奇亚籽活性成分、生理作用及其开发利用研究进展

奇亚籽(Chia Seed)可食用历史悠久,近年来开始被国内关注和利用。奇亚籽的活性成分主要包括脂肪酸类、酚酸黄酮类、蛋白质、膳食纤维、维生素及矿物质类,具有抗氧化、调节血脂、调节血压、调节血糖、降低肌酸激酶活性、抗炎消毒等生理作用。随着人们保健意识的增强以及对营养食品的追求,奇亚籽逐渐成为食品研究领域的热点。目前大多将奇亚籽作为添加剂直接添加到食品中,而没有深入的开发新产品;在防癌、调节三高等疾病上具有较好的效果,但研发出的新产品不多,相关研究还有待深入。本文对奇亚籽的活性成分、生理作用以及其在食品、保健品和化妆品行业中的应用研究进展进行综述,以期为奇亚籽相关研究及开发利用提供参考。     

奇亚籽油的健康功效

奇亚籽是一种我国批准的新食品原料,因其含有极为丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸而受到保健食品市场的关注。奇亚籽油是以奇亚籽为原料开发的油脂产品,在全球各个国家均有生产和销售。现有研究证明,奇亚籽油具有预防心脑血管疾病、改善糖尿病、抑制肥胖等保健功效,是一种值得深入开发的油脂产品。对奇亚籽的种植及营养进行概述,主要从脂肪酸角度讨论了奇亚籽油的健康功效及原理与机制,旨在为以后关于奇亚籽油的研究提供方向及指导。     

奇亚籽胶的功能性质及其在食品中的应用研究进展

奇亚籽在食品和医疗领域已有很长的应用历史。作为奇亚籽副产物,奇亚籽胶具有特殊的理化性质和多样化的结构构象。奇亚籽胶作为食品工业应用的一个新型资源,可以改善产品的营养价值,调整食品系统的粘度、稳定性和质构。本文就奇亚籽胶的提取和干燥方式、主要营养价值和功能性质及其在肉制品、烘焙制品、乳制品和食品保鲜与包装等领域的应用进行综述。对奇亚籽胶未来研究方向和应用前景进行探讨,以期为食品工业谋求新型绿色改良剂提供思路和目标。     

奇亚籽营养成分分析及其饮料工艺优化

为开发奇亚籽的营养价值,对黑、白两种奇亚籽的营养成分进行测定,并将其应用在饮料中。采用国标的方法测定基本营养成分,利用氨基酸自动分析仪、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)分别测定氨基酸及脂肪酸含量,通过单因素实验和响应面试验优化奇亚籽柠檬汁饮料工艺配方。结果表明:黑、白奇亚籽粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、膳食纤维含量分别为16.40%、28.32%、34.67%和29.10%、30.48%、26.65%;二者水分和灰分含量均低于10%。共检出16种氨基酸,黑、白奇亚籽中必需氨基酸含量分别为7.37和7.77 g/100 g,占氨基酸总量的32.92%、38.39%。以氨基酸评分、化学评分为标准,第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸。黑、白奇亚籽中多不饱和脂肪酸分别占脂肪酸总量的82.82%和84.89%,其中omega-3占63.18%~68.37%,具有较高的食用价值。饮料最佳工艺配方:浓缩柠檬汁添加量10%、麦芽糖醇添加量14%、结冷胶添加量0.15%、奇亚籽添加量3%和甜蜜素添加量0.02%。在此条件下,饮料感官评分为(88.5±0.71)分,可制得口感好、色泽明亮、体系稳定均一的奇亚籽柠檬汁饮料。综合分析奇亚籽作为一种新食品原料,其营养价值丰富,并通过优化饮料制作工艺,为其在饮料深加工领域提供理论依据。     

奇亚籽饼的营养成分分析及物性研究

为提高奇亚籽饼的利用率,对奇亚籽饼的营养成分进行分析评价,并对其物性进行研究。结果表明:奇亚籽饼中含有(32.70±0.10)g/100 g的粗蛋白质,(44.74±0.53)g/100 g的膳食纤维,残存脂肪(7.15±0.26)g/100 g;压榨过程中部分不饱和脂肪酸氧化分解为饱和脂肪酸;氢氧化钾蛋白质溶解度为90%,符合大豆粕国家标准要求;奇亚籽饼的多酚含量为4.67 mg/g,高于奇亚籽中的多酚含量(3.63 mg/g);经测定奇亚籽饼的膨胀力、持水力、结合水力、吸脂力,得出其综合物性值为11.60,优于常见的大豆纤维和玉米纤维,具有较好的减肥调脂、降血糖等功能特性。     

奇亚籽蛋白及其活性肽的研究进展

奇亚籽富含优质蛋白质,且包含8种必需氨基酸。奇亚籽蛋白具有乳化、发泡等许多优良的功能性质,其制备的活性肽具有抗氧化、抗高血压等生物性能。本文综述了近年来国内外有关奇亚籽蛋白的氨基酸组成、提取分离工艺、功能性质、生物活性肽的制备及其生理功能方面的研究,并对奇亚籽蛋白在未来的发展方向以及在食品领域的开发应用作出了展望。     

奇亚籽面条的质构和挥发性风味研究

以奇亚籽粉和小麦粉为原料,研究不同奇亚籽粉添加量对面条质构和风味的影响.结果 表明:当奇亚籽粉添加量为混合粉的30％时,通过食品物性分析仪测得面条的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性以及拉伸力和拉伸距离分别为884.49 g、688.97、639.53、0.323 N和38.47 mm,且具有最好的质构特性.固相微萃取-气相色谱-质...     

奇亚籽皮多糖对冰淇淋乳化稳定性及品质的影响

考察不同质量浓度（0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mg/mL）的奇亚籽皮多糖作为乳化稳定剂在冰淇淋产品中的应用,通过对冰淇淋浆料稳定性和冰淇淋膨胀率、融化率、质构、气泡分布及结构特性等指标的测定,考察不同质量浓度奇亚籽皮多糖对冰淇淋品质的影响规律。结果表明：随着奇亚籽皮多糖质量浓度的增加,冰淇淋浆料的稳定性及冰淇淋的膨胀率、质构特性（弹性、黏附性、咀嚼性）提高,融化率和硬度降低,冰淇淋中气泡分布更加均匀,气泡直径均一,数量增多。添加奇亚籽皮多糖可提高冰淇淋浆料的表观黏度,冰淇淋浆料均表现出假塑性非牛顿流体。与空白冰淇淋样品对比,添加0.5 mg/mL质量浓度的奇亚籽皮多糖冰淇淋,其各性质测定结果略有改善,但质量浓度大于1.5 mg/mL时,可显著提高冰淇淋抗融性及稳定性,降低其硬度,改善其微观结构,气泡分布更均匀,使冰淇淋组织更加光滑。相较于空白冰淇淋样品,奇亚籽皮多糖的添加对冰淇淋的品质特性、结构特性及稳定性方面均有显著改善作用,为奇亚籽皮多糖应用于冰淇淋食品生产提供一定科学依据。     

奇亚籽油的研究进展

奇亚籽油含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs),其中亚麻酸含量达60%以上,被认为是ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的良好来源,具有抗增殖和促凋亡作用、免疫刺激剂作用、体外抗氧化和抗高血压作用以及调节血脂和肝酶等功效,食用奇亚籽油对于维持正常的生理和脑功能具有重要的意义。从奇亚籽油的提取方法及脂肪酸组成、理化性质和生物活性等方面,综述了近年来国内外有关奇亚籽油的研究报道,旨在为奇亚籽油的开发利用提供参考,并对其今后的研究重点进行展望。     

微波预处理对奇亚籽出油率及油脂品质的影响

采用微波技术对奇亚籽进行预处理后低温压榨制油,测定奇亚籽油理化指标、营养及抗氧化指标,探讨微波预处理条件对奇亚籽出油率以及奇亚籽油品质的影响。结果表明：原料的水分含量、微波时间、微波功率对奇亚籽出油率和奇亚籽油的理化指标、黄酮含量、多酚含量及DPPH·和O-2·清除能力均有一定的影响,对奇亚籽油脂肪酸相对含量影响较小。经单因素实验和正交实验得出：微波预处理奇亚籽的适宜工艺条件为奇亚籽水分含量12%、微波时间3 min、微波功率600 W,在该条件下奇亚籽出油率可达到21.05%,奇亚籽油酸价（KOH）0.52 mg/g、过氧化值0.44 mmol/kg、黄酮含量318.25 mg/kg、多酚含量28.00 mg/kg,DPPH·和O-2·清除率分别为2479%和26.84%。     

奇亚籽油储藏稳定性研究及货架期预测

为研究奇亚籽油贮藏稳定性,以液压法制备的奇亚籽油为原料,探讨贮藏温度、氧气和光照条件对奇亚籽油过氧化值、酸价、K₂₃₂、K₂₆₈和TBA的影响,并应用一级动力学模型结合Arrhenius方程建立过氧化值、酸价两个氧化指标随贮藏温度、贮藏时间变化的货架期预测模型,预测奇亚籽油的货架期。结果表明：奇亚籽油的氧化稳定性受光照、氧气和温度的影响,在避光、密封、低温的贮藏条件下能有效降低过氧化值、酸价等的增长速率,延长贮藏时间;通过模型推算可得出密封、避光条件下奇亚籽油在25℃条件下的货架期为94 d。     

Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a Source of Proteins and Bioactive Peptides with Health Benefits: A Review

The consumption of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) has increased in recent years due its high content of omega‐3 fatty acids and dietary fiber. This seed also has a high concentration of proteins and essential amino acids, becoming a promising source of bioactive peptides. The objective of this review was to identify the composition and the beneficial effects of chia seeds (S. hispanica L.), their proteins, peptides, and their potential impact on human health. The UniProt database was used to identify the chia proteins and their amino acid sequences. The BIOPEP database was used to analyze the peptides's bioactive potential. A total of 20 proteins were cataloged in chia seed, 12 of those were involved in the regular metabolic processes of the plant cells. However, eight proteins were specifically related to production and storage of plant lipids, thus explaining the high concentration of lipids in chia seeds (around 30%), especially omega‐3 fatty acids (around 20%). The analyses of amino acid sequences showed peptides with bioactive potential, including dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitors, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, and antioxidant capacity. These results correlated with the main health benefits of whole chia seed in humans such as antioxidant capacity, and hypotensive, hypoglycemic, and anticholesterolemic effects. Such relation can be associated with chia protein and peptide compositions and therefore needs further investigation in vitro and in vivo.     

