基于三元低共熔溶剂体系制备阳离子化改性纤维素纳米纤丝及其性能研究

本研究以相思阔叶木浆为原料,采用氯化胆碱-甘油-氨基胍盐酸盐三元低共熔溶剂（DES）体系对高碘酸钠氧化生成的双醛纤维素（DAC）进行阳离子化改性预处理,结合超微粉碎和高压均质处理,制备阳离子化改性纤维素纳米纤丝（CCNF）。结果表明,经过DES阳离子化改性预处理后制备的CCNF比未经过任何改性处理所制备的CNF的结晶度增加,预处理60 min时,CCNF最大结晶度为63.36%,阳离子基团的引入使Zeta电位显著增大,由-18.0 mV至53.4 mV,但DES预处理会破坏纤维的内部结构,从而使悬浮液稳定性降低。     

酸性低共熔溶剂预处理制备含木质素的纤维素纳米纤丝及其复合膜的研究

采用酸性低共熔溶剂（deep eutectic solvent,DES）预处理并结合高压均质法制备了含木质素的纤维素纳米纤丝（lignin-containing cellulose nanofibril,LCNF）,并与聚乙烯醇（PVA）共混制备了LCNF/PVA复合膜,探讨了2种酸性DES预处理的效果,分析比较了LCNF的特性及LCNF/PVA复合膜的性能。结果表明,乳酸-氯化胆碱（LC）和乙酸-氯化胆碱（AC）对半纤维素的提取率均达到78%以上,其中LC预处理后用乙醇洗涤的处理方式对木质素的提取率高达61.2%;DES预处理后,乙醇洗涤有利于木质素的分离;利用LC制备的纤维素纳米纤丝（LC-E-LCNF）的直径为50～100 nm;相较于纯PVA膜,LCNF/PVA复合膜的疏水性明显提高,应力提升至70.3 MPa,紫外屏蔽性接近100%,且具有良好的热稳定性和雾度,以及一定的保鲜性能,该复合膜有望应用于食品包装领域。     

基于三元DES体系制备硫酸化改性CNF及其性能研究

以漂白硫酸盐浆为原料,采用氨基磺酸/尿素/氯化胆碱三元低共熔溶剂(DES)体系预处理结合机械处理的方法制备硫酸化改性的纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF),并采用纤维图像分析仪、元素分析仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、Zeta电位分析仪、热重分析仪和多重光散射分析仪对制得的CNF性能进行表征。结果表明,三元DES预处理既可改性纤维原料又可对其产生润胀效果,从而促进其在纳米均质化过程中的纤丝化。与未经DES预处理的纤维原料在均质化处理过程中能耗(9.49×10⁷ kJ/kg)相比,DES预处理(1.61×10⁷～2.11×10⁷ kJ/kg)可节省77.8%～83.0%的能耗。DES预处理提高了所得CNF悬浮液的稳定性但导致其热稳定性下降;此外,延长DES预处理时间可促进纤维的纤丝化并降低纤维聚合度。     

胆碱类低共熔溶剂提取分离丝瓜络纤维素的研究

分别采用氯化胆碱-尿素（ChCl-Ua）和氯化胆碱-草酸（ChCl-Oa）2种胆碱类低共熔溶剂（DES）提取分离丝瓜络纤维素，探讨了这2种DES提取分离丝瓜络纤维素的工艺。结果表明，这2种DES对丝瓜络纤维素提取分离的效果具有显著差异，其中ChCl-Oa DES提取分离丝瓜络纤维素的条件更温和、效果更佳，90℃下反应2.5 h，丝瓜络的纤维素含量可增加到76.41%，半纤维素和木质素的去除率分别为68.4%和63.9%。与未处理的丝瓜络相比，经过ChCl-Oa DES处理后的样品表面变得粗糙不规整，且内部纤维裸露可见。XRD分析结果表明，经这2种DES处理后的丝瓜络的纤维素结晶结构并未改变，仍为纤维素Ι型，但由于半纤维素、木质素、无定形纤维素等非晶部分的溶解，导致结晶度增大。     

菜籽油低共熔溶剂萃取物抗氧化活性研究

以菜籽油为材料,DPPH自由基清除活性为指标,比较了氯化胆碱-尿素、氯化胆碱-甘油、氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸3种低共熔溶剂(DES)和80%甲醇萃取物的抗氧化活性,筛选出最优的低共熔萃取剂,并分析了其与80%甲醇萃取物的抗氧化成分差异。研究表明：氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸低共熔溶剂菜籽油萃取物的抗氧化活性显著高于80%甲醇萃取物,而氯化胆碱-尿素和氯化胆碱-甘油低共熔溶剂萃取物的抗氧化活性低于80%甲醇。通过总酚含量测定、薄层层析-DPPH显色、HPLC等方法,比较了氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸低共熔溶剂和80%甲醇萃取物成分的差别,氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸低共熔溶剂萃取物的总酚含量是80%甲醇的143.27%,抗氧化物质的种类和数量也比80%甲醇萃取物有显著的提升。因此氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸低共熔溶剂可用于植物油脂抗氧化成分萃取和分析。     

