but the differences did not reach significance. However, the accommodative latency was shorter in eyes that had worn UVR-blocking contact lenses (p = 0.003). There was no significant different in MPOD with UVR filtration (p = 0.869).ConclusionsBlocking the transmission of UVR is beneficial in maintaining the eye’s ability to focus, suggesting that presbyopia maybe delayed in long-term UVR-blocking contact lenses wearers. These lenses also provide protection to the critical limbal region.     

Studies in vivo by electron spin resonance of free radical mechanisms implicated in UV-induced skin photocarcinogenesis

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is implicated in many types of skin damage, such as photodermatoses, photoageing, erythema, pigmentation, skin cancer etc. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species are considered to play an important role in cutaneous photocarcinogenesis. But skin is endowed with photoprotective agents, namely melanins and antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. In this study we describe the in vivo electron spin resonance (ESR) signals of melanins after UVR exposure, using skin specimens of various types of mice, which were taken from different parts of their bodies. The ESR signals were used as a model for testing the antioxidant properties of butylated hydroxyanisole, tocopherol acetate, and octyl p -methoxycinnamate with butyl methoxy dibenzoyl methane and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Additional UVB radiation was applied to the skin samples in situ (in the cavity of the ESR spectrometer). Suppression of ESR signals of melanins was observed in all cases.
Etudes in vivo par resonance paramagnetique electronique, après exposition au rayonnement UV, des méchanismes radicalans impliqués a la photocarcinogénèse cutanée