Short communication: Chia seed extract enhances physiochemical and antioxidant properties of yogurt

Yogurt is a healthy dairy food fermented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Because consumers demand healthier and more nutritious yogurt, numerous substances have been used to supplement yogurt. Chia seed has been reported to contain abundant phenolic compounds, dietary fiber, and n-3 fatty acids and therefore is a potential functional food additive. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of chia seed extracts on the physicochemical and bioactive properties of set-type yogurt. Yogurt was fortified with chia seed water extract (CSWE) or chia seed ethanol extract (CSEE) at 0.05 or 0.1% (vol/vol). Results showed that supplementation with CSWE or CSEE significantly accelerated the fermentation rate and growth of LAB. Both CSWE and CSEE improved the viscosity, syneresis, and water-holding capacity of yogurt. The radical scavenging activity of yogurt was increased with both extracts, and the 0.1% CSEE yogurt exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, 0.1% CSEE yogurt significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced production of hydrogen peroxide in human colon cells. Addition of chia seed extract improves the growth of LAB, the physiochemical properties, and the health-beneficial effects of set-type yogurt.     

Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Profile of Eggs from Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Chia,Fish Oil,and Flaxseed

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diets supplemented with fish oil, flaxseed, and chia seed on the omega‐3 fatty acid composition and sensory properties of hens’ eggs. No significant difference in yolk fat content was found between treatments. The fatty acid composition of egg yolk was significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Inclusion of chia at 300 g/kg into the diet produced eggs with the highest concentration of omega‐3 fatty acid. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were only detected in eggs from laying hens fed the diet supplemented with fish oil. Diet had a significant effect on color, flavor and overall acceptability of eggs. Types and levels of omega‐3 fatty acids in feed influence the level of yolk omega‐3 fatty acids in egg yolk. Inclusion of chia into the hens’ diet significantly increased the concentration of yolk omega‐3 fatty acid without significant change in sensory properties.     

In vitro digestion of whole chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): Nutrient bioaccessibility,structural and functional changes

Dietary chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) has significant health-related benefits due to its high nutrient contents. However, few studies reported the fate of whole seeds in the gastrointestinal tract. Herein, we explored the digestive characteristics in terms of hydrolysis of nutrients, structural and functional properties with a static in vitro digestion method. After gastrointestinal digestion, the digestibility of lipid and protein was 0.46% and 11.38%, respectively. The release rates of tryptophan, tyrosine and lysine were greater than 20%, whereas the glutamic acid and aspartic acid were less than 5%. The microscopic results (optical microscopy (OM), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) demonstrated that the seeds remained intact, and the mucilage adhered tightly to the seed coat during digestion. The water holding capacity and oil holding capacity of seeds accounted for 6.37 and 3.28 g/g after intestinal digestion, which were significantly lower than gastric digestion endpoints (P < 0.05). And there were no significant differences in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of G-Mucilage and I-Mucilage. In general, preprocessing before being consumed is necessary for chia seeds to take full advantage of rich polyunsaturated fatty acids and proteins.     

Fabrication of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed oil nanoemulsions using different emulsifiers

In this study, the quality of spiral cold press chia seed oil was evaluated and four types of O/W chia seed oil nanoemlusion systems were prepared, including chia seed oil nanoemulsion stabilized with Tween 80 and Span 80 by spontaneous emulsification and microfluidization, sodium caseinate by microfluidization, and sucrose monopalmitate by microfluidization. All these optimized samples exhibited good storage stability for at least two weeks when stored at 4 °C or ambient temperature. The nanoemulsion stabilized with sodium caseinate was labeling friendly, and enough energy‐input facilitated the achievement of small particle size around 160 nm. The chia seed oil nanoemulsion fabricated with sucrose monopalmitate could get best transparency with smallest droplet diameter (around 47 nm). Chia seed oil nanoemulsion stabilized with Tween 80 and Span 80, as one model case diluted 500× into water system, had constant transparency after fortnight's storage.

Practical applications

Consumers are increasingly aware of nutrition as well as sensory properties of food products. Chia seed oil is a good source of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, yet difficult to be added directly into water‐based liquid food or beverages. The information given in this work might be useful for designing O/W chia seed oil nanoemulsion delivery system, facilitating the further application of chia seed oil in beverages and functional food industry which required only slightly turbid or even transparent appearance.