桉木粉在低共熔溶剂中制备纳米结晶纤维素

采用氯化胆碱-丙三醇-聚乙二醇200混合溶剂液化桉木粉的方法分离纤维素,再通过氯化胆碱-草酸二水合物低共熔溶剂(DES)在不同的条件下处理提取的纤维素制备纳米结晶纤维素(CNC)。探讨了固液比、温度以及时间对CNC得率的影响,用扫描电镜、透射电镜、红外光谱、X-射线衍射、Zeta电位、紫外可见光分析对制备的CNC进行了表征。结果表明,在固液比1∶100,温度100℃,反应时间4h的条件下,CNC的得率最高,可以达到90.06%;制备的CNC呈棒状结构,直径为3~13nm,长度为100~300nm;结晶度相比于原料纤维素略有降低,纤维素结构没有发生大的变化,仍然呈纤维素Ⅰ型结晶。     

菜籽油低共熔溶剂萃取物DPPH自由基清除能力研究

以菜籽油为材料,DPPH自由基清除活性为指标,比较了氯化胆碱-尿素、氯化胆碱-甘油、氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸3种低共熔溶剂(DES)和80%甲醇萃取物的抗氧化活性,筛选出最优的低共熔萃取剂,并分析了其与80%甲醇萃取物的抗氧化成分差异。研究表明:氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸低共熔溶剂菜籽油萃取物的抗氧化活性显著高于80%甲醇萃取物,而氯化胆碱-尿素和氯化胆碱-甘油低共熔溶剂萃取物的抗氧化活性低于80%甲醇。通过总酚含量测定、薄层层析-DPPH显色、HPLC等方法,比较了氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸低共熔溶剂和80%甲醇萃取物成分的差别,氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸低共熔溶剂萃取物的总酚含量是80%甲醇的143.27%,抗氧化物质的种类和数量也比80%甲醇萃取物有显著的提升。因此氯化胆碱-乙酰丙酸低共熔溶剂可用于植物油脂抗氧化成分萃取和分析。     

乙二醇抑制DES预处理过程中木质素缩合程度的研究

利用氯化胆碱/草酸和氯化胆碱/草酸/乙二醇2种低共熔溶剂（DES）体系预处理竹粉以分馏提取木质素,并通过多种表征手段探究木质素的结构变化。结果表明,在110 ℃反应180 min的条件下,氯化胆碱/草酸二元DES体系提取的木质素（二元DES木质素）中β-O-4芳基醚键的相对含量仅为0.26/Ar,氯化胆碱/乙二醇/草酸三元DES体系提取的木质素（三元DES木质素）此值则为0.43/Ar。同时,二元DES木质素中的缩合结构（β-β,β-5=3.11/Ar）及缩合的芳环C—C连接（Aromatic C—C=2.18/Ar）多于三元DES木质素（β-β,β-5=2.02/Ar,Aromatic C—C=1.99/Ar）。利用超声辅助三元DES体系预处理过程,发现反应20 min后木质素脱除率即可达76.0%。采用水相电位滴定法测定不同反应条件下的三元DES木质素的酚羟基和羧基含量;并提出乙二醇在三元DES体系预处理竹粉过程中抑制木质素缩合的机理,证实乙二醇与对香豆酸和阿魏酸反应生成了酯化的木质素结构。     

氯化胆碱类低共熔溶剂处理对玉米芯的影响

为了筛选玉米芯预处理的高效低共熔溶剂(DES),以5种氯化胆碱为氢键受体(HBA)的DES在不同温度下预处理玉米芯,分析了预处理后生物质组分变化和对酶解效率的影响.结果 表明,氯化胆碱-乳酸(物质的量比1:2)组成的DES在140C下lh处理玉米芯能获得较好效果,所得玉米芯残渣中的葡聚糖含量为55.19％,木聚糖、酸可...     

低共熔溶剂结合球磨工艺制备MCC及其在片剂中的应用性能研究

采用氯化胆碱/甲酸（ChCl/FA）、氯化胆碱/草酸（ChCl/OA）、氯化胆碱/柠檬酸（ChCl/CA）3种低共熔溶剂（DES）处理杨木溶解浆,结合球磨处理制备微晶纤维素（MCC）,探讨了不同DES体系下时间、温度对MCC聚合度、粒径等性能的影响;并以布洛芬为模型药物,将MCC作为药用辅料填充在布洛芬片中,研究了MCC粒径及用量对片剂崩解时间、累积释放率等性能的影响。结果表明,ChCl/FA体系在100℃、60 min时制备的MCC流动性最好;在不添加崩解剂的情况下,当MCC填充量为35.0%时,片剂的崩解时间为190 s,60 min内累积释放率可达86.58%,且具有较高的硬度和抗张强度,显示出DES法制备的MCC用作药用辅料具有良好的填充效果。